National security: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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[[File:national.security.parliament.arp.750pix.Clean.jpg|thumb|Security measures are taken to protect the [[Palace of Westminster]] in [[London]], UK. The heavy blocks of [[concrete]] are designed to prevent a [[car bomb]] or other device being rammed into the building.]]

'''National security''', or '''national defence''' ('''national defense''' in [[American English]]), is the [[security]] and [[Defence (military)|defence]] of a [[sovereign state]], including its [[Citizenship|citizens]], [[economy]], and [[institutions]], which is regarded as a duty of [[government]]. Originally conceived as protection against [[Offensive (military)|military attack]], national security is widely understood to include also non-military dimensions, such as the security from [[terrorism]], minimization of [[crime]], [[economic security]], [[energy security]], [[environmental security]], [[food security]], and [[Computer security|cyber-security]]. Similarly, national security risks include, in addition to the actions of other [[~~nation~~State (polity)|state]]s, action by [[violent non-state actor]]s, by [[narcotic cartel]]s, [[organized crime]], by [[multinational corporation]]s, and also the effects of [[natural disaster]]s.

Governments rely on a range of measures, including [[Political power|political]], [[Economic power|economic]], and [[military]] power, as well as [[diplomacy]], to safeguard the security of a ~~nation~~ state. They may also act to build the conditions of security regionally and internationally by reducing [[Transnationalism|transnational]] causes of insecurity, such as [[climate change]], [[economic inequality]], [[Social exclusion|political exclusion]], and [[nuclear proliferation]].

== Definitions ==

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Potential causes of national insecurity include actions by other states (e.g. [[Military aggression|military]] or [[Cyberattack|cyber attack]]), [[violent non-state actor]]s (e.g. [[Terrorism|terrorist attack]]), [[Organized crime|organised criminal groups]] such as [[narcotic cartel]]s, and also the effects of [[natural disaster]]s (e.g. flooding, earthquakes).{{nowrap|<ref name="Romm 1993"/>{{rp|v, 1–8}}}}<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Losing control : global security in the twenty-first century|last=Rogers|first=P|date=2010|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9780745329376|edition=3rd|location=London|oclc=658007519}}</ref> Systemic drivers of insecurity, which may be [[transnationality|transnational]], include [[global warming|climate change]], [[economic inequality]] and [[marginalisation]], [[Social exclusion|political exclusion]], and [[nuclear proliferation]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://rethinkingsecurityorguk.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/rethinking-security-a-discussion-paper.pdf|title=Rethinking Security: A discussion paper|last=Ammerdown Group|date=2016|website=rethinkingsecurity.org.uk|access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref>{{rp|3}}<ref name=":0" />

In view of the wide range of risks, the security of a ~~nation~~ state has several dimensions, including [[economic security]], [[energy security]], [[Military security|physical security]], [[environmental security]], [[food security]], [[border guard|border security]], and [[Computer security|cyber security]]. These dimensions correlate closely with [[elements of national power]].

Increasingly, governments organise their [[security policies]] into a national security strategy (NSS);<ref>{{cite web |title=National Security Strategy |url=https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Security-Strategy/ |website=Office of the Security of Defense}}</ref> as of 2017, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States are among the states to have done so.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/documents/estrategiaseguridad_baja_julio.pdf|title=The National Security Strategy: Sharing a common project|last=Spanish Government|date=2013|access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-security-strategy-and-strategic-defence-and-security-review-2015|title=National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015|last=UK, Cabinet Office|date=2015|access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/2015.pdf|title=National Security Strategy|last=US, White House|date=2015|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-date=2016-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006104740/http://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/2015.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some states also appoint a [[National security council|National Security Council]] and/or a [[National security advisor|National Security Advisor]] which is an executive government agency, it feeds the head of the state on topics concerning national security and strategic interest. The national security council/advisor strategies long term, short term, contingency national security plans. [[India]] holds one such system in current, which was established on 19 November 1998.

Although states differ in their approach, various forms of coercive power predominate, particularly [[~~Military~~List ~~Capabilities~~of countries by level of military equipment|military capabilities]].<ref name=":2" /> The scope of these capabilities has developed. Traditionally, military capabilities were mainly land- or sea-based, and in smaller countries, they still are. Elsewhere, the domains of potential warfare now include the [[Air force|air]], [[Space warfare|space]], [[Cyberwarfare|cyberspace]], and [[Psychological warfare|psychological operations]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/16478792|title=War in the fifth domain|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref> Military capabilities designed for these domains may be used for national security, or equally for offensive purposes, for example to conquer and annex territory and resources.

{{See also|Elements of national security|Elements of national power}}

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=== Singapore ===

Total Defence is Singapore's [[whole-of-society]] national defence concept<ref>{{cite web|title=Speech by Senior Minister of State for Defence, Mr Heng Chee How, at the Total Defence Awards 2019|url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/October/17oct19_speech/!ut/p/z1/jZBBC4JAEIV_Uczspm57zApTtC1T2_YiJmZCqZR06Ne3RNAhMuc28L038x4okKDq7F6VWVc1dXbW-15ZKRPz2RINuhJmRHCaRJFv2is3ZhbsXoDYGA4xkPoiCE0NcD6JcE3RYaCG6PHHTHGYvgdQ_fbevwO6AXoNZkEJqs2606iqjw1IioSDFHnXHIorSMKavCM8vbVFkZ_0U6rXNmRv4NNb4jANrF3L41uCi_EX8F3sv2jtJY7lw7e5W7lPYCVWww!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=www.mindef.gov.sg|language=en}}</ref> based on the premise that the strongest defence of a nation is collective defence<ref name=":10">{{cite web|title=Minister Chan Chun Sing: Total Defence is Singapore's Best Response to Evolving Challenges|url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2020/February/15feb20_nr2/!ut/p/z1/jZBbC4JAEIV_Uczs5rr52NUUL13Utn2JDdSEshAL6te3RNCDpM7bwHfOzDkgQYAs1aPIVV1cS3XW-16aBx7Opks0aBCyiOA4iSKPTQIn5ibsPkC4NmxiIPVCf8M0YFmjCFcUbQ6yjx7_zBj76VsA2W7vdh3QDdDKn_o5yJuqT4OizK4gKFIEsUiP1V1VTxCEZemR4qGsqH5Jtppu-Bf4tZbYXAMrx3StLcH5sAE0a-0KdrvEsXh5E8spnDd2LFPC/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=www.mindef.gov.sg|language=en}}</ref> – when every aspect of society stays united for the defence of the country.<ref>{{cite book|title=The 2nd Decade: Nation Building in Progress 1975 – 1985|publisher=National Archives of Singapore|year=2010|pages=63}}</ref> Adopted from the national defence strategies of Sweden and Switzerland,<ref name=":11">{{cite web|title=Fact Sheet: Evolution and History of Total Defence over the past 35 years|url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/February/15feb19_fs2/!ut/p/z1/jZBLC8IwEIR_kewmto052qo10hofrcZcJILVglapD9BfbxDBQ7F2bwvfzO4MaFCgC3PPd-aanwpzsPtKe2sme8EQHTqWbkKwu0iSyPXHImUeLN-AnDohcZBGMp65FuC8k-CEYshAN9Hjj-liM30NoOvtR_8O2AZoGQfxDvTZXPetvMhOoCgSDmqw3ZQ3Uz5AETfbbghfZxdqX9K1pjP2Ab6tLUJmgYnwRnxOsN-uANVa_wU7H9NUPSOfi1y8AJn0npE!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=MINDEF Singapore |date=15 Feb 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Total Defence was introduced in Singapore in 1984. Then, it was recognised that military threats to a nation can affect the psyche and social fabric of its people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Speech by Mr Goh Chok Tong, Minister of Defence and Second Minister for Health, at the Graduation Ceremony at Pasir Laba Camp on Tuesday 27 March 1984 at 6.30pm |url=https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/gct19840327s.pdf |publisher= National Archives Singapore |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240117042557/https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/gct19840327s.pdf |archive-date= Jan 17, 2024 }}</ref> Therefore, the defence and progress of Singapore are dependent on all of its citizens' resolve, along with the government and armed forces.<ref name=":12">{{cite web|title=Speech by Minister for Communications and Information Mr S Iswaran at the Total Defence Day Commemoration Event and Launch of Digital Defence|url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/February/15feb19_speech/!ut/p/z1/jZBLD4IwEIR_kdltBWqPPhHDwwdo7cVUA0iiQBBN9NfbGBMPRHRvm3wzuzMgQYDM1S1LVZ0VuTrpfSutHQtGwyka1A_MkGB_HYauOfCdiFmweQHBwrCJgdQNvKWpAc57Ic4p2gzkP3r8Mn38T98CyHb72a8DugFaeUMvBVmq-tjJ8qQAQZFwEJN4X11VdQdBzCTeE767lHF8OOqvZKvvkr2BT3Frm2lg7lgzviI47jaAZrO_spXnKBIPd8CdzHkCKwmEqw!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=MINDEF Singapore |date=15 Feb 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Total Defence has since evolved to take into consideration threats and challenges outside of the conventional military domain.

=== Ukraine ===

National security of Ukraine is defined in Ukrainian law as "a set of legislative and organisational measures aimed at permanent protection of vital interests of man and citizen, society and the state, which ensure sustainable development of society, timely detection, prevention and neutralisation of real and potential threats to national interests in areas of law enforcement, fight against corruption, border activities and defence, migration policy, health care, education and science, technology and innovation policy, cultural development of the population, freedom of speech and [[information security]], social policy and pension provision, housing and communal services, financial services market, protection of property rights, stock markets and circulation of securities, fiscal and customs policy, trade and business, banking services, investment policy, auditing, monetary and exchange rate policy, information security, licensing, industry and agriculture, transport and communications, information technology, energy and energy saving, functioning of natural monopolies, use of [[subsoil]], land and water resources, minerals, protection of ecology and environment and other areas of public administration, in the event of emergence of negative trends towards the creation of potential or real threats to national interests."<ref>[http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/964-15 Закон України «Про основи національної безпеки України» від 19.06.2003 № 964-IV]</ref>

The primary body responsible for coordinating national security policy in Ukraine is the [[National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine]].