Mexico City: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{Infobox settlement

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| image_seal =

| seal_size =

| image_shield = File:Coat of arms of Mexico City, Mexico ~~(2)~~.svg

| image_blank_emblem = File:CDMX Logo.svg

| shield_size = 65px

| nickname = CDMX, {{lang|es|La Ciudad de los Palacios}} ''(The City of Palaces)''

| motto = {{lang|es|Ciudad ~~Inovadora~~Innovadora y Dede Derechos }} <brsmall>''(A City with Innovation and Rights)''

| anthem = {{lang|es|Himno de la Ciudad de México}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cultura.cdmx.gob.mx/comunicacion/nota/182-24|title=Presenta gobierno capitalino Himno de la Ciudad de México, primero en la historia en ser compuesto por una mujer|date=20 June 2024|work=Secretariat of Culture of Mexico City|access-date=23 June 2024|language=es|archive-date=24 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624015510/https://www.cultura.cdmx.gob.mx/comunicacion/nota/182-24|url-status=live}}</Ref>▼

~~''(A City with Innovation and Rights)''~~

▲| anthem = {{lang|es|Himno de la Ciudad de México}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cultura.cdmx.gob.mx/comunicacion/nota/182-24|title=Presenta gobierno capitalino Himno de la Ciudad de México, primero en la historia en ser compuesto por una mujer|date=20 June 2024|work=Secretariat of Culture of Mexico City|access-date=23 June 2024|language=es}}</Ref>

| image_map = Mexico (city) in Mexico (zoom).svg

| map_caption = Mexico City within Mexico

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| population_footnotes = <ref name="inegi_pop_2020">{{cite web |title=Censo Población y Vivienda 2020 |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/ |website=inegi.org.mx |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Geography|INEGI]] |access-date=27 January 2021 |language=es |date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=14 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214192634/https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

| population_density_km2 = auto

| population_urban = 23,146,802

~~| population_blank1_title = Metro area~~

| ~~population_blank1~~population_metro = 21,804,515

| population_rank = [[List of North American cities by population|1st]] in North America [[List of cities in Mexico|1st]] in Mexico

| population_density_rank = [[List of Mexican states by population density|1st]]

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| blank_info_sec1 = [[Philip of Jesus]] ({{lang-es|San Felipe de Jesús|links=no}})

| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]

| blank1_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.~~837~~839 very ~~'''Very High'''~~high [[List of Mexican states by HDI|Ranked 1st of 32]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mexico - Sub-national HDI|url= https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/MEX/?levels=1~~%2B4~~+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0~~&nearest_real=0&years=2019&colour_scales=national~~ |~~title~~access-date=~~Human~~26 ~~Development Indices (5.0): Sub-national HDI~~Sep 2024|website=Global Data Lab |~~access-date~~publisher=15Radboud ~~July~~University ~~2021~~Institute ~~|archive-date=14~~for August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814013037/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/MEX/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&years=2019&colour_scales=national |url-status=liveManagement Research}}</ref>

| footnotes = {{designation list | embed=yes

| designation1 = WHS

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}}{{note|engfactobox}}b. Area of Mexico City that includes non-urban areas at the south

| elevation_max_m = 3930

| website = {{URL|https://www.cdmx.gob.mx/~~}} {{in lang~~|escdmx.gob.mx}}

| blank_emblem_type = Government logo

}}

'''Mexico City''' ({{efn|{{lang-es|link=no|Ciudad de México|lit=City of Mexico}},{{efn|In [[Peninsular Spanish]], the spelling variant ''Méjico'', is also used alongside ''México''. According to the ''[[Diccionario panhispánico de dudas]]'' by the [[Royal Spanish Academy]] and the [[Association of Academies of the Spanish Language]], the spelling version with J is correct, however, the spelling with X is recommended, as it is the one is used in [[Mexican Spanish]].}}<ref>"México" in ''[[iarchive:diccionariopanhi0000unse|Diccionario panhispánico de dudas]]'' by [[Royal Spanish Academy]] and [[Association of Academies of the Spanish Language]], Madrid: Santillana. 2005. ISBN 978-8-429-40623-8.</ref> {{IPA-|es|sjuˈða(ð) ðe ˈmexiko|local|Es-Ciudad de Mexico.ogg}}; abbr.: '''CDMX'''; [[Central Nahuatl languages|Central Nahuatl]]: {{Lang|nah|Mexihco Hueyaltepetl}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=IHUEYTLANAHUATIL MEXIHCO HUEYALTEPETL |url=https://comisiondebusqueda.cdmx.gob.mx/storage/app/media/uploaded-files/n-huatl.pdf |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131211312/https://comisiondebusqueda.cdmx.gob.mx/storage/app/media/uploaded-files/n-huatl.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> {{IPA-nah|meːˈʃiʔko wejaːlˈtepeːt͡ɬ }}; <ref>[[Yucatec Maya language|Maya]]: {{Lang|yua|u noj kaajil México}} {{Cite web |title=U NOJ A'ALAMAJT'AANIL U NOJ KAAJIL MÉXICO |url=https://comisiondebusqueda.cdmx.gob.mx/storage/app/media/uploaded-files/Maya.pdf |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-date=28 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228223456/https://comisiondebusqueda.cdmx.gob.mx/storage/app/media/uploaded-files/Maya.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Otomi language|Otomi]]: {{Lang|ote|'Monda}})}} is the [[capital city|capital]] and [[List of cities in Mexico|largest city]] of [[Mexico]], and the [[List of North American cities by population|most populous city]] in [[North America]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Artículo 44 |url = http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Constitucion/articulos/44.pdf |publisher = Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos |access-date = 14 May 2010 |archive-date = 17 January 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200117163053/http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Constitucion/articulos/44.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/29/mexico-city-name-change-federal-district-df|title=Mexico City officially changes its name to – Mexico City|first=David|last=Agren|date=29 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424045620/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/29/mexico-city-name-change-federal-district-df|url-status=live}}</ref> Mexico City is one of the most important cultural and financial centers in the world.<ref>{{cite web |work=Foreign Policy |title = The 2008 Global Cities Index |year = 2008 |url = https://foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4509&page=1 |access-date = 27 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100110131155/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4509&page=1 |archive-date = 10 January 2010}}</ref> It is located in the [[Valley of Mexico]] within the high Mexican central [[plateau]], at an altitude of {{convert|2240|m|ft|sp=us}}. The city has 16 [[Boroughs of Mexico City|boroughs]] or {{Lang|es|demarcaciones territoriales}}, which are in turn divided into [[List of neighborhoods in Mexico City|neighborhoods]] or {{Lang|es|colonias}}.

The 2020 population for the [[city proper]] was 9,209,944,<ref name="inegi_pop_2020" /> with a land area of {{convert | 1495 | km2 | sqmi | sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite book | first1=Brian W. | last1=Blouet | first2=Olwyn M. | last2=Blouet | title=OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation: 15 Mexican States 2009 | publisher=OECD Publishing | year=2009 | pages=418, 299 | isbn=978-92-64-06012-8}}</ref> According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments, the population of [[Greater Mexico City]] is 21,804,515, which makes it the [[list of largest cities#List|sixth-largest metropolitan area]] in the world, the second-largest [[urban area|urban agglomeration]] in the [[Western Hemisphere]] (behind [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]), and the largest [[Spanish language|Spanish-speaking]] city (city proper) in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Highlights.pdf |year=2019 |title=World Urbanization Prospects 2018 |author=United Nations |access-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211222646/https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Highlights.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Greater Mexico City]] has a [[gross domestic product|GDP]] of $411 billion in 2011, which makes it one of the [[list of cities by GDP|most productive urban areas in the world]].<ref>[http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 Global MetroMonitor | Brookings Institution] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605135349/http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |date=5 June 2013}}. Brookings.edu. Retrieved 12 April 2014.</ref> The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico's GDP, and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of the country's GDP.<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |title=Key Economic Facts and Figures |url=http://www.mexicocityexperience.com/business_center/key_economic_facts_and_figures/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426013125/http://www.mexicocityexperience.com/business_center/key_economic_facts_and_figures/ |archive-date=26 April 2010 |access-date=19 August 2010 |website=Mexico City Experience}}</ref> If it were an independent country in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in [[Latin America]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Parish Flannery |first=Nathaniel |date=Dec 23, 2013 |title=Mexico City Is Focusing on Tech Sector Development |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2013/12/23/mexico-city-is-focusing-on-tech-sector-development/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Forbes]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230220020613/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2013/12/23/mexico-city-is-focusing-on-tech-sector-development/?sh=1382733d26a4 |archive-date=February 20, 2023 |access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref>

Mexico City is the [[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities#Americas|oldest capital city in the Americas]] and one of two founded by [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico|Indigenous people]].{{efn|[[Quito]], the capital city of [[Ecuador]], is the other such city.}} The city was originally built on a group of islands in [[Lake Texcoco]] by the [[~~Mexica|~~Mexica]] around 1325, under the name '''[[Tenochtitlan]]'''. It was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 [[Fall of Tenochtitlan|siege of Tenochtitlan]] and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the [[Spanish architecture#Spanish Colonial architecture|Spanish urban standards]]. In 1524, the [[municipalities of Mexico|municipality]] of Mexico City was established, known as {{lang|es|México Tenochtitlán}},<ref name="gobdf" /> and as of 1585, it was officially known as {{lang|es|Ciudad de México}} (Mexico City).<ref name="gobdf">{{cite web |author=Government of the Federal District |title=Historia de la Ciudad de México |trans-title=History of Mexico City |url=http://www.df.gob.mx/wb/gdf/historia_de_la_ciudad_de_mexico |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219215021/http://www.df.gob.mx/wb/gdf/historia_de_la_ciudad_de_mexico |archive-date=19 December 2009 |access-date=27 December 2009 |website=df.gob.mx |language=es}}</ref> Mexico City played a major role in the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonial empire]] as a political, administrative, and financial center.<ref name="UN">{{cite web |author = United Nations |title = Mexico City, Mexico |url = https://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/habitat/profiles/mexico.asp |access-date = 27 December 2009 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100502045456/http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/habitat/profiles/mexico.asp |archive-date = 2 May 2010}}</ref> Following [[Mexican War of Independence|independence from Spain]], the [[federal district]] was established in 1824.

After years of demanding greater political [[autonomy]], residents were finally given the right to [[election|elect]] both a [[List of mayors of Mexico City|head of government]] and the representatives of the [[unicameralism|unicameral]] [[Legislative Assembly of Mexico City|Legislative Assembly]] by election in 1997. Ever since, left-wing parties (first the [[Party of the Democratic Revolution]] and later the [[National Regeneration Movement]]) have controlled both of them.<ref>Daniel C. Schechter, Josephine Quintero. ''[[iarchive:mexicocity00nobl|Lonely Planet Mexico City, City Guide [With Pullout Map]]]''. Third Edition. Lonely Planet, 2008. p. 288 (pp. 20–21). {{ISBN|978-1-74059-182-9}}.</ref> The city has several progressive policies,<ref>{{cite web |last=Gallo |first=Rubén |date=6 April 2021 |title=A Chronicle of Mexico City and Its Multitudes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/06/books/review/horizontal-vertigo-mexsico-city-juan-villoro.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108055542/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/06/books/review/horizontal-vertigo-mexsico-city-juan-villoro.html |archive-date=8 January 2023 |access-date=7 January 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/life/travel/my-mexico-city-is-everyones-now/|title=My Mexico City is everyone's now|date=27 April 2017|access-date=7 January 2023|first=Luisita|last=Lopez Torregrosa|location=Mexico City|work=[[The Seattle Times]]|archive-date=8 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108055558/https://www.seattletimes.com/life/travel/my-mexico-city-is-everyones-now/|url-status=live}}</ref> such as elective [[abortion in Mexico|abortions]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/26/mexicos-quintana-roo-state-decriminalises-abortion|title=Mexico's Quintana Roo state decriminalises abortion|work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|date=26 October 2022|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=6 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106101005/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/26/mexicos-quintana-roo-state-decriminalises-abortion|url-status=live}}</ref> a limited form of [[euthanasia in Mexico|euthanasia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/people-want-die-will-countries-allow-euthanasia-rcna3307|title=These people want to die. Will their countries allow euthanasia?|first=Albinson|last=Linares|agency=[[Telemundo]]|work=[[NBC News]]|date=21 October 2021|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=8 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108055542/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/people-want-die-will-countries-allow-euthanasia-rcna3307|url-status=live}}</ref> [[No-fault divorce#Mexico|no-fault divorce]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Malkin |first=Elisabeth |date=21 July 2009 |title=Express Route to Divorce Has Familiar Delays |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/22/world/americas/22divorce.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108055549/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/22/world/americas/22divorce.html |archive-date=8 January 2023 |access-date=7 January 2023 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> [[same-sex marriage in Mexico City|same-sex marriage]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/22/mexico-city-same-sex-marriage|title=Mexico City legalises same-sex marriage|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=22 December 2009|access-date=7 January 2023|work=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=8 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108184954/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/22/mexico-city-same-sex-marriage|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[LGBT rights in Mexico City|legal gender change]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hogue |first=Tom |date=25 June 2023 |title=Mexico City holds mass celebration for same-sex weddings, gender ID changes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexico-city-holds-mass-celebration-same-sex-weddings-gender-id-changes-2023-06-24/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115025405/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexico-city-holds-mass-celebration-same-sex-weddings-gender-id-changes-2023-06-24/ |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=Reuters}}</ref> On 29 January 2016, it ceased to be the ''Federal District'' ({{lang-es|Distrito Federal|links=no}} or {{lang|es|D.F.}}) and is now officially known as {{lang|es|Ciudad de México}} (or {{lang|es|CDMX}}), with a greater degree of autonomy.<ref name="Federal District Now Officially">{{cite web |last=Richards |first=Tony |date=30 January 2016 |title=Federal District is now officially Mexico City: The change brings more autonomy for the country's capital |url=http://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/federal-district-is-now-officially-mexico-city/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721155716/https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/federal-district-is-now-officially-mexico-city/ |archive-date=21 July 2017 |access-date=11 July 2017 |work=Mexico News Daily}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=30 January 2016 |title=From DF to CDMX, Mexico City changes name, status |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/760075/from-df-to-cdmx-mexico-city-changes-name-status |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411160014/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/760075/from-df-to-cdmx-mexico-city-changes-name-status |archive-date=11 April 2022 |website=Inquirer News}}</ref> A clause in the [[Constitution of Mexico]], however, prevents it from becoming a state within the Mexican federation, as long it remains the capital of the country.<ref name="UN2">{{cite web |author= |date=January 28, 2016 |title=La Ciudad de México no será estado, sino entidad federal autónoma |url=http://www.diariodemexico.com.mx/la-ciudad-mexico-no-sera-estado-sino-entidad-federal-autonoma/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035714/http://www.diariodemexico.com.mx/la-ciudad-mexico-no-sera-estado-sino-entidad-federal-autonoma/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=29 February 2016 |website=Diario de México |language=es}}</ref>

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"DF" from "Distrito Federal de México". Since 2013, the abbreviation "CDMX" (Ciudad de México) has been more common, particularly in relation to government campaigns.

The city is colloquially known as ''Chilangolandia'' after the locals' nickname ''[[chilango]]s''.<ref>1994 Oxford Spanish-English Dictionary</ref> Chilango is used pejoratively by people living outside Mexico City to "connote a loud, arrogant, ill-mannered, loutish person".~~<ref>David~~ {{sfn|Lida~~, ''First Stop in the New World: Mexico City, the Capital of the 21st Century'', New York: Riverhead Books~~ |2008~~, p.~~ |page=15~~.</ref>~~}} For their part those living in Mexico City designate insultingly those who live elsewhere as living in ''la provincia'' ('the provinces', 'the periphery') and many proudly embrace the term chilango.~~<ref>~~{{sfn|Lida~~, ibid.</ref>~~|2008|page=15}} Residents of Mexico City are more recently called ''defeños'' (deriving from the postal abbreviation of the Federal District in Spanish: D.F., which is read "De-Efe"). They are formally called ''capitalinos'' (in reference to the city being the capital of the country), but "[p]erhaps because capitalino is the more polite, specific, and correct word, it is almost never utilized".~~<ref>~~{{sfn|Lida~~, ibid. p.~~ |2008|page=16~~.</ref>~~}}

== History ==

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[[File:Paloma Cordero Nancy Reagan Mexico City 1985 earthquake.jpg|right|thumb|First ladies [[Paloma Cordero]] of Mexico (left) and [[Nancy Reagan]] of the United States (right) with U.S. Ambassador to Mexico, [[John Gavin]] observing the damage done by the [[1985 Mexico City earthquake|1985 earthquake]]]]

On 19 September 1985, at 7:19am [[Central Standard Time|CST]], the area was struck by the [[1985 Mexico City earthquake]].<ref name="Campus">{{Cite news |first = Yunnven |last = Campus |title = A 20 años del sismo del 85 |url = http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/terremoto/475688.html |publisher = Televisa |location = Mexico City |date = 19 September 2005 |access-date = 4 October 2008 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080922025641/http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/terremoto/475688.html |archive-date = 22 September 2008 }}</ref> The earthquake proved to be a disaster politically for the [[one-party state]] government. The Mexican government was paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption, forcing ordinary citizens to create and direct their own rescue efforts and to reconstruct much of the housing that was lost as well.<ref name="haber">{{cite encyclopedia |last = Haber |first = Paul Lawrence |encyclopedia = Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico |title = Earthquake of 1985 |year = 1995 |publisher = Taylor & Frances Ltd. |pages = 179–184 }}</ref>

However, the last straw may have been the controversial elections of 1988. That year, the presidency was set between the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party|P.R.I.]]'s candidate, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, and a coalition of left-wing parties led by [[Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas]], son of the former president [[Lázaro Cárdenas]]. The counting system "fell" because coincidentally the power went out and suddenly, when it returned, the winning candidate was Salinas, even though Cárdenas had the upper hand.

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By the 1990s Mexico City had become infamous as one of the world's most polluted cities; however, the city has since become a model for drastically lowering pollution levels. By 2014 [[carbon monoxide]] pollution had dropped drastically, while [[sulfur dioxide]] and [[nitrogen dioxide]] were at levels about a third of those in 1992. The levels of signature pollutants in Mexico City are similar to those of [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/los-angeles-and-mexico-city-a-tale-of-two-cities-2152222|title=Los Angeles and Mexico City: A Tale of Two Cities|first=Julia|last=Cooke|date=27 February 2008|website=laweekly.com|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920103306/http://www.laweekly.com/news/los-angeles-and-mexico-city-a-tale-of-two-cities-2152222|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the cleanup, the metropolitan area is still the most [[ozone]]-polluted part of the country, with ozone levels 2.5 times beyond [[WHO]]-defined safe limits.<ref name="harvard">{{cite web |url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2014/10/coming-up-for-air/ |title = Coming up for air |work = Harvard Gazette |access-date = 16 December 2015 |date = 28 October 2014 |archive-date = 18 August 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150818144109/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2014/10/coming-up-for-air/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

To clean up pollution, the federal and local governments implemented numerous plans including the constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions, such as ozone and [[nitrogen oxide]]s.<ref name="clean">{{cite news |url = ~~http~~https://www.nbcnews.com/id/~~28391130~~wbna28391130 |title = Mexico City cleans up its reputation for smog |date = 26 December 2008 |access-date = 11 November 2019 |archive-date = 23 September 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200923224721/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/28391130 |url-status = live }}</ref> When the levels of these two pollutants reached critical levels, contingency actions were implemented which included closing factories, changing school hours, and extending the ''[[Hoy No Circula|A day without a car]]'' program to two days of the week.<ref name="clean" /> The government also instituted industrial technology improvements, a strict biannual vehicle emission inspection and the reformulation of gasoline and [[diesel fuel]]s.<ref name="clean" /> The introduction of [[Mexico City Metrobús|Metrobús]] [[bus rapid transit]] and the [[EcoBici (Mexico City)|Ecobici]] bike-sharing were among efforts to encourage alternate, greener forms of transportation.<ref name="harvard" />

=== Parks and recreation ===

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[[Image:B (70011807).jpeg|thumb|left|[[Lightning]] in the background of the [[Torre Mayor]]]]

Mexico City has a [[subtropical highland climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cwb''), due to its tropical location but high elevation. The lower region of the valley receives less rainfall than the upper regions of the south; the lower boroughs of [[Iztapalapa]], [[Iztacalco]], [[Venustiano Carranza, D.F.|Venustiano Carranza]] and the east portion of [[Gustavo A. Madero, D.F.|Gustavo A. Madero]] are usually drier and warmer than the upper southern boroughs of [[Tlalpan]] and [[Milpa Alta]], a mountainous region of [[pine]] and [[oak]] trees known as the range of [[Ajusco]]. The average annual temperature varies from {{convert|12|to|16|C|F|0}}, depending on the altitude of the borough. The temperature is rarely below {{convert|3|C|0}} or above {{convert|30|C|0}}.<ref name="weatherspark">{{cite web |title = Average Weather for Mexico City |url = http://weatherspark.com/averages/32574/Mexico-City-Distrito-Federal |publisher = Weather Spark |access-date = 29 October 2013 |archive-date = 5 November 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161105013644/https://weatherspark.com/averages/32574/Mexico-City-Distrito-Federal |url-status = live }}</ref> At the Tacubaya observatory, the lowest temperature ever registered was {{convert|−4.4|C|0}} on 13 February 1960, and the highest temperature on record was {{convert|34.7|C}} on 25 May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/CDMX-rompe-por-segundo-dia-consecutivo-record-de-calor-alcanza-los-34.7-celsius-20240525-0034.html|title=CDMX rompe por segundo día consecutivo récord de calor; alcanza los 34.7° celsius|date=25 May 2024|access-date=26 May 2024|language=es|work=El Economista|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526152006/https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/CDMX-rompe-por-segundo-dia-consecutivo-record-de-calor-alcanza-los-34.7-celsius-20240525-0034.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Overall precipitation is heavily concentrated in the summer months, and includes dense [[hail]].

Snow falls in the city scarcely, although somewhat more often on nearby mountaintops. Throughout its history, the Central Valley of Mexico was accustomed to having several snowfalls per decade (including a period between 1878 and 1895 in which every single year—except 1880—recorded snowfalls<ref name="Clima-CDMX" />), mostly [[lake-effect snow]]. The effects of the draining of [[Lake Texcoco]] and [[global warming]] have greatly reduced snowfalls after the snow flurries of 12 February 1907.<ref>"Snow in Mexico City". ''The Baltimore Sun'' (Baltimore, Maryland USA). 13 February 1907. p. 2.</ref> Since 1908, snow has only fallen three times, snow on 14 February 1920;<ref>"Snow Falls in Mexico City". ''The Baltimore Sun'' (Baltimore, Maryland USA). p. 1.</ref> snow flurries on 14 March 1940;<ref>"Snowfall Startles Mexico City". ''The New York Times''. 15 March 1940. p. 3.</ref> and on 12 January 1967, when {{convert|8|cm|0|sp=us}} of snow fell on the city, the most on record.<ref>"6 Die As Snow Storm Covers Mexico City". ''The New York Times''. 12 January 1967. p. 13.</ref> The 1967 snowstorm coincided with the operation of ''[[Lake Texcoco#Artificial drainage|Deep Drainage System]]'' that resulted in the total draining of what was left of Lake Texcoco.<ref name="Clima-CDMX">{{Cite book|last=Jáuregui Ostos |first=Ernesto |title=El clima de la Ciudad de México |year=2000 |publisher=Instituto de Geografía de la UNAM |isbn=978-968-856-819-4 |language=es |location=México, D.F.}}</ref><ref name="DAMsxix">{{Cite book|last=Escobar Ohmstede |first=Antonio |title=Desastres agrícolas en México: Siglo XIX Tomo 2 (1822–1900) |year=2004 |publisher=Fondo de Cultura Económica (FCE); Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS) |editor=Juan Manuel Pérez Zevallos |isbn=978-968-16-7188-4 |language=es |location=México, D.F.}}</ref> After the disappearance of Lake Texcoco, snow has never fallen again over Mexico City.<ref name="Clima-CDMX" /> The region of the [[Valley of Mexico]] receives [[Anticyclone|anti-cyclonic]] systems. The weak winds of these systems do not allow for the dispersion, outside the basin, of the [[air pollution|air pollutants]] which are produced by the 50,000 industries and 4 million vehicles operating in and around the metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/proaire_2002-2010.pdf |title = Program to improve air quality in the Metropolitan zone of the valley of Mexico – 2002. Secretaría del Medio Ambiente del Distrito Federal, SMA (2002) Programa para Mejorar la Calidad del Aire de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México, Gobierno del Distrito Federal |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070126231119/http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/proaire_2002-2010.pdf |archive-date = 26 January 2007 }}</ref>

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=== Education ===

[[File:Explanada_de_El_Colegio_de_México.jpg|thumb|[[El Colegio de México]] dedicated to higher education and research in the social sciences and humanities, with a particular emphasis on Mexican and Latin American studies.]]

Among its many public and private schools (K–13), the city offers [[Multiculturalism|multi-cultural]], [[Multilingualism|multi-lingual]] and [[international school]]s attended by Mexican and [[International student|foreign students]]. Best known are the [[Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt (Mexico City)|Colegio Alemán]] (German school with three main campuses), the [[Liceo Mexicano Japonés]] (Japanese), the Centro Cultural Coreano en México (Korean), the [[Lycée Franco-Mexicain]] (French), the [[ASF Mexico|American School]], The [[Westhill Institute]] (American School), the [[Edron Academy]] and the [[Greengates School]] (British). Mexico City joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-05 |title=Mexico City, Mexico - UNESCO Learning City Awardee 2015 {{!}} UIL |url=https://uil.unesco.org/lifelong-learning/learning-cities/mexico-city-mexico-unesco-learning-city-awardee-2015 |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=uil.unesco.org |language=en |archive-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012032110/https://uil.unesco.org/lifelong-learning/learning-cities/mexico-city-mexico-unesco-learning-city-awardee-2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

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The Acta Constitutiva de la Federación of 31 January 1824, and the Federal Constitution of 4 October 1824,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/1824index.html |title = Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States (1824) |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120318225631/http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/1824index.html |archive-date = 18 March 2012 }}</ref> fixed the political and administrative organization of the [[Mexico|United Mexican States]] after the [[Mexican War of Independence]]. In addition, Section XXVIII of Article 50 gave the new Congress the right to choose where the federal government would be located. This location would then be appropriated as federal land, with the federal government acting as the local authority. The two main candidates to become the capital were Mexico City and [[Querétaro, Querétaro|Querétaro]].<ref>[http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/rev/boletin/cont/85/art/art13.htm Boletín Mexicano de Derecho Comparado] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410153948/http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/rev/boletin/cont/85/art/art13.htm |date=10 April 2014 }}. Juridicas.unam.mx. Retrieved on 12 April 2014.</ref>

Due in large part to the persuasion of representative [[Servando Teresa de Mier]], Mexico City was chosen because it was the center of the country's population and history, even though ~~Querétaro~~[[Queretaro]] was closer to the center geographically. The choice was official on 18 November 1824, and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square (8,800 acres) centered on the [[Zócalo|Zocalo]]. This area was then separated from the [[State of Mexico]], forcing that state's government to move from the [[Palace of the Inquisition (Museum of Mexican Medicine)|Palace of the Inquisition (now Museum of Mexican Medicine)]] in the city to [[Texcoco, Mexico State|Texcoco]]. This area did not include the population centers of the towns of [[Coyoacán]], [[Xochimilco]], [[San Mateo Mexicaltzingo|Mexicaltzingo]] and [[Tlalpan]], all of which remained as part of the State of Mexico.<ref name="EncMex2003">{{cite encyclopedia |last = Alvarez |first = Jose Rogelio |encyclopedia = Enciclopedia de Mexico |title = Distrito Federal |year = 2003 |publisher = Sabeco International Investment Corp. |volume = IV |language=es |isbn = 978-1-56409-063-8 |pages = 2293–2314 }}</ref>

In 1854 president [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] enlarged the area of Mexico City almost eightfold from the original {{convert|220|to|1700|sqkm|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, annexing the rural and mountainous areas to secure the strategic mountain passes to the south and southwest to protect the city in event of a foreign invasion. (The [[Mexican–American War]] had just been fought.) The last changes to the limits of Mexico City were made between 1898 and 1902, reducing the area to the current {{convert|1479|sqkm|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} by adjusting the southern border with the state of [[Morelos]]. By that time, the total number of municipalities within Mexico City was twenty-two. In 1941, the [[Pedro María de Anaya|General Anaya]] borough was merged with the Central Department, which was then renamed "Mexico City" (thus reviving the name but not the autonomous municipality). From 1941 to 1970, the Federal District comprised twelve ''delegaciones'' and Mexico City. In 1970, Mexico City was split into four different ''delegaciones'': [[Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City|Cuauhtémoc]], [[Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City|Miguel Hidalgo]], [[Venustiano Carranza, Mexico City|Venustiano Carranza]] and [[Benito Juárez, Mexico City|Benito Juárez]], increasing the number of ''delegaciones'' to 16. Since then, the whole Federal District, whose ''delegaciones'' had by then almost formed a single urban area, began to be considered ''de facto'' a synonym of Mexico City.<ref name="df.gob.mx">[http://www.df.gob.mx/leyes/normatividad.html?materia=1&apartado=15&disp=140 Statute of Government of the Federal District] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313061806/http://www.df.gob.mx/leyes/normatividad.html?materia=1&apartado=15&disp=140 |date=13 March 2008}}</ref>

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On 29 January 2016, Mexico City ceased to be the ''Federal District'' (Spanish: ''Distrito Federal'' or D.F.), and was officially renamed "Ciudad de México" (or "CDMX").<ref name="Federal District Now Officially" /> On that date, Mexico City began a transition to becoming the country's 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state. It will have its own constitution and its legislature, and its ''delegaciones'' will now be headed by mayors.<ref name="Federal District Now Officially" /> Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as it is the seat of the powers of the federation, it can never become a state, or the capital of the country has to be relocated elsewhere.<ref name="UN2" />

In response to the demands, Mexico City received a greater degree of autonomy, with the 1987 elaboration the first Statute of Government (''Estatuto de Gobierno'') and the creation of an assembly of representatives.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tavera Fenollosa |first1=Ligia |editor1-last=Rossi |editor1-first=Federico M. |editor2-last=Bülow |editor2-first=Marisa von |title=Social Movement Dynamics: New Perspectives on Theory and Research from Latin America |date=3 March 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-05370-5 |language=en |chapter=Eventful temporality and the unintended outcomes of Mexico's earthquake victims movement}}</ref>{{rp|pages=149–150}} The city has a Statute of Government, and as of its ratification on 31 January 2017, a [[:es:Constitución Política de la Ciudad de México|constitution]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitución Política de la Ciudad de México |url=http://www.infodf.org.mx/documentospdf/constitucion_cdmx/Constitucion_%20Politica_CDMX.pdf |access-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226004223/http://www.infodf.org.mx/documentospdf/constitucion_cdmx/Constitucion_%20Politica_CDMX.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Constitución Política de la Ciudad de México |url=http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/ACCM/GP/20170130-AA.pdf |access-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219175548/http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/ACCM/GP/20170130-AA.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2018 |date=30 January 2019}}</ref> similar to the states of the Union. As part of the recent changes in autonomy, the budget is administered locally; it is proposed by the [[List of mayors of Mexico City|head of government]] and approved by the [[Congress of Mexico City|Legislative Assembly]]. Nonetheless, it is the [[Congress of Mexico|Congress of the Union]] that sets the ceiling to internal and external [[government debt|public debt]] issued by the city government.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.finanzas.df.gob.mx/documentos/CodigoFinanciero_2007.pdf |title = Codigo Financiero Del Distrito Federal* |access-date = 17 April 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070808005758/http://www.finanzas.df.gob.mx/documentos/CodigoFinanciero_2007.pdf |archive-date = 8 August 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

The politics pursued by the administrations of heads of government in Mexico City at the end of the 20th century have usually been more liberal than those of the rest of the country,<ref>{{cite book|title=Mexico City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQieDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133|first=Nicholas|last=Caistor|publisher=Reaktion Books|location=London, England|year=2019|isbn=9781789141108|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018204608/https://books.google.com/books?id=IQieDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/transcripts/10080662|title=Mexico Bares Its Liberal Side, and More|work=[[NPR]]|date=8 May 2007|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020182209/https://www.npr.org/transcripts/10080662|url-status=live}}</ref> whether with the support of the federal government, as was the case with the approval of several comprehensive environmental laws in the 1980s, or by laws that were since approved by the Legislative Assembly. The Legislative Assembly expanded provisions on abortions, becoming the first federal entity to expand [[abortion in Mexico]] beyond cases of rape and economic reasons, to permit it at the choice of the mother before the 12th week of pregnancy.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/420927.html |title = Aprueba ALDF en lo general reforma sobre el aborto |newspaper = [[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |date = 24 April 2007 |access-date = 25 April 2007 |archive-date = 27 April 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070427035819/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/420927.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> In December 2009, the then Federal District became the first city in Latin America and one of very few in the world to legalize [[same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/22/mexico-city-same-sex-marriage|title=Mexico City legalises same-sex marriage|agency=Associated Press|date=22 December 2009|work=The Guardian|location=Mexico City|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020182209/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/22/mexico-city-same-sex-marriage|url-status=live}}</ref>

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[[File:Mexico City Reforma Street.jpg|thumb|The [[Paseo de la Reforma]] is a wide avenue designed by [[Ferdinand von Rosenzweig]] in the 1860s and was modeled after the [[Champs-Élysées]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prudentialprivatecapital.com/offices/mexico-city|title=Mexico City CORPORATE FINANCE|website=Prudential Private Capital, [[Prudential Financial]]|access-date=18 November 2019|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812131211/https://www.prudentialprivatecapital.com/offices/mexico-city|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Mexico City is one of the most important economic hubs in [[Latin America]]. The city proper produces 15.8% of the country's [[gross domestic product]].<ref name="INEGI">{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=cuna14&c=1669 |title=Producto interno bruto por entidad federativa. Participación sectorial por entidad federative |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714181238/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=cuna14&c=1669 |archive-date=14 July 2007 }}</ref> In 2002, Mexico City had a [[Human Development Index]] score of 0.915,<ref>{{cite web |title=HDR 2006 | Spanish | Human Development Reports (HDR) | United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006/chapters/spanish/ |access-date=17 April 2011 |publisher=Hdr.undp.org |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515142405/http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006/chapters/spanish/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> identical to that of [[international rankings of South Korea|South Korea]]. In 2007, residents in the top twelve percent of GDP per capita holders in the city had a mean [[disposable and discretionary income|disposable income]] of {{US$|98,517|link=yes}}. The high spending power of Mexico City inhabitants makes the city attractive for companies offering prestige and [[luxury goods]]. According to a 2009 study conducted by [[PricewaterhouseCoopers|PwC]], Mexico City had a GDP of $390 billion, ranking it as the eighth richest city in the world and the richest in Latin America.<ref name="ukmediacentre.pwc.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |title=Emerging market city economies set to rise rapidly in global GDP rankings says PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP |author=PricewaterhouseCoopers |publisher=UK Media Centre |date=11 February 2009 |access-date=27 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |archive-date=4 May 2011 }}</ref> In 2009, Mexico City alone would rank as the 30th largest economy in the world.<ref name="emporis">{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=101008 |title=Emporis |access-date=9 January 2009 |url-status=~~dead~~usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317113146/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=101008 |archive-date=17 March 2008 }}</ref>

Mexico City is the greatest contributor to the country's industrial GDP (15.8%) and also the greatest contributor to the country's GDP in the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]] (25.3%). Due to the limited non-urbanized space at the south—most of which is protected through environmental laws—the contribution of Mexico City in agriculture is the smallest of all federal entities in the country.<ref name="INEGI" /> The economic reforms of President [[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]] had a tremendous effect on the city, as a number of businesses, including banks and airlines, were privatized. He also signed the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA). This led to decentralization<ref name="furness">{{Cite journal |last = Furness |first = Charlie |date = April 2008 |title = Boomtown |journal = Geographical |volume = 80 |issue = 4 |pages = 36–45 |id = 0016741X }}</ref> and a shift in Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to services, as most factories moved away to either the [[State of Mexico]], or more commonly to the northern border. By contrast, corporate office buildings set their base in the city.

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Mexico City offers a variety of cuisines: restaurants specializing in the regional cuisines of Mexico's 31 states are available in the city, and the city also has several branches of internationally recognized restaurants. These include Paris' Au Pied de Cochon and [[Brasserie Lipp]], Philippe (by Philippe Chow); Nobu, [[Quintonil]], Morimoto; Pámpano, owned by Mexican-raised opera singer [[Plácido Domingo]]. There are branches of [[Japanese cuisine|Japanese]] restaurant [[Suntory]], [[Italian cuisine|Italian]] restaurant Alfredo, as well as New York steakhouses [[Morton's Restaurant Group|Morton's]] and [[The Palm (restaurant)|The Palm]], and Monte Carlo's BeefBar. Three of [[Lima, Peru|Lima]]'s [[Haute cuisine|Haute]] restaurants, serving [[Peruvian cuisine]], have locations in Mexico City: La Mar, Segundo Muelle and Astrid y Gastón.

For the 2023 list of [[Restaurant (magazine) Top 50|World's 50 Best Restaurants]] as named by the British magazine ''[[Restaurant (magazine)|Restaurant]]'', Mexico City ranked 13th best with the Mexican avant-garde restaurant [[Pujol (restaurant)|Pujol]] (owned by Mexican chef [[Enrique Olvera]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eater.com/worlds-50-best-restaurants-awards/23767356/the-worlds-50-best-restaurants-2023-the-list-so-far|title=The ~~World’s~~World's 50 Best Restaurants 2023: The Full List of Winners|date=20 June 2023|first=Hillary Dixler|last=Canavan|work=Eater|access-date=17 May 2024|archive-date=5 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005070901/https://www.eater.com/worlds-50-best-restaurants-awards/23767356/the-worlds-50-best-restaurants-2023-the-list-so-far|url-status=live}}</ref> Also notable is the Basque-Mexican fusion restaurant [[Biko (restaurant)|Biko]] (run and co-owned by Bruno Oteiza and Mikel Alonso), which placed outside the list at 59th, but in previous years has ranked within the top 50.<ref name="2014 awards">[[Restaurant (magazine)|Restaurant]], [http://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50-winners The World's 50 Best Restaurant Awards: 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521055609/https://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50 |date=21 May 2021 }}</ref> Other that has been placed on the list in 2019 is the restaurant Sud 777 at 58th place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50-winners#t51-100|title=The World's 50 Best Restaurants 1–50 2019|website=theworlds50best.com|access-date=1 October 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025124036/https://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50-winners#t51-100|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, [[List of Michelin starred restaurants in Mexico|seven restaurants in the city]] received [[Michelin stars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/mexico-michelin-guide-restaurants-list-2024|title=These Are Mexico's First Michelin-Starred Restaurants, 2024|date=15 May 2024|access-date=18 May 2024|first=Sam|last=Stone|work=[[Bon Appétit]]|archive-date=23 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523165131/https://www.bonappetit.com/story/mexico-michelin-guide-restaurants-list-2024|url-status=live}}</ref> At the other end of the scale are working class [[pulque]] bars known as ''pulquerías'', a challenge for tourists to locate and experience.

=== Media ===

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== References ==

=== Sources ===

* {{Cite book|first=David |last=Lida |title=First Stop in the New World: Mexico City, the Capital of the 21st Century |location=New York |publisher=Riverhead Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-59448-378-3 }}

== External links ==