Neoconservatism: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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Many adherents of neoconservatism became politically influential during the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential administrations of the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, peaking in influence during the administration of [[George W. Bush]], when they played a major role in promoting and planning the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]]. Prominent neoconservatives in the George W. Bush administration included [[Paul Wolfowitz]], [[Elliott Abrams]], [[Richard Perle]], [[Paul Bremer]], and [[Douglas Feith]].

Although U.S. Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] and Secretary of Defense [[Donald Rumsfeld]] had not self-identified as neoconservatives, they worked closely alongside neoconservative officials in designing key aspects of [[Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration|George W. Bush's foreign policy]]; especially in their support of Israel, promotion of American influence in the [[Arab World]] and launching the [[War on Terror]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Record, Jeffrey |title=Wanting War: Why the Bush Administration Invaded Iraq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7hOlgQUq7FYC&pg=PT47 |year=2010 |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |pages=47–50 |access-date=12 June 2016 |isbn=978-1-59797-590-2 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123161642/https://books.google.com/books?id=7hOlgQUq7FYC&pg=PT47 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]]'s domestic and foreign policies were heavily influenced by major ideologues affiliated with neo-conservatism, such as [[Bernard Lewis]], [[Lulu Schwartz]], [[Richard Pipes|Richard]] and [[Daniel Pipes]], [[David Horowitz]], and [[Robert Kagan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abrams |first=Nathan |title=Norman Podhoretz and Commentary Magazine: The Rise and Fall of the Neocons |publisher=The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4411-0968-2 |location=New York |page=1 |chapter=Introduction |quote=}}</ref>

Critics of neoconservatism have used the term to describe foreign policy and [[war hawk]]s who support aggressive [[militarism]] or [[New Imperialism|neo-imperialism]]. Historically speaking, the term ''neoconservative'' refers to those who made the ideological journey from the [[anti-Stalinist left]] to the camp of [[Conservatism in the United States|American conservatism]] during the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name="Vaïsse">{{cite book| author=Vaïsse, Justin|title=Neoconservatism: The biography of a movement|publisher=Harvard University Press|date= 2010|pages= 6–11}}</ref> The movement had its intellectual roots in the magazine ''[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]'', edited by [[Norman Podhoretz]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Balint, Benjamin|title=Running Commentary: The Contentious Magazine that Transformed the Jewish Left Into the Neoconservative Right|work=PublicAffairs|date= 2010}}</ref> They spoke out against the New Left, and in that way helped define the movement.<ref>{{cite news|author= Beckerman, Gal|title=The Neoconservatism Persuasion|work=The Forward|date= 6 January 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Friedman|first= Murray|title= The Neoconservative Revolution Jewish Intellectuals and the Shaping of Public Policy|year= 2005|publisher= Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK}}</ref>

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=== 1980s ===

In 1982 and around the time of the [[1982 Lebanon War|Lebanon War]], a paper known as the [[Yinon Plan]] was published under the authorship of Oded Yinon, a senior advisor to Israeli Minister of Defense [[Ariel Sharon]], which called for an aggressive [[geopolitics]] aimed at "[[Balkanization|Balkanizing]]" [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]] by provoking [[sectarianism|sectarian divisions]] and taking advantage of existing ones in the [[Middle East]]. In 2017, Ted Becker, former Walter Meyer Professor of Law at [[New York University]] and Brian Polkinghorn, distinguished professor of [[Conflict Analysis]] and [[Dispute Resolution]] at [[Salisbury University]], argued that Yinon's plan was adopted and refined in a 1996 policy document entitled ''[[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]'', written by a research group at the Israeli-affiliated [[Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies]] in Washington. The group was directed by [[Richard Perle]], who, some years later, became one of the key figures in the formulation of the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|Iraq War strategy]] adopted during the administration of [[George W. Bush]] in 2003.{{sfn|Becker|Polkinghorn|2017|p=148}}

Both Becker and Polkinghorn admit that avowed enemies of Israel in the Middle East take the sequence of events—Israel's occupation of the [[West Bank]], the [[Golan Heights]], its [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|encirclement of Gaza]], the invasion of Lebanon, [[Operation Opera|its bombing of Iraq]], [[Israeli involvement in the Syrian Civil War|airstrikes in Syria]] and [[Iran–Israel proxy conflict|its attempts at containing Iran's nuclear capacities]]—when read in the light of the Yinon Plan and the ''Clean break'' analysis, to be proof that Israel is engaged in a modern version of [[The Great Game]], with the backing of Zionist currents in the American neoconservative and [[Christian fundamentalism|Christian fundamentalist]] movements. They also conclude that [[Likud|Likud Party]] appears to have implemented both plans.{{sfn|Becker|Polkinghorn|2017|pp=148–149}}

=== 1990s ===

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* [[Joe Lieberman]] – former U.S. Senator from Connecticut, 2000 Democratic vice-presidential nominee<ref>{{cite news |last1=Byron |first1=Tau |title=Lieberman to join conservative group |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2013/03/joe-lieberman-to-join-conservative-think-tank-088697 |access-date=12 July 2023 |publisher=Politico |date=3 November 2013}}</ref>

* [[John McCain]] – former U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from Arizona, 2000 Republican presidential candidate, 2008 Republican presidential nominee<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/john-mccain-neocon_b_82530|title=John McCain, Neocon|date=21 January 2008|work=HuffPost|access-date=15 June 2019|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123172906/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/john-mccain-neocon_b_82530|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalinterest.org/blog/jacob-heilbrunn/john-mccains-neocon-manifesto-7404|title=John McCain's Neocon Manifesto|publisher=National Interest|date=29 August 2012|access-date=12 June 2016|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224235031/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/jacob-heilbrunn/john-mccains-neocon-manifesto-7404|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2008/05/when-it-comes-to-foreign-policy-john-mccain-is-more-of-a-neocon-than-president-bush.html|title=Worse Than Bush|date=28 May 2008|work=Slate|access-date=15 June 2019|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207054044/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2008/05/when-it-comes-to-foreign-policy-john-mccain-is-more-of-a-neocon-than-president-bush.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

* [[Marco Rubio]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Preble |first=Christopher A. |date=2016-03-08 |title=Marco Rubio: The Neocons' Last Stand? |url=https://www.cato.org/commentary/marco-rubio-neocons-last-stand {{Bare URL inline|access-date=August 2024-09-16 |publisher=[[Cato Institute]]}}</ref>

* [[Mike Gallagher (American politician)|Mike Gallagher]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/02/10/top-house-china-hawk-to-retire-opening-seat-in-battleground-wisconsin.html | title=Top House China hawk to retire, opening seat in battleground Wisconsin | website=[[CNBC]] | date=10 February 2024 }}</ref>

* [[Mike Pompeo]] – former Director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) and [[List of secretaries of state of the United States|70th]] [[United States Secretary of State|United States secretary of state]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/pompeo-goes-full-neocon-97432|title=Pompeo Goes Full Neocon|first=Matthew|last=Petti|date=18 November 2019|website=The National Interest}}</ref>

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*[https://lobelog.com/neoconservativism-in-a-nutshell/ "Neoconservativism in a Nutshell"] by Jim Lobe

*[http://www.asjournal.org/65-2018/the-rise-and-demise-of-american-unipolarism-neoconservatism-and-us-foreign-policy-1989-2009/ The Rise and Demise of American Unipolarism: Neoconservatism and U.S. Foreign Policy 1989–2009] by Maria Ryan

*[https://www.americanprestigepod.com/p/unlocked-special-rescue-911-w-jim Interview with Jim Lobe on Neoconservatism]

{{neoconservatism}}