National security: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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[[File:national.security.parliament.arp.750pix.Clean.jpg|thumb|Security measures are taken to protect the [[Palace of Westminster]] in [[London]], UK. The heavy blocks of [[concrete]] are designed to prevent a [[car bomb]] or other device being rammed into the building.]]

'''National security''', or '''national defence''' ('''national defense''' in [[American English]]), is the [[security]] and [[Defence (military)|defence]] of a [[sovereign state]], including its [[Citizenship|citizens]], [[economy]], and [[institutions]], which is regarded as a duty of [[government]]. Originally conceived as protection against [[Offensive (military)|military attack]], national security is widely understood to include also non-military dimensions, such as the security from [[terrorism]], minimization of [[crime]], [[economic security]], [[energy security]], [[environmental security]], [[food security]], and [[Computer security|cyber-security]]. Similarly, national security risks include, in addition to the actions of other [[~~nation~~State (polity)|state]]s, action by [[violent non-state actor]]s, by [[narcotic cartel]]s, [[organized crime]], by [[multinational corporation]]s, and also the effects of [[natural disaster]]s.

Governments rely on a range of measures, including [[Political power|political]], [[Economic power|economic]], and [[military]] power, as well as [[diplomacy]], to safeguard the security of a ~~nation~~ state. They may also act to build the conditions of security regionally and internationally by reducing [[Transnationalism|transnational]] causes of insecurity, such as [[climate change]], [[economic inequality]], [[Social exclusion|political exclusion]], and [[nuclear proliferation]].

== Definitions ==

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* "National security is an appropriate and aggressive blend of political resilience and maturity, human resources, economic structure and capacity, technological competence, industrial base and availability of natural resources and finally the military might." ([[National Defence College, India|National Defence College of India]], 1996)<ref name="auto1">Definition from "Proceedings of Seminar on "A Maritime Strategy for India" (1996). National Defence College, [[Tees January Marg]], New Delhi, India. quoted in Paleri 2008 (ibid).</ref>

* "[National security is the] measurable state of the capability of a nation to overcome the multi-dimensional threats to the apparent well-being of its people and its survival as a nation-state at any given time, by balancing all instruments of state policy through governance... and is extendable to global security by variables external to it." ([[Prabhakaran Paleri]], 2008)<ref name="Paleri" />{{rp|52–54}}

* "[National and international security] may be understood as shared freedom from fear and want, and the freedom to live in dignity. It implies social and ecological health rather than the absence of risk... [and is] a common right." (Ammerdown Group, 2016)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://rethinkingsecurityorguk.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/rethinking-security-a-discussion-paper.pdf|title=Rethinking Security: A discussion paper|last=Ammerdown Group|date=2016|website=rethinkingsecurity.org.uk|access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref>{{rp|3}}

== Dimensions ==

Potential causes of national insecurity include actions by other states (e.g. [[Military aggression|military]] or [[Cyberattack|cyber attack]]), [[violent non-state actor]]s (e.g. [[Terrorism|terrorist attack]]), [[Organized crime|organised criminal groups]] such as [[narcotic cartel]]s, and also the effects of [[natural disaster]]s (e.g. flooding, earthquakes).{{nowrap|<ref name="Romm 1993"/>{{rp|v, 1–8}}}}<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Losing control : global security in the twenty-first century|last=Rogers|first=P|date=2010|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9780745329376|edition=3rd|location=London|oclc=658007519}}</ref> Systemic drivers of insecurity, which may be [[transnationality|transnational]], include [[global warming|climate change]], [[economic inequality]] and [[marginalisation]], [[Social exclusion|political exclusion]], and [[nuclear proliferation]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://rethinkingsecurityorguk.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/rethinking-security-a-discussion-paper.pdf|title=Rethinking Security: A discussion paper|last=Ammerdown Group|date=2016|website=rethinkingsecurity.org.uk|access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref>{{rp|3}}<ref name=":0" />

In view of the wide range of risks, the security of a ~~nation~~ state has several dimensions, including [[economic security]], [[energy security]], [[Military security|physical security]], [[environmental security]], [[food security]], [[border guard|border security]], and [[Computer security|cyber security]]. These dimensions correlate closely with [[elements of national power]].

Increasingly, governments organise their [[security policies]] into a national security strategy (NSS);<ref>{{cite web |title=National Security Strategy |url=https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Security-Strategy/ |website=Office of the Security of Defense}}</ref> as of 2017, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States are among the states to have done so.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/documents/estrategiaseguridad_baja_julio.pdf|title=The National Security Strategy: Sharing a common project|last=Spanish Government|date=2013|access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-security-strategy-and-strategic-defence-and-security-review-2015|title=National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015|last=UK, Cabinet Office|date=2015|access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/2015.pdf|title=National Security Strategy|last=US, White House|date=2015|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-date=2016-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006104740/http://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/2015.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some states also appoint a [[National security council|National Security Council]] and/or a [[National security advisor|National Security Advisor]] which is an executive government agency, it feeds the head of the state on topics concerning national security and strategic interest. The national security council/advisor strategies long term, short term, contingency national security plans. [[India]] holds one such system in current, which was established on 19 November 1998.

Although states differ in their approach~~, with some beginning to prioritise non-military action to tackle systemic drivers of insecurity~~, various forms of coercive power predominate, particularly [[~~Military~~List of countries by level of military equipment|military ~~Capabilities~~capabilities]].<ref name=":2" /> The scope of these capabilities has developed. Traditionally, military capabilities were mainly land- or sea-based, and in smaller countries, they still are. Elsewhere, the domains of potential warfare now include the [[Air force|air]], [[Space warfare|space]], [[Cyberwarfare|cyberspace]], and [[Psychological warfare|psychological operations]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/16478792|title=War in the fifth domain|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref> Military capabilities designed for these domains may be used for national security, or equally for offensive purposes, for example to conquer and annex territory and resources.

{{See also|Elements of national security|Elements of national power}}

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The scope and nature of environmental threats to national security and strategies to engage them are a subject of debate.<ref name="Romm 1993" />{{rp|29–33}} Romm (1993) classifies the major impacts of ecological changes on national security as:<ref name="Romm 1993" />{{rp|15}}

* ''Transnational environmental problems.'' These include global environmental problems such as [[climate change]] due to [[global warming]], [[deforestation]], and [[Biodiversity loss|loss of biodiversity]].<ref name="Romm 1993" />{{rp|15}}

* ''Local environmental or resource pressures''. These include resource scarcities leading to local conflict, such as [[Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa|disputes over [[water scarcity]] in the [[Middle East]]; migration into the United States caused by the failure of agriculture in [[Mexico]];<ref name="Romm 1993" />{{rp|15}} and the impact on the conflict in Syria of erosion of productive land.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gleick|first=Peter H.|date=2014-03-03|title=Water, Drought, Climate Change, and Conflict in Syria|journal=Weather, Climate, and Society|volume=6|issue=3|pages=331–340|doi=10.1175/wcas-d-13-00059.1|s2cid=153715885|issn=1948-8327}}</ref> Environmental insecurity in [[Rwanda]] following a rise in population and dwindling availability of farmland, may also have contributed to the genocide there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ditext.com/diamond/10.html |title=Malthus in Africa: Rwanda's Genocide |author=Diamond, Jared |author-link=Jared Diamond|access-date=26 September 2010}}</ref>

* ''[[Environmental impact of war|Environmentally threatening outcomes of warfare]].'' These include acts of war that degrade or destroy ecosystems. Examples are the [[Roman empire|Roman]] destruction of agriculture in [[Carthage]]; Saddam Hussein's burning of oil wells in the [[Gulf War]];<ref name="Romm 1993" />{{rp|15–16}} the use of [[Agent Orange]] by the UK in the [[Malayan Emergency]] and the US in the [[Vietnam War]] for [[Defoliant|defoliating]] forests~~; and the high [[greenhouse gas emissions]] of [[Military|military forces]]~~.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://energy.defense.gov/Portals/25/Documents/Reports/20131015_FY12_OE_Annual_Report.pdf|title=Fiscal year 2012: Operational energy annual report|last=US, Department of Defense|date=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919020416/http://energy.defense.gov/Portals/25/Documents/Reports/20131015_FY12_OE_Annual_Report.pdf|archive-date=2014-09-19|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref>

[[File:GLOBAL_WARMING_AFFECTING_GLOBAL_AGRICULTURE_AND_FOOD_SECURITY.pdf|thumb|[[Climate change]] is affecting global [[agriculture]] and [[food security]].]]

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=== Versus transnational security ===

Increasingly, national security strategies have begun to recognise that nations cannot provide for their own security without also developing the security of their regional and international context.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-national-security-strategy-of-the-united-kingdom-security-in-an-interdependent-world|title=The national security strategy of the United Kingdom: security in an interdependent world|last=UK, Cabinet Office|date=2008|access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> For example, Sweden's national security strategy of 2017 declared:<blockquote>"Wider security measures must also now encompass protection against epidemics and infectious diseases, combating terrorism and organised crime, ensuring safe transport and reliable food supplies, protecting against energy supply interruptions, countering devastating climate change, initiatives for peace and global development, and much more."<ref name=":7" /></blockquote>

The extent to which this matters, and how it should be done, is the subject of debate. Some argue that the principal beneficiary of national security policy should be the nation state itself, which should centre its strategy on protective and coercive capabilities in order to safeguard itself in a hostile environment (and potentially to project that power into its environment, and dominate it to the point of [[Full-spectrum dominance|strategic supremacy]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=45289|title=Joint Vision 2020 Emphasizes Full-spectrum Dominance|last=US, Department of Defense|date=2000|website=archive.defense.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-date=2017-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930032108/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=45289|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmdfence/512/51202.htm|title=Re-thinking defence to meet new threats|last=House of Commons Defence Committee|date=2015|website=publications.parliament.uk|access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/building-a-british-military-fit-for-future-challenges-rather-than-past-conflicts|title=Building a British military fit for future challenges rather than past conflicts|last=General Sir Nicholas Houghton|date=2015|website=www.gov.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref> Others argue that security depends principally on building the conditions in which equitable relationships between nations can develop, partly by reducing antagonism between actors, ensuring that fundamental needs can be met, and also that differences of interest can be negotiated effectively.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fcnl.org/updates/peace-through-shared-security-79|title=Peace Through Shared Security|last=FCNL|date=2015|access-date=2017-12-17|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0"/> In the UK, for example, Malcolm Chalmers argued in 2015 that the heart of the UK's approach should be support for the Western strategic military alliance led through [[NATO]] by the United States, as "the key anchor around which international order is maintained".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://rusi.org/publication/briefing-papers/force-order-strategic-underpinnings-next-nss-and-sdsr|title=A Force for Order: Strategic Underpinnings of the Next NSS and SDSR|last=Chalmers|first=M|date=2015-05-05|work=RUSI|access-date=2017-12-18|language=en|archive-date=2018-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310010617/https://rusi.org/publication/briefing-papers/force-order-strategic-underpinnings-next-nss-and-sdsr|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Ammerdown Group argued in 2016 that the UK should shift its primary focus to building international cooperation to tackle the systemic drivers of insecurity, including [[climate change]], [[economic inequality]], [[Militarization|militarisation]] and the political exclusion of the world's poorest people.<ref name=":2" />

=== Civil liberties and human rights ===

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=== China ===

China's ~~Armed~~military ~~Forces are known as~~is the [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA). The military is the largest in the world, with 2.3 million active troops in 2005.

The [[Ministry of State Security (China)|Ministry of State Security]] was established in 1983 to ensure "the security of the state through effective measures against enemy agents, spies, and counterrevolutionary activities designed to sabotage or overthrow China's socialist system."<ref>[https://fas.org/irp/world/china/mss/index.html Ministry of State Security], Intelligence Resource Program, [[Federation of American Scientists]]</ref>

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=== European Union ===

{{main|Schengen area|Europol|Common Foreign and Security Policy}}

For [[Schengen area]]<ref>Article 2(63) to (68) of the Lisbon Treaty ([https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:12007L/TXT OJ C 306, 17 December 2007, p. 57]).</ref> some parts of national security and external border control are enforced by [[Frontex]]<ref>See [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/1624 Regulation (EU) 2016/1624] recital 11 ("...the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union should therefore be expanded. To reflect those changes, it should be renamed the European Border and Coast Guard Agency, which will continue to be commonly referred to as Frontex. It should remain the same legal person, with full continuity in all its activities and procedures....") and article 6 ("The European Border and Coast Guard Agency shall be the new name for the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Members States of the European Union established by Regulation (EC) No 2007/2004. Its activities shall be based on this Regulation....")</ref> according to the [[Treaty of Lisbon]]. The [[Common Foreign and Security Policy|security policy of the ~~Europan~~European Union]] is set by [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy]] and assisted by [[European External Action Service]].<ref name="eeas">Gateway to the European Union, [http://eeas.europa.eu/background/index_en.htm European External Axis Service] – accessed 16 February 2011</ref> [[Europol]] is one of the [[agencies of the European Union]] responsible for combating various forms of [[crime]] in the European Union through coordinating law enforcement agencies of the EU member states.<ref>{{cite journal|date=15 May 2009|title=Council Decision of 6 April 2009 establishing the European Police Office (Europol) (2009/371/JHA)|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:121:0037:0066:EN:PDF|journal=Official Journal of the European Union|volume=L|access-date=20 September 2017|via=EUR-Lex|number=121}}</ref>

European Union national security has been accused of insufficiently preventing foreign threats.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/world/europe/russians-keep-turning-up-dead-all-over-the-world-6acc8990 Russians Keep Turning Up Dead All Over the World, The Wall Street Journal, 2024]</ref>

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The [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor of India]] heads the [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council of India]], receives all kinds of intelligence reports, and is chief advisor to the [[Prime Minister of India]] over national and international security policy. The National Security Council has India's [[Minister of Defence (India)|defence]], [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|foreign]], [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|home]], [[Minister of Finance (India)|finance]] ministers and deputy chairman of [[NITI Aayog]] as its members and is responsible for shaping strategies for India's security in all aspects.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 20 years of NSC: What India's Expanded Security Architecture Looks Like|url = https://sniwire.com/defence-security/what-indias-expanded-security-architecture-looks-like/|date = 16 April 2019|access-date = 21 April 2019|work = Nitin A. Gokhale|archive-date = 21 April 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190421072541/https://sniwire.com/defence-security/what-indias-expanded-security-architecture-looks-like/|url-status = dead}}</ref>

[[Illegal immigration to India]], most of whom are Muslims from Bangladesh and Myanmar ([[Rohingya]] Muslims) are a national security risk. There is an organised influx of nearly 40,000 illegal Bangladeshi and Rohingya Muslim immigrants in Delhi who pose a [[#India|national security risk]], threaten the national integration, and alter the demographics. A lawyer Ashwini Upadhyay filed a [[Public interest litigation in India|Public interest litigation]] (PIL) in the "Supreme Court of India" (SC) to identify and deport ~~these~~illegal immigrants. Responding to this PIL, [[Delhi Police]] told the SC in July 2019 that nearly 500 illegal Bangladeshi immigrants have been deported in the preceding 28 months.<ref name=illegalbang3>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/nearly-500-illegal-bangladesh-nationals-detained-deported-delhi-police-to-sc/articleshow/70471951.cms Nearly 500 illegal Bangladesh nationals detained, deported: Delhi police to SC], Times of India, 31 July 2019.</ref> There are estimated 600,000 to 700,000 illegal Bangladeshi and [[Rohingya]] immigrants in [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR) region specially in the districts of [[Gurugram]], [[Faridabad]], and [[Nuh district|Nuh]] ([[Mewat]] region), as well as interior villages of [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]] and [[Hisar district|Hisar]]. Most of them are Muslims who have acquired fake Hindu identity, and under questioning, they pretend to be from West Bengal. In September 2019, the [[Chief Minister of Haryana]], [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] announced the implementation of [[National Register of Citizens of India|NRC for Haryana]] by setting up a legal framework under the former judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court, Justice HS Bhalla for updating NRC which will help in weeding out these illegal immigrants.<ref name=illegalbang2>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rohingyas-bangladeshi-refugees-likely-target-of-khattar-govt-s-updated-nrc/story-j3YxmWY0589N5w02ulCglK.html Rohingyas, Bangladeshi refugees likely target of Khattar govt’s updated NRC], Hindustan Times, 16 September 2019.</ref>

=== Russia ===

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=== Singapore ===

Total Defence is Singapore's [[whole-of-society]] national defence concept<ref>{{cite web|title=Speech by Senior Minister of State for Defence, Mr Heng Chee How, at the Total Defence Awards 2019|url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/October/17oct19_speech/!ut/p/z1/jZBBC4JAEIV_Uczspm57zApTtC1T2_YiJmZCqZR06Ne3RNAhMuc28L038x4okKDq7F6VWVc1dXbW-15ZKRPz2RINuhJmRHCaRJFv2is3ZhbsXoDYGA4xkPoiCE0NcD6JcE3RYaCG6PHHTHGYvgdQ_fbevwO6AXoNZkEJqs2606iqjw1IioSDFHnXHIorSMKavCM8vbVFkZ_0U6rXNmRv4NNb4jANrF3L41uCi_EX8F3sv2jtJY7lw7e5W7lPYCVWww!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=www.mindef.gov.sg|language=en}}</ref> based on the premise that the strongest defence of a nation is collective defence<ref name=":10">{{cite web|title=Minister Chan Chun Sing: Total Defence is Singapore's Best Response to Evolving Challenges|url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2020/February/15feb20_nr2/!ut/p/z1/jZBbC4JAEIV_Uczs5rr52NUUL13Utn2JDdSEshAL6te3RNCDpM7bwHfOzDkgQYAs1aPIVV1cS3XW-16aBx7Opks0aBCyiOA4iSKPTQIn5ibsPkC4NmxiIPVCf8M0YFmjCFcUbQ6yjx7_zBj76VsA2W7vdh3QDdDKn_o5yJuqT4OizK4gKFIEsUiP1V1VTxCEZemR4qGsqH5Jtppu-Bf4tZbYXAMrx3StLcH5sAE0a-0KdrvEsXh5E8spnDd2LFPC/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=www.mindef.gov.sg|language=en}}</ref> – when every aspect of society stays united for the defence of the country.<ref>{{cite book|title=The 2nd Decade: Nation Building in Progress 1975 – 1985|publisher=National Archives of Singapore|year=2010|pages=63}}</ref> Adopted from the national defence strategies of Sweden and Switzerland,<ref name=":11">{{cite web|title=Fact Sheet: Evolution and History of Total Defence over the past 35 years|url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/February/15feb19_fs2/!ut/p/z1/jZBLC8IwEIR_kewmto052qo10hofrcZcJILVglapD9BfbxDBQ7F2bwvfzO4MaFCgC3PPd-aanwpzsPtKe2sme8EQHTqWbkKwu0iSyPXHImUeLN-AnDohcZBGMp65FuC8k-CEYshAN9Hjj-liM30NoOvtR_8O2AZoGQfxDvTZXPetvMhOoCgSDmqw3ZQ3Uz5AETfbbghfZxdqX9K1pjP2Ab6tLUJmgYnwRnxOsN-uANVa_wU7H9NUPSOfi1y8AJn0npE!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=~~www.mindef.gov.sg~~MINDEF Singapore |date=15 Feb 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Total Defence was introduced in Singapore in 1984. Then, it was recognised that military threats to a nation can affect the psyche and social fabric of its people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Speech by Mr Goh Chok Tong, Minister of Defence and Second Minister for Health, at the Graduation Ceremony at Pasir Laba Camp on Tuesday 27 March 1984 at 6.30pm |url=https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/gct19840327s.pdf |publisher= National Archives Singapore |url-status=live |archive-url= [https://web.archive.org/web/20240117042557/https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/gct19840327s.pdf] |archive-date= Jan 17, 2024 }}</ref> Therefore, the defence and progress of Singapore are dependent on all of its citizens' resolve, along with the government and armed forces.<ref name=":12">{{cite web|title=Speech by Minister for Communications and Information Mr S Iswaran at the Total Defence Day Commemoration Event and Launch of Digital Defence|url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/February/15feb19_speech/!ut/p/z1/jZBLD4IwEIR_kdltBWqPPhHDwwdo7cVUA0iiQBBN9NfbGBMPRHRvm3wzuzMgQYDM1S1LVZ0VuTrpfSutHQtGwyka1A_MkGB_HYauOfCdiFmweQHBwrCJgdQNvKWpAc57Ic4p2gzkP3r8Mn38T98CyHb72a8DugFaeUMvBVmq-tjJ8qQAQZFwEJN4X11VdQdBzCTeE767lHF8OOqvZKvvkr2BT3Frm2lg7lgzviI47jaAZrO_spXnKBIPd8CdzHkCKwmEqw!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=~~www.mindef.gov.sg~~MINDEF Singapore |date=15 Feb 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Total Defence has since evolved to take into consideration threats and challenges outside of the conventional military domain.

=== Ukraine ===

National security of Ukraine is defined in Ukrainian law as "a set of legislative and organisational measures aimed at permanent protection of vital interests of man and citizen, society and the state, which ensure sustainable development of society, timely detection, prevention and neutralisation of real and potential threats to national interests in areas of law enforcement, fight against corruption, border activities and defence, migration policy, health care, education and science, technology and innovation policy, cultural development of the population, freedom of speech and [[information security]], social policy and pension provision, housing and communal services, financial services market, protection of property rights, stock markets and circulation of securities, fiscal and customs policy, trade and business, banking services, investment policy, auditing, monetary and exchange rate policy, information security, licensing, industry and agriculture, transport and communications, information technology, energy and energy saving, functioning of natural monopolies, use of [[subsoil]], land and water resources, minerals, protection of ecology and environment and other areas of public administration, in the event of emergence of negative trends towards the creation of potential or real threats to national interests."<ref>[http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/964-15 Закон України «Про основи національної безпеки України» від 19.06.2003 № 964-IV]</ref>

The primary body responsible for coordinating national security policy in Ukraine is the [[National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine]].

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To address the institutionalisation of new bureaucracies and government practices in the post–World War II period in the U.S., the culture of semi-permanent military mobilisation joined the National Security Council (NSC), the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Department of Defense (DoD), and the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) for the practical application of the concept of the ''national security state'':<ref>Yergin, Daniel. Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977.</ref><ref>Stuart, Douglas T. Creating the National Security State: A History of the Law That Transformed America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008. {{ISBN|9781400823772}}</ref><ref>Ripsman, Norrin M., and T. V. Paul. Globalization and the National Security State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.</ref>

{{Blockquote|During and after World War II, U.S. leaders expanded the concept of national security, and used its terminology for the first time to explain America's relationship to the world. For most of U.S. history, the continental United States was secure. But, by 1945, it had become rapidly vulnerable with the advent of long-range bombers, atom bombs, and ballistic missiles. A general perception grew that future mobilization would be insufficient and that preparation must be constant. For the first time, American leaders dealt with the essential paradox of national security faced by the Roman Empire and subsequent great powers: ''Si vis pacem, para bellum'' — ~~“If~~"If you want peace, prepare for war.”"<ref>David Jablonsky. The State of the National Security State. Carlisle Barracks, PA,: Strategic Studies Institute, 2002. [http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/02winter/jablonsk.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522223207/http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/02winter/jablonsk.pdf |date=2013-05-22 }}</ref>|David Jablonsky}}

==== Obama administration ====