National Progressive Front (Syria): Difference between revisions - Wikipedia


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{{Short description|Political alliance in Syria}}

{{Infobox political party

| colorcode = {{party color|National Progressive Front (Syria)}}

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| leader1_name = [[Bashar al-Assad]]

| leader2_title = Vice-President

| leader2_name = [[Mohammad al-Shaar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pnf.org.sy/?page=category&category_id=138&id=78|title=الجبهة الوطنية التقدمية|firstpublisher=Mohannad Orfali-|last=phpline@gmail.com - 00963 933 878 476|website=pnf.org.sy}}</ref>

| leader3_title = Founder

| leader3_name = [[Hafez al-Assad]]

| foundation = {{Start date and age|1972}}

| ideology = {{nowrap|Pro-[[Politics of Syria|Pro-Syrian government]]}}<br>[[Arab nationalism]]<br>[[Arab socialism]]<br>[[Pan-Arabism]]<br>[[Secularism]]<br>[[Anti-Zionism]]<br>[[Anti-imperialism]]<br>{{collapsible list|title=Factions:|[[Neo-Ba'athism]]<br>[[Nasserism]]<br>[[Communism]]<br>[[Syrian nationalism]]<br>[[Left-wing nationalism]]<br>[[Islamic socialism]]<br>[[Democratic socialism]]<br>[[Labourism]]}}

| headquarters = [[Damascus]]

| position = '''Factions''':<br>[[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]] to [[Far-left politics|far-left]]

| seats1_title = [[People's CouncilAssembly of Syria|People's CouncilAssembly]]

| seats1 = {{Composition bar|183185|250|hex={{party color|National Progressive Front (Syria)}}}}

| seats2_title = [[Council of Ministers (Syria)|Council of Ministers]]

| seats2 = {{Composition bar|205|3530|hex={{party color|National Progressive Front (Syria)}}}}

| website = {{url|http://pnf.org.sy}}

| country = Syria

}}

The '''National Progressive Front''' ({{Lang-ar|الجبهة الوطنية التقدمية}}, ''al-Jabha al-Waṭaniyyah al-Taqaddumiyyah'', '''NPF''') is a pro-government coalition of [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] parties in [[Syria]] that supports the [[Arab nationalism|Arab nationalist]] and [[Arab socialism|Arab socialist]] orientation of the government and accepts the "leading role" of the ruling [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Arab Socialist Ba’ath Party]]. The coalition was formed on the basis of the [[Popular front|Popular Front]] model of [[Socialist Bloc]], through which Syrian Ba'ath party governs the country by permitting nominal participation of smaller, satellite parties. The NPF is part of Ba'ath Party's efforts to expand its support base and neutralize prospects for any sustainable [[Liberalism|liberal]] or left-wing opposition, by instigating splits within independent leftist parties or repressing them.{{Efn|Sources:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Is Syria socialist? 2022 Guide |url=https://www.youngpioneertours.com/is-syria-socialist/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210080019/https://www.youngpioneertours.com/is-syria-socialist/ |archive-date=10 December 2022 |website=Young Pioneer Tours}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Al Hajj-Saleh |first=Yassîn |date=1 October 2018 |title=L'opposition syrienne |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-confluences-mediterranee-2003-1-page-71.htm?ref=doi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428113345/https://www.cairn.info/revue-confluences-mediterranee-2003-1-page-71.htm?ref=doi |archive-date=28 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Seale |first=Patrick |title=Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East |publisher=University of California Press |year=1989 |isbn=0-520-06667-7 |location=Los Angeles, USA |pages=175–176 |chapter=19: The Enemy Within}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taha |first=Zakaria |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00734750 |title=The Kurdish opposition and the Baath regime in Syria: between identity dynamics and cooptation strategies |publisher=HAL SHS |year=2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428120545/https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00734750 |archive-date=28 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Batatu |first=Hanna |title=Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-691-00254-1 |location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK |pages=121, 274, 275}}</ref>}}

The '''National Progressive Front''' ({{Lang-ar|الجبهة الوطنية التقدمية}}, ''al-Jabha al-Waṭaniyyah at-Taqaddumiyyah'', NPF) is a [[political alliance]] of parties in [[Syria]] that supports the [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] and [[Arab nationalism|Arab nationalist]] orientation of the government and accepts the "leading role" of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Arab Socialist Ba’ath Party]], the largest party in the NPF.

NPF model has been instrumentalized by the Ba'athist system to enforce a highly centralized [[Presidential system]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leverett |first=Flynt |title=Inheriting Syria: Bashar's Trial by Fire |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8157-5204-2 |location=1775 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 |pages=26 |chapter=Chapter Two: Hafiz’s Legacy, Bashar’s Inheritance}}</ref> The satellite parties within the NPF have smaller political power and largely function as networks for mobilizing loyalty to the government. [[Student activism]] and political activities in [[Syrian Arab Armed Forces|armed forces]] are strictly prohibited for non-Ba'athist parties in the NPF, amongst other restrictions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Batatu |first=Hanna |title=Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-691-00254-1 |location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK |pages=187 |chapter=13: The Post-1970 Asad-molded, Career-oriented Ba'ath}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Seale |first=Patrick |title=Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East |publisher=University of California Press |year=1989 |isbn=0-520-06667-7 |location=Los Angeles, USA |pages=176 |chapter=}}</ref>

==History==

The Front was established in 1972 by Syrian president [[Hafez al-Assad]] to provide for a limited degree of participation in government by political parties other than the ruling Ba'ath Party.<ref name=eb>{{cite web|author=Elizabeth O'Bagy|title=Syria's Political Struggle: Spring 2012|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Backgrounder_SyriasPoliticalStruggle_Spring2012.pdf|work=ISW|access-date=26 October 2014|format=Backgrounder|date=7 June 2012}}</ref> ItsWhile constitutionNPF provideshas thatlittle influence in central bodies such as the Ba[[People'aths PartyAssembly controlsof 50%Syria|People's plusAssembly]], oneit ofwas given more say at the voteslocal onlevel, itswhere executivenon-Ba'athists and independent candidates are committeefielded. AWhile numberthe Ba'ath Party controls vast majority of seatsvotes in the [[People'scentral Councilcommittees, a number of Syria]]seats in the local are reservedallotted for members of other NPF parties otherand than the Ba'ath Partyindependents. These minor [[political parties|parties]] are legally required to accept the leadership of the Ba'ath Party. The non-Ba'athist parties in the Progressive Front, for example, are not allowed to canvass for supporters in the army or the student body which are "reserved exclusively for the Ba'ath."<ref>Seale, Patrick, ''Asad, the Struggle for the Middle East'', University of California Press, 1989, p. 176</ref>

From 1972 to 2011, only parties participating in the NPF had been legally permitted to operate in Syria. The Legislative Decree on Parties law of 2011,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sana.sy/eng/361/2011/08/04/362192.htm |title=ArchivedSyrian copyArab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news :: |access-date=2013-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805060302/http://www.sana.sy/eng/361/2011/08/04/362192.htm |archive-date=2011-08-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Legislative Decree on General Elections Law of 2011<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sana.sy/eng/361/2011/08/04/362216.htm |title=ArchivedSyrian copyArab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news :: |access-date=2013-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805060328/http://www.sana.sy/eng/361/2011/08/04/362216.htm |archive-date=2011-08-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the new [[Constitution of Syria|Syrian constitution]] of 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sana.sy/eng/370/2012/02/28/401178.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014034300/http://sana.sy/eng/370/2012/02/28/401178.htm|url-status=dead|title=SANA Syrian News Agency - Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic Approved in Popular Referendum on February 27, 2012, Article 8|archive-date=October 14, 2012}}</ref> introduced multi-party system in Syria.

After previously being a part of NPF, [[Syrian Social Nationalist Party]] joined the opposition, [[Popular Front for Change and Liberation]], for the May 2012 [[2012 Syrian parliamentary election|election]] to the parliament. However, the SSNP supported the re-election of Bashar al-Assad in the [[2014 Syrian presidential election|June 2014 presidential election]] and subsequently rejoined the front.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tishreen.news.sy/tishreen/public/read/315368|title=SSNP Supports Bashar al-Assad's Presidential Nomination|date=7 May 2014|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103112632/http://tishreen.news.sy/tishreen/public/read/315368|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Constituent parties==

{{update section|reason=Based on 2020 elections. [https://data.ipu.org/parliament/SY/SY-LC01/election/SY-LC01-E20200719/ IPU election results] by party not released for 2024 yet|date=September 2024}}

The NPF is currently composed of the following political parties:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"

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! Leader

! Ideology

! [[People's CouncilAssembly of Syria|People's Assembly]]

! Government

|-

|style="background:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}}" |

| [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://pnf.org.sy/?page=category&category_id=113|title=الجبهة الوطنية التقدمية|first=Mohannad Orfali-|last=phpline@gmail.com - 00963 933 878 476Orfali|website=pnf.org.sy}}</ref>

| [[Bashar al-Assad]]

| [[Ba'athism#Neo-Ba'athism|Neo-Ba'athism]]<br />[[Pan-Arabism]]

| {{composition bar|167|250|hex=#017B48}}

| {{Yes2|government}}

Line 59 ⟶ 63:

| [[Safwan al-Qudsi]]

| [[Nasserism]]<br />[[Arab nationalism]]

| {{composition bar|32|250|hex=#017B48}}

| {{Yes2maybe|government support}}

|-

|style="background:#DE3533" |

| [[Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)]]<ref name="auto"/>

| [[Ammar Bakdash]]

| [[Communism]]<br>[[Marxism-LeninismMarxism–Leninism]]

| {{composition bar|32|250|hex=#017B48}}

| {{Yes2maybe|government support}}

|-

|style="background:#BF0202" |

| [[Socialist Unionist Party (Syria)|Socialist Unionist Party]]<ref name="auto"/>

| [[Shaaban Shaheen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pnf.org.sy/?page=category&category_id=113&id=32&lang=ar|title=حزب الوحدويين الاشتراكيين|first=Mohannad Orfali-|last=phpline@gmail.com - 00963 933 878 476Orfali|website=pnf.org.sy}}</ref>

| [[Nasserism]]<br />[[Arab socialism]]

| {{composition bar|2|250|hex=#017B48}}

Line 83 ⟶ 87:

| {{Yes2|government}}

|-

|style="background:{{party color|ArabNational Socialist Ba'athCovenant Party – Syria Region}}" |

| [[National Covenant Party]]<ref name="auto"/><br>

| [[Ghassan Othman]]

| [[Pan-Arabism]]

| [[Arab socialism]]<br />[[Islamic socialism]]

| {{composition bar|2|250|hex=#017B48}}

| {{Yes2maybe|government support}}

|-

|style="background:green" |

| [[ArabicArab Democratic Union Party]]<ref name="auto"/>

|[[Iyad Ghassan Osman]]

| [[Nasserism]]<br />[[Arab nationalism]]

| {{composition bar|12|250|hex=#017B48}}

| {{Yes2maybe|government support}}

|-

|style="background:red" |

| [[Democratic Socialist Unionist Party]]<ref name="auto"/>

| [[Fadlallah Nasreddine]]

| [[DemocraticNasserism]]<br socialism#Asia|Democratic/>[[Arab socialism]]<br />[[Trade unionismunion]]ism

| {{composition bar|1|250|hex=#017B48}}

| {{Yes2maybe|government support}}

|-

|style="background:red" |

| [[Arab Socialist Movement (Damascus branch)|Arab Socialist Movement]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/19789/quwat-muqatili-al-ashair-tribal-auxiliary-forces|title=Quwat Muqatili al-Asha'ir: Tribal Auxiliary Forces of the Military Intelligence|first=Aymenn Jawad|last=Al-Tamimi|website=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi}}</ref>

| [[Omar Adnan al-Alawi]]

| [[Ba'athism#Neo-Ba'athism|Neo-Ba'athism]]<br />[[Arab socialism]]

| {{composition bar|0|250|hex=#017B48}}

|{{No2|external support}}

|-

|style="background:#FF0000" |

| [[Social Democratic Unionists]]

|

| [[Social democracy]]<br>[[Trade union]]ism

| {{composition bar|0|250|hex=#FF0000}}

|{{No2|external support}}

|-

Line 116 ⟶ 127:

| [[General Federation of Trade Unions (Syria)|General Federation of Trade Unions]]<ref name="auto"/>

| [[Yassin Tulaimat]]

| [[Trade unionism]]<br>[[LabourLabor rights|Workers' rights]]

| {{composition bar|0|250|hex=#017B48}}

| {{No2|external support}}

|-

|style="background:green" |

| [[General Union of Peasants (Syria)|General Union of Peasants]]<ref name="auto"/>

| [[Ahmed Saleh Ibrahim]]

| [[Trade unionism]]<br>[[Agrarianism]]

Line 128 ⟶ 139:

|-

|style="background:{{party color|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region}}" |

| [[Revolutionary Youth Union]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ortas.online/index.php?d=21&id=226787 |title=Archivedالهيئة copyالعامة للإذاعة والتلفزيون - سورية |access-date=2019-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906073024/http://www.ortas.online/index.php?d=21 |archive-date=2019-09-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

| [[Maan Abboud]]

| [[Ba'athism#Neo-Ba'athism|Neo-Ba'athism]]<br>[[Youth activism]]

| {{composition bar|0|250|hex=#017B48}}

| {{No2|external support}}

Line 147 ⟶ 158:

|[[1973 Syrian parliamentary election|1973]]

|{{Composition bar|186|186|#017B48}}

|New

|{{increase}} 186▼

|{{increase}} 1st

|-

|[[1977 Syrian parliamentary election|1977]]

Line 203 ⟶ 214:

|{{Composition bar|183|250|#017B48}}

|{{decrease}} 17

|{{steady}} 1st

|-

|[[2024 Syrian parliamentary election|2024]]

|{{Composition bar|185|250|#017B48}}

▲|{{increase}} 1862

|{{steady}} 1st

|}

Line 212 ⟶ 228:

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Notes==

{{Notelist}}

==External links==

*{{Official website|http://pnf.org.sy}}

{{Ba'ath Party}}

{{Syrian political parties}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1972 establishments in Syria]]

[[Category:Arab nationalism in Syria]]

[[Category:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]

[[Category:Arab socialist political parties]]

[[Category:Left-wing nationalist parties]]▼

[[Category:Organization of the Ba'ath Party]]

[[Category:Organizations of the Syrian civil war]]

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[[Category:Popular fronts]]

[[Category:Socialist parties in Syria]]

▲[[Category:Left-wing nationalist parties]]