Military dictatorship: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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An early military dictatorship formed in [[Korea]] under the [[Goguryeo]] kingdom in 642 under military leader [[Yeon Gaesomun]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Ki-Baik |url=https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofkore0000leek |title=A New History of Korea |date=1984 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674615762 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |page=48 |language=en |translator-last=Wagner |translator-first=Edward W. |translator-last2=Shultz |translator-first2=Edward J.}}</ref> Yeon took absolute power after having the monarch killed and placing another member of the royal family on the throne as a [[figurehead]].<ref name="Medieval Chinese Warfare 300-900">{{cite book |last1=Graff |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpmBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA196 |title=Medieval Chinese Warfare 300-900 |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=9781134553532 |page=196 |language=en}}</ref> Another military dictatorship developed in Korea in 1170 when the military officers of the [[Goryeo]] dynasty revolted against the expansion of [[civil service]] at the expense of the military. The monarch was again replaced with a relative to serve as a figurehead, and a series of military officers ruled over the [[Goryeo military regime]] as they sought to undermine and seize power from one another. Power was consolidated by [[Choe Chung-heon]] through a coup in 1196, and his descendants would rule until 1258.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shultz |first=Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/generalsscholars0000shul |title=Generals and Scholars: Military Rule in Medieval Korea |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8248-2324-5 |pages=1–2 |language=en}}</ref>

Japan was ruled by a series of military rulers called [[Shogun|shoguns]], beginning with the formation of the [[Kamakura shogunate]] in 1185. While shoguns nominally operated under the [[Emperor of Japan]], they served as ''de facto'' rulers of Japan and the Japanese military.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shinoda |first=Minoru |url=https://archive.org/details/foundingofkamaku0000shin |title=The Founding of the Kamakura Shogunate 1180–1185. With Selected Translations from the Azuma Kagami |date=1960-03-02 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-89400-5 |pages=3–4 |language=en |doi=10.7312/shin93498}}</ref> Japan was ruled by shoguns until the fall of the [[Meiji Restoration]] that brought about the fall of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] in 1868.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Andrew |title=A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-092055-5 |pages=58 |language=en}}</ref> During the [[Revival Lê dynasty]] of Vietnam between the 16th and 18th centuries, the country was under ''de facto'' military rule by two rival military families: the [[Trịnh lords]] in the north and the [[Nguyễn lords]] in the south.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=McLeod |first1=Mark W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a2TerRF1j74C |title=Culture and Customs of Vietnam |last2=Nguyen |first2=Thi Dieu |date=2001 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-30485-9 |pages=18 |language=en}}</ref>

According to Eric Chaney and Lisa Blades, the reliance on [[Mamluk]] slave-soldiers by Muslim rulers had a profound impact on the [[Arab world|Arab world's]] political development. They argue that, because European rulers had to rely on local elites for military forces, lords and bourgeois acquired the necessary bargaining power to push for representative government. Muslim rulers did not face the same pressures partly because the Mamluks allowed the Sultans to bypass local elites.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Blaydes |first1=Lisa |last2=Chaney |first2=Eric |date=2013 |title=The Feudal Revolution and Europe's Rise: Political Divergence of the Christian West and the Muslim World before 1500 CE |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/feudal-revolution-and-europes-rise-political-divergence-of-the-christian-west-and-the-muslim-world-before-1500-ce/EEF59BAF19A7D08BC254DBB35CBFB026 |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=16–34 |doi=10.1017/S0003055412000561 |issn=0003-0554 |s2cid=33455840}}</ref>

The [[Commonwealth of England]] under [[Oliver Cromwell]], formed in 1649 after the [[Second English Civil War]], has been described as a military dictatorship by its contemporary opponents and by some modern academics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Woolrych |first=Austin |date=1990 |title=The Cromwellian Protectorate: A Military Dictatorship? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24420972 |journal=History |volume=75 |issue=244 |pages=207–231 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-229X.1990.tb01515.x |issn=0018-2648 |jstor=24420972}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodlad |first=Graham |title=Oliver Cromwell |year=2007 |isbn=9786612040436 |pages=22 |quote=It would forever attach the label–however unjustified–of 'military dictator' to Cromwell's reputation.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Bychowski |first1=Gustav |last2=Bychowski |first2=Gustaw |date=1943 |title=Dictators and Their Followers: A Theory of Dictatorship |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24725069 |journal=Bulletin of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=455–457 |issn=0376-2327 |jstor=24725069}}</ref>