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Line 9: NOTE: It is important to add footnotes in the right order in the list! --> '''Neuro-Linguistic Programming''' is the name of a set of techniques originally proposed by [[Richard Bandler]] and [[John Grinder]] to describe the relationship between [[mind]] (''neuro'') and [[language]] (''linguistic'', both verbal and non-verbal) and they propose how their interaction can be calibrated to affect an individual's mind, body and behavior (''programming''). It is formally described by NLP proponents as "the study of the structure of subjective experience", and is predicated upon the assumption that all [[behavior]]s have a practically determinable structure [http://www.purenlp.com/whatsnlp.htm]. Individuals considered to be highly successful in a field can be "[[Modeling (NLP)|modeled]]", or studied with the aim of separating out the various key factors which make them more capable than others. Proponents of NLP state they provide specific prepared and universally applicable techniques for [[program]]ming the mind, so that such models can be used by others to emulate effective skills. NLP is most often applied to [[self-help]] and [[therapy]], but it has also been applied to a variety of contexts including [[business]], and [[sports]] performance. NLP adheres to the notion that the things people are aware of internally and externally, can always be described in terms of the five [[senses]] [http://www.purenlp.com/nlpresp.htm]. The methods of NLP involve [[programming]] and reprogramming habits and mental associations, which some NLP practioners consider to involve the altering of [[engrams]] (Sinclair, 1992; [http://www.media13.com/18559/Nurturing_the_Brain_using_Neuro-Linguistic_Programming.html] [http://www.nlptrainings.com/humanistic.html Overdurf & Silverthorn, 1995]; Drenth, 2003). The basic tenets of NLP include the [[map-territory relation]], the observation of [[body language]] such as the movements of the [[eye]]s, and body, the notion of left/right brain myths (Sala et al 1999), and use of [[NLP modalities | VAK language]]. Some NLP techniques include behaviour change, transforming [[belief]]s, and treatment of [[trauma]]s through techniques such as reframing (Andreas & Faulkner, 1994) and linguistic NLP "[[metamodel|meta-modeling]]". Studies by Heap in 1988, Sharpley in 1987, and Lilienfeld in 2003, examining the principles and processes of NLP state that NLP is scientifically unsupported. Sharpley stated in 1987 that "Certainly research data do not support the rather extreme claims that the proponents of NLP have made as the the validity of its principles or the novelty of its procedures". Writings by Eisner, (2000); Lilienfeld et al (2003), Helisch (2004); Williams (2000), and Drenth (2003) also state NLP is a [[pseudoscience]]. [[The National Council Against Health Fraud]] (Loma 2001) considers NLP a "dubious therapy". Heap (1991) associates NLP with gullibility, naivety of thinking, and sheer fraudulence. Jan Damen describes NLP as [[occult]] [http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:o9FWgoXy3UcJ:www.nvnlp.nl/paginas/overige/artikelen/artikelen_pdf/herfst%25202001/Hoe%2520occult%2520is%2520NLP.pdf+nlp+occult&hl=zh-TW&client=firefox-a]. ==Overview== | |||