New York City Subway: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia
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{{Short description|Rapid transit system in New York City}}
{{Use mdyAmerican datesEnglish|date=AugustSeptember 20232024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox public transit
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| image = MTA New York City Subway logo.svg
| imagesize = 218px
| alt =
| caption =
| image2 = Bombardier R62A “1” Train arriving into 207th Street - November 2022.jpg
| imagesize2 = 300px
Line 14 ⟶ 15:
| imagesize3 = 300px
| alt3 = An E train, here composed of R160A cars is seen entering the 42nd St-Port Authority Bus Terminal station. The front of the train contains two white lights providing slight illumination, a window on the left side, the American flag on the right side, and the MTA logo below the flag.
| caption3 = '''Top''': A {{NYCS|1}} train made up of ten [[R62A (New York City Subway car)|R62A]] cars enters the [[207th Street station|207th Street]] elevated station.<br />'''Bottom''': An {{NYCS|E}} train made up of ten [[R160 (New York City Subway car)|R160A]] cars enters the [[42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal station]].
| owner = [[Government of New York City|City of New York]]
| area served = [[The Bronx]], [[Brooklyn]], [[Manhattan]], and [[Queens]]
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| transit_type = [[Rapid transit]]
| lines = [[List of New York City Subway lines|{{NYCS const|lines}}]] lines<ref group="note">These are the physical tracks that a train "service" runs on. See [[New York City Subway nomenclature]] for more information.</ref><br />[[List of New York City Subway services|{{NYCS const|routes}}]] services<br />(1 planned)<ref group="note">These "services" run on physical tracks. See [[New York City Subway nomenclature]] for more information.</ref>
| line_number =
| start =
| end =
| stations = [[List of New York City Subway stations|{{NYCS const|number|total}}]]<ref name=ridership2014 /> ([[Metropolitan Transportation Authority|MTA]] total count){{#tag:ref|There are 13 stations on the [[Second Avenue Subway|IND Second Avenue Line]] and 1 station on the [[IRT Flushing Line]] planned.
* The Second Avenue Line has 3 active stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/final_summary_report.pdf|title=web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/final_summary_report.pdf|access-date=April 17, 2014|archive-date=November 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107143807/http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/final_summary_report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 13 of these are planned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mta-releases-avenue-subway-images-article-1.1506866|title=MTA releases Second Avenue subway images|website=[[New York Daily News]]|date=November 5, 2013|access-date=April 17, 2014|archive-date=November 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124072633/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mta-releases-avenue-subway-images-article-1.1506866|url-status=live}}</ref>
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* Permanently closed stations are not counted.<ref name=stationinfo>{{NYCS const|stationinformation}}</ref>
* Both the [[Chambers Street–World Trade Center (IND Eighth Avenue Line)]] and [[Canal Street (BMT Broadway Line)]] stations are considered two stations each by the MTA.<ref name=stationinfo/> If both of them are counted as one station each, the number of stations in the New York City Subway is {{#expr:{{NYCS const|number|total}}-2}} stations (or {{NYCS const|number|intl}} by international standards).}}<br />{{NYCS const|number|intl}} unique stations<ref group=note name=stationnote/><ref name=ridership2014 /> (when compared to [[list of metro systems|international standards]])<br />14 planned<ref group="note" name="planned stations"/>
| ridership =
| annual_ridership = {{American transit ridership|NY MTA NYCT HR annual}}{{American transit ridership|annualcitation}}{{rp|2}}{{refn|name=ridershipnote|group=note}} ({{American transit ridership|annualdate}})
| chief_executive =
| website = {{URL|https://new.mta.info/agency/new-york-city-transit}}
| operator = [[New York City Transit Authority]] (NYCTA)
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{{start date and age|1868|07|03|mf=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/Fifty_Years_of_Rapid_Transit_(1918) |title=Fifty Years of Rapid Transit (1918) |access-date=January 5, 2018 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205221447/https://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/Fifty_Years_of_Rapid_Transit_(1918) |url-status=live }}</ref><br />(first elevated, rapid transit operation)<br />
{{start date and age|1863|10|09|mf=y}}<br />(first railroad operation)<ref group="note">The [[Interborough Rapid Transit Company|IRT]] [[Early history of the IRT subway|main line]], which is considered to be the first New York City "subway" line, opened in 1904; the [[IRT Ninth Avenue Line|Ninth Avenue Line]], a predecessor elevated railroad line, operated its first trial run on July 3, 1868, according to ''Facts and Figures 1979–80'', published by the [[New York City Transit Authority]] [http://www.nycsubway.org/irt/9thave/ See also nycsubway.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007173746/http://www.nycsubway.org/irt/9thave/ |date=October 7, 2008 }}; and the [[West End Line (Brooklyn surface)|West End Line]], which opened in 1863. A small portion of the latter line's original right-of-way, part of an extension opened in 1864, is still in daily use near [[Coney Island]]. [http://thethirdrail.net/9909/westend1.htm thethirdrail.net] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523225752/http://thethirdrail.net/9909/westend1.htm |date=May 23, 2006 }}</ref>
| character =
| vehicles = 6,553787<ref name="mtanetwork20252029capitalplan">{{cite web |url=https://new.mta.info/agencydocument/new-york-city-transit#:~:text=Our%20system%20includes%3A,665%20miles%20of%20track151266 |title=2025–2029 CAPITAL PLAN: The MTAFuture Rides With NetworkUs |publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] |access-date=JuneSeptember 418, 2024}}</ref>
| train_length =
| headway = Peak hours: 3–122–10 minutes<ref name="ALine">{{cite web | url=https://new.mta.info/document/9466 | title=MTA A Subway Timetable | publisher=MTA | access-date=June 26, 2022 | archive-date=December 12, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212160825/https://new.mta.info/document/9466 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />Off-peak: 12–208–16 minutes<ref name="ALine" />
| system_length = {{convert|248|mi|km|sortable=on|abbr=on}}<ref name="mtabudget">{{cite web |url=http://web.mta.info/mta/investor/pdf/2019/2018_CAFR_Final.pdf |title=Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority|Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA)]] |page=156 |date=June 26, 2019 |access-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-date=October 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023192757/http://web.mta.info/mta/investor/pdf/2019/2018_CAFR_Final.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{indent|4}}(route length)<br />{{convert|665|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="mtabudget"/>{{indent|4}}(track length, revenue)<br />{{convert|850|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="NYCSubway.org" />{{indent|4}}(track length, total)
| notrack =
| track_gauge = {{RailGauge|ussg|allk=on}}<ref name="NYCSubway.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.nycsubway.org/faq/factsfigures.html |title=Facts & Figures – Subways |website=www.nycsubway.org |access-date=March 9, 2014 |archive-date=June 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618055926/http://www.nycsubway.org/faq/factsfigures.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| el = [[Third rail]], 600–650 V DC (625 V nominal)<ref name="NYCSubway.org" /><ref name="Engineering and Technology History">{{cite web | title=The Railway Power Stations of New York City | website=Engineering and Technology History | url=http://ethw.org/The_Railway_Power_Stations_of_New_York_City | access-date=September 13, 2016 | archive-date=March 11, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311191018/https://ethw.org/The_Railway_Power_Stations_of_New_York_City | url-status=live }}</ref>
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{{New York City Subway sidebar}}
The '''New York City Subway''' is a [[rapid transit]] system in the [[New York City borough]] boroughss of [[Manhattan]], [[Brooklyn]], [[Queens]], and [[the Bronx]]. It is owned by the [[government of New York City]] and leased to the [[New York City Transit Authority]],<ref name="Hood, Clifton 2004">{{cite book|first=Clifton |last=Hood|title=722 Miles: The Building of the Subways and How They Transformed New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YfdjUgMAscC|year=2004
|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0801880544}}</ref> an affiliate agency of the state-run [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] (MTA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mta.info/mta/compliance/pdf/Description%20and%20Board%20Structure.pdf|title=Metropolitan Transportation Authority Description and Board Structure Covering Fiscal Year 2009|date=2009|website=mta.info|publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority|access-date=March 13, 2016|archive-date=December 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207202730/http://web.mta.info/mta/compliance/pdf/Description%20and%20Board%20Structure.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Opened on October 27, 1904, the New York City Subway is one of the world's oldest public transit systems, one of the most-used, and the one with the most stations,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymetric.com/transport/what-largest-metro-system-world-1361 |title=What is the largest metro system in the world? |website=CityMetric |access-date=March 13, 2016 |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906151458/http://www.citymetric.com/transport/what-largest-metro-system-world-1361 |url-status=dead }}</ref> with [[New York City Subway stations|472 stations in operation]]<ref name="MTA-HowtoRideSubway">{{cite web |title=How to Ride the Subway |url=https://new.mta.info/guides/riding-the-subway |access-date=May 12, 2013 |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705162451/https://new.mta.info/guides/riding-the-subway |url-status=live }}</ref> (423, if stations connected by transfers are counted as single stations).<ref name="ridership2014">{{cite web|url=http://web.mta.info/nyct/facts/ridership/|title=Introduction to Subway Ridership|publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]]|access-date=July 12, 2018|archive-date=September 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912073839/http://web.mta.info/nyct/facts/ridership/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The system has operated [[24/7 service]] every day of the year throughout most of its history, barring emergencies and disasters. By annual ridership, the New York City Subway is the busiest rapid transit system in both the [[Western Hemisphere]] and the [[Western world]], as well as the [[List of metro systems|eleventh-busiest rapid transit rail system]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mta.info/nyct/facts/ffsubway.htm |title=Subways |publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority|Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA)]] |date=April 2, 2013 |access-date=April 26, 2015 |archive-date=June 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622005105/http://web.mta.info/nyct/facts/ffsubway.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The subway carried {{American transit ridership|NY MTA NYCT HR annual}} unlinked, non-unique riders in {{American transit ridership|annualdate}}.{{American transit ridership|annualcitation}}{{rp|2}}{{refn|name=ridershipnote|group=note|This figure represents ''unlinked'' ridership, meaning one ride is counted each time a passenger boards a vehicle. The MTA reports a 2023 ridership of 1,151,998,158 based on ''linked'' ridership, meaning each complete journey from beginning to end is counted as one ride, regardless of the number of different vehicles used.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://new.mta.info/agency/new-york-city-transit/subway-bus-ridership-2023|title=Subway and bus ridership for 2022|publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority|website=mta.info|date=2023|access-date=August 3, 2023|archive-date=August 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803032948/https://new.mta.info/agency/new-york-city-transit/subway-bus-ridership-2022|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<!--or about {{American transit ridership|NY MTA NYCT HR daily}} per weekday as of {{American transit ridership|dailydateasof}}.--> Daily ridership has been calculated since 1985; the record, over 6.2 million, was set on October 29, 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2015/12/11/10621694/nyc-subway-broke-its-single-day-ridership-record-in-october.html |title=NYC Subway Broke Its Single-Day Ridership Record In October |website=ny.curbed.com |date=December 11, 2015 |access-date=October 30, 2021 |archive-date=February 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225181756/https://ny.curbed.com/2015/12/11/10621694/nyc-subway-broke-its-single-day-ridership-record-in-october |url-status=live }}</ref>
The system is also one of the world's longest. Overall, the system contains {{convert|248|mi|km}} of routes,<ref name="mtabudget"/> translating into {{convert|665|mi|km}} of revenue track<ref name="mtabudget"/> and a total of {{convert|850|mi|km}} including [[non-revenue track]]age.<ref name="NYCSubway.org" /> Of the system's {{NYCS const|routes}} routes or "services" (which usually share track or "lines" with other services), {{#expr:{{NYCS const|routes}}-3}} pass through Manhattan, the exceptions being the {{NYCS|G}} train, the [[Franklin Avenue Shuttle]], and the [[Rockaway Park Shuttle]]. Large portions of the subway outside Manhattan are elevated, on [[Embankment (transportation)|embankments]], or in [[Cut (earthmoving)|open cuts]], and a few stretches of track run at ground level; 40% of track is above ground.<ref>{{Cite book |title=101 Amazing Facts About New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vR62BAAAQBAJ |publisher=Andrews UK Limited |year=2013 |isbn=978-1783333059 |language=en |first=Jack |last=Goldstein}}</ref> Many lines and stations have both [[Express train|express]] and local services. These lines have three or four tracks. Normally, the outer two are used by local trains, while the inner one or two are used by express trains.<ref name="NYCSubway.org" />
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[[File:City Hall Subway station.jpg|thumb|The [[City Hall station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)|City Hall station]] of the [[IRT Lexington Avenue Line]], part of the [[Early history of the IRT subway|first underground line of the subway]] that opened on October 27, 1904]]
[[Alfred Ely Beach]] built the first demonstration for an underground transit system in New York City in 1869 and opened it in February 1870.<ref name="Brennan">{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~brennan/beach/chapter25.html |title="They found the tube in excellent condition" |year=2005 |work=Beach Pneumatic |author=Brennan, Joseph |access-date=January 17, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006030205/http://www.columbia.edu/~brennan/beach/chapter25.html |archive-date=October 6, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/beach.html |title=Inventor of the Week: Archive -– Alfred Beach (1826-18961826–1896) |website=Lemelson-MIT Program |access-date=March 18, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306174249/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/beach.html |archive-date=March 6, 2014 }}</ref> His [[Beach Pneumatic Transit]] only extended {{convert|312|ft}} under [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] in [[Lower Manhattan]] operating from Warren Street to Murray Street<ref name="Brennan" /> and exhibited his idea for an [[atmospheric railway]] as a subway. The tunnel was never extended for political and financial reasons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nycsubway.org/articles/beach-1870-03-05.html |title="The Pneumatic Tunnel Under Broadway" (1870) |publisher=nycsubway.org |access-date=July 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505031528/http://www.nycsubway.org/articles/beach-1870-03-05.html |archive-date=May 5, 2008 |agency=Scientific American |date=March 5, 1870}}</ref> Today, no part of this line remains as the tunnel was completely within the limits of the present-day [[City Hall (BMT Broadway Line)|City Hall station]] under Broadway.<ref>nycsubway.org – "[http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/Beach_Pneumatic_Transit Beach Pneumatic Transit]". {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424114041/http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/Beach_Pneumatic_Transit |date=April 24, 2021 }}.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/manhattan/nyc-subway-luxurious-built-illegally-article-1.2547997|title=NYC's first subway was luxurious, pneumatic and built illegally|last=Blankinger|first=Kari|date=March 1, 2016|newspaper=New York Daily News|access-date=March 13, 2016|archive-date=November 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124040316/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/manhattan/nyc-subway-luxurious-built-illegally-article-1.2547997|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nyt1996">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/17/nyregion/subway-planners-lofty-ambitions-are-buried-as-dead-end-curiosities.html?pagewanted=all|title=Subway Planners' Lofty Ambitions Are Buried as Dead-End Curiosities|date=November 17, 1996|website=[[The New York Times]]|last1=Martin|first1=Douglas|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-date=August 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807023931/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/17/nyregion/subway-planners-lofty-ambitions-are-buried-as-dead-end-curiosities.html?pagewanted=all|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nyt 201308">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/15/nyregion/when-the-new-york-city-subway-ran-without-rails.html?_r=0|title=When the New York City Subway Ran Without Rails|date=August 14, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|last1=Santora|first1=Marc|access-date=February 11, 2017|archive-date=June 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626203739/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/15/nyregion/when-the-new-york-city-subway-ran-without-rails.html?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Great Blizzard of 1888]] helped demonstrate the benefits of an underground transportation system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/The_Blizzard_of_1888%3B_the_Impact_of_this_Devastating_Storm_on_New_York_Transit |title=The Blizzard of 1888; the Impact of this Devastating Storm on New York Transit |access-date=February 9, 2016 |website=nycsubway.org |last=Christiano |first=G. J. |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504003347/https://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/The_Blizzard_of_1888;_the_Impact_of_this_Devastating_Storm_on_New_York_Transit |url-status=live }}</ref> A plan for the construction of the subway was approved in 1894, and construction began in 1900.<ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/technology/nyunderground/abprogram.html|title=American Experience. Technology . New York Underground. About the Program|website=PBS|access-date=March 13, 2016|archive-date=August 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829200131/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/technology/nyunderground/abprogram.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Even though the underground portions of the subway had yet to be built, several above-ground segments of the modern-day New York City Subway system were already in service by then. The oldest structure still in use opened in 1885 as part of the [[BMT Lexington Avenue Line]] in Brooklyn<ref name="Gates">{{cite bklyn|title=Done at Last|image=50426818|date=May 13, 1885|page=1}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite bklyn|title=Halsey Street Station Opened|image=50405675|date=August 19, 1885|page=4}}</ref><ref name="Chauncey">{{cite bklyn|title=A New Station Opened|image=50405355|date=July 18, 1885|page=4}}</ref><ref name="MBC">{{cite bklyn|title=East New York|image=50427251|date=June 13, 1885|page=6}}</ref><ref name="Alabama">{{cite bklyn|title=Still Extending Its Lines|image=50405953|date=September 5, 1885|page=6}}</ref> and is now part of the [[BMT Jamaica Line]].<ref name="NYCSorg-BMTJamaica">{{cite web |url=http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/BMT_Nassau_Street-Jamaica_Line |title=www.nycsubway.org: BMT Nassau Street-Jamaica Line |website=www.nycsubway.org |access-date=February 25, 2016 |archive-date=September 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925061649/https://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/BMT_Nassau_Street-Jamaica_Line |url-status=live }}</ref> The oldest right-of-way, which is part of the [[BMT West End Line]] near [[Coney Island Creek]], was in use in 1864 as a steam railroad called the [[Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Rail Road]].<ref>{{cite bklyn |title=Opening of a New Railroad |image=50420352|date=October 5, 1863 |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite bklyn |title=Railroads|image=50421043 |date=October 9, 1863 |page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Third Rail – Gunther and his Railroad – page 1 |url=http://www.thethirdrail.net/9909/westend1.htm |website=www.thethirdrail.net |access-date=February 14, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229231836/http://www.thethirdrail.net/9909/westend1.htm |archive-date=February 29, 2016 }}</ref>
The [[Early history of the IRT subway|first underground line of the subway]] opened on October 27, 1904, almost 36 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City (which became the [[IRT Ninth Avenue Line]]).<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Walker |first=James Blaine Walker, [|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lpEgAAAAMAAJ |title=Fifty Years of Rapid Transit, 1864–1917] {{Webarchive|urldate=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195238/https://books.google.com/books?id=lpEgAAAAMAAJ1918 |datepublisher=MarchLaw 26,Print. 2023Company |language=en}}, published 1918, pp. 162–191</ref><ref name="nycsubway">{{cite web |url=http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/The_9th_Avenue_Elevated-Polo_Grounds_Shuttle |title=The 9th Avenue Elevated-Polo Grounds Shuttle |publisher=nycsubway.org |date=2012 |access-date=July 3, 2014 |archive-date=September 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926070102/http://nycsubway.org/wiki/The_9th_Avenue_Elevated-Polo_Grounds_Shuttle |url-status=live }}</ref> The {{convert|9.1|mi|km|adj=on}} subway line, then called the "Manhattan Main Line", ran from [[City Hall station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)|City Hall station]] northward under [[Lafayette Street]] (then named Elm Street) and [[Park Avenue]] (then named Fourth Avenue) before turning westward at [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd Street]]. It then curved northward again at [[Times Square]], continuing under [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] before terminating at [[145th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)|145th Street station]] in [[Harlem]].<ref>{{cite web | title=EXERCISES IN CITY HALL.; Mayor Declares Subway Open – Ovations for Parsons and McDonald. | website=The New York Times | date=October 28, 1904 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1904/10/28/archives/exercises-in-city-hall-mayor-declares-subway-open-ovations-for.html | access-date=December 16, 2018 | archive-date=May 4, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504023722/https://www.nytimes.com/1904/10/28/archives/exercises-in-city-hall-mayor-declares-subway-open-ovations-for.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Its operation was leased to the [[Interborough Rapid Transit Company]] (IRT), and over 150,000 passengers <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1904/10/28/118948832.pdf |title = Our Subway Open, 150,000 Try It – Mayor McClellan Runs the First Official Train |date = October 28, 1904 |newspaper = The New York Times |access-date = February 24, 2016 |archive-date = September 18, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180918074759/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1904/10/28/118948832.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> paid the 5-cent fare (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|0.05|1904}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars {{inflation-fn|US}}) to ride it on the first day of operation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://secondavenuesagas.com/2007/11/21/specter-of-the-5%c2%a2-fare-haunts-the-current-fare-hike-debate/|title=Specter of the 5¢ fare haunts the current fare hike debate|website=Second Ave. Sagas|access-date=February 25, 2016|date=November 21, 2007|archive-date=November 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124103809/https://secondavenuesagas.com/2007/11/21/specter-of-the-5%c2%a2-fare-haunts-the-current-fare-hike-debate/|url-status=live}}</ref>
By the late 1900s and early 1910s, the lines had been consolidated into two privately owned systems, the IRT and the [[Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company]] (BRT, later [[Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation]], BMT). The city built most of the lines and leased them to the companies.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/New_Subways_for_New_York:_The_Dual_System_of_Rapid_Transit_(1913)| title = www.nycsubway.org: New Subways for New York: The Dual System of Rapid Transit (1913)| website = www.nycsubway.org| access-date = February 26, 2016| archive-date = August 24, 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120824125607/http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/New_Subways_for_New_York:_The_Dual_System_of_Rapid_Transit_(1913)| url-status = live}}</ref> The first line of the city-owned and operated [[Independent Subway System]] (IND) opened in 1932.<ref name="chambers">{{cite news |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0D13F7395513738DDDA90994D1405B828FF1D3 |title=Gay Midnight Crowd Rides First Trains in New Subway |date=September 10, 1932 |work=The New York Times |page=1 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |archive-date=September 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912162150/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0D13F7395513738DDDA90994D1405B828FF1D3 |url-status=live }}</ref> This system was intended to compete with the private systems and allow some of the elevated railways to be torn down but stayed within the core of the city due to its small startup capital.<ref name="Hood, Clifton 2004"/> This required it to be run 'at cost', necessitating fares up to double the five-cent fare of the time, or 10¢ (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|0.1|1905}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars {{inflation-fn|US}}).<ref name=":1"/>
Line 82 ⟶ 83:
Organized in 1934 by transit workers of the BRT, IRT, and IND,<ref>{{cite web|title=Transport Workers Union Our History|url=http://www.twu.org/OurUnion/OurHistory.aspx|website=www.twu.org|access-date=February 16, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209215841/http://www.twu.org/OurUnion/OurHistory.aspx|archive-date=February 9, 2016}}</ref> the [[Transport Workers Union of America]] Local 100 remains the largest and most influential local of the labor unions.<ref>{{Cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=urnIzRzjiNUC| title = In Transit:The Transport Workers Union In New York City, 1933–1966| last = B. Freeman| first = Joshua| publisher = Temple University Press| year = 1989| isbn = 978-1592138159| language = en| access-date = February 28, 2016| archive-date = August 5, 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230805203345/https://books.google.com/books?id=urnIzRzjiNUC| url-status = live}}</ref> Since the union's founding, there have been three union strikes over contract disputes with the MTA:<ref>{{cite web |title=A Short History of Recent American Transit Strikes |url=http://www.thetransportpolitic.com/2009/08/14/a-short-history-of-recent-american-transit-strikes/ |website=The Transport Politic |access-date=February 16, 2016 |language=en-US |date=August 14, 2009 |archive-date=January 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122043737/https://www.thetransportpolitic.com/2009/08/14/a-short-history-of-recent-american-transit-strikes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 12 days in [[1966 New York City transit strike|1966]],<ref>{{cite web |title=A look back at the historic 1966 transit strike: Photos and more |url=http://www.amny.com/transit/a-look-back-at-the-1966-transit-strike-that-1.11302919 |website=am New York |date=January 7, 2016 |access-date=February 16, 2016 |archive-date=November 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124040317/https://www.amny.com/transit/a-look-back-at-the-1966-transit-strike-that-1.11302919/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 11 days in [[1980 New York City transit strike|1980]],<ref>{{cite web |title=35 Years Ago This Week, the MTA Strikes for 11 Days in NYC Bringing Transit to a Halt |url=http://untappedcities.com/2015/04/07/35-years-ago-this-week-the-mta-strikes-for-11-days-nyc-bringing-transit-to-a-halt/ |website=Untapped Cities |access-date=February 16, 2016 |date=April 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220153934/http://untappedcities.com/2015/04/07/35-years-ago-this-week-the-mta-strikes-for-11-days-nyc-bringing-transit-to-a-halt/ |archive-date=February 20, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and three days in [[2005 New York City transit strike|2005]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Citywide Strike Halts New York Subways and Buses |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/21/nyregion/nyregionspecial3/citywide-strike-halts-new-york-subways-and-buses.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 21, 2005 |access-date=February 16, 2016 |issn=0362-4331 |first=Jennifer |last=Steinhauer |archive-date=July 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704035612/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/21/nyregion/nyregionspecial3/citywide-strike-halts-new-york-subways-and-buses.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NYC Transit Workers On Strike |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/nyc-transit-workers-on-strike-19-12-2005/ |website=CBS News |date=December 19, 2005 |access-date=February 16, 2016 |archive-date=November 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124072234/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nyc-transit-workers-on-strike-19-12-2005/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
By the 1970s and 1980s, the New York City Subway was at an all-time low.<ref>nycsubway.org – [http://nycsubway.org/wiki/The_New_York_Transit_Authority_in_the_1970s The New York Transit Authority in the 1970s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706063843/https://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/The_New_York_Transit_Authority_in_the_1970s |date=July 6, 2022 }}</ref><ref name="nycsubway 1980s">nycsubway.org – [http://nycsubway.org/wiki/The_New_York_Transit_Authority_in_the_1980s The New York Transit Authority in the 1980s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706063843/https://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/The_New_York_Transit_Authority_in_the_1980s |date=July 6, 2022 }}</ref> Ridership had dropped to 1910s levels, and graffiti and crime were rampant. Maintenance was poor, and delays and track problems were common. Still, the NYCTA managed to open six new subway stations in the 1980s,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/29/nyregion/the-subway-to-nowhere-now-goes-somewhere.html|title=The 'Subway to Nowhere' Now Goes Somewhere|last=Lorch|first=Donatella|date=October 29, 1989|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=October 20, 2011|archive-date=March 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319210859/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/29/nyregion/the-subway-to-nowhere-now-goes-somewhere.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nytimes2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/09/nyregion/big-changes-for-subways-are-to-begin.html|title=Big Changes For Subways Are to Begin|last=Johnson|first=Kirk|date=December 9, 1988|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=July 5, 2009|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308122331/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/09/nyregion/big-changes-for-subways-are-to-begin.html|url-status=live}}</ref> make the current fleet of subway cars graffiti-free, as well as order 1,775 new subway cars.<ref>{{Cite news |url=httphttps://articleswww.chicagotribune.com/1989-/05-/18/news/8902020244_1_subwaygraffiti-carscleanup-graffitia-campaignshiny-transitsymbol-of-systemsubway-systems-turnaround/ |title=Graffiti Cleanup A Shiny Symbol Of Subway System's Turnaround|last=Lentz|first=Phillip|date=May 18, 1989|newspaper=Chicago Tribune |access-date=March 11, 2016 |archive-date=March 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312021108/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-05-18/news/8902020244_1_subway-cars-graffiti-campaign-transit-system |url-status=deadlive}}</ref> By the early 1990s, conditions had improved significantly, although maintenance backlogs accumulated during those 20 years are still being fixed today.<ref name="nycsubway 1980s"/>
[[File:NYCTA-Miller,G CD1-043.jpg|alt=The Cortlandt Street station is seen partially collapsed|thumb|The [[Cortlandt Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)|Cortlandt Street station]] partially collapsed as a result of the [[collapse of the World Trade Center]].]]
Line 93 ⟶ 94:
When the [[Early history of the IRT subway|IRT subway]] debuted in 1904,<ref name=":5" /> the typical tunnel construction method was [[cut-and-cover]].<ref name="Construction">{{cite web |title=The New York Subway: Chapter 02, Types and Methods of Construction |website=nycsubway.org |url=http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/The_New_York_Subway:_Chapter_02,_Types_and_Methods_of_Construction |access-date=November 1, 2015 |archive-date=February 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217041303/https://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/The_New_York_Subway:_Chapter_02,_Types_and_Methods_of_Construction |url-status=live }}</ref> The street was torn up to dig the tunnel below before being rebuilt from above.<ref name="Construction" /> Traffic on the street above would be interrupted due to the digging up of the street.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/why-it-was-faster-to-build-subways-in-1900|title=Why It Was Faster To Build Subways in 1900|date=October 22, 2015|website=Atlas Obscura|access-date=April 15, 2016|archive-date=May 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517051027/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/why-it-was-faster-to-build-subways-in-1900|url-status=live}}</ref> Temporary steel and wooden bridges carried surface traffic above the construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/Design_and_Construction_of_the_IRT:_Civil_Engineering_(Scott)|title=www.nycsubway.org: Design and Construction of the IRT: Civil Engineering (Scott)|website=www.nycsubway.org|access-date=April 15, 2016|archive-date=August 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805142603/https://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/Design_and_Construction_of_the_IRT:_Civil_Engineering_(Scott)|url-status=live}}</ref>
Contractors in this type of construction faced many obstacles, both natural and human- made. They had to deal with rock formations and groundwater, which required pumps. Twelve miles of sewers, as well as water and gas mains, electric conduits, and steam pipes had to be rerouted. Street railways had to be torn up to allow the work. The foundations of tall buildings often ran near the subway construction, and in some cases needed underpinning to ensure stability.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nypl.org/blog/2015/05/04/subway-construction-then-now|title=Subway Construction: Then and Now|website=The New York Public Library|access-date=April 15, 2016|archive-date=June 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611193059/https://www.nypl.org/blog/2015/05/04/subway-construction-then-now|url-status=live}}</ref>
This method worked well for digging soft dirt and gravel near the street surface.<ref name="Construction" /> [[Tunnelling shield]]s were required for deeper sections, such as the Harlem and [[East River]] tunnels, which used cast-iron tubes. Rock or concrete-lined tunnels were used on segments from 33rd to 42nd streets under [[Park Avenue (Manhattan)|Park Avenue]]; 116th to 120th Streets under [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]; 145th to [[Dyckman Street]]s (Fort George) under Broadway and [[St. Nicholas Avenue]]; and 96th Street and Broadway to Central Park North and [[Lenox Avenue]].<ref name="Construction" />
Line 110 ⟶ 111:
Though most of the routes proposed over the decades have never seen construction, discussion remains strong to develop some of these lines, to alleviate existing subway capacity constraints and overcrowding, the most notable being the [[Unbuilt plans for the Second Avenue Subway|proposals for the Second Avenue Subway]]. Plans for new lines date back to the early 1910s, and expansion plans have been proposed during many years of the system's existence.<ref name="Raskin-RoutesNotTaken-20132"/><ref name="NYTimes-OurGreatSubway-IND2ndSystem-1929">{{Cite news |last1=Duffus |first1=R.L. |title=Our Great Subway Network Spreads Wider – New Plans of Board of Transportation Involve the Building of More Than One Hundred Miles of Additional Rapid Transit Routes for New York |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C0CE4D71530E73ABC4A51DFBF668382639EDE |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=August 19, 2015 |date=September 22, 1929 |archive-date=September 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927200458/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C0CE4D71530E73ABC4A51DFBF668382639EDE |url-status=live }}</ref>
After the [[IND Sixth Avenue Line]] was completed in 1940,<ref name="SixthAvenueOpening">{{cite news |title=New Subway Line on 6th Ave. Opens at Midnight Fete |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1940/12/15/archives/new-subway-line-on-6th-ave-opens-at-midnight-fete-mayor-and-2000.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 15, 1940 |page=1 |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-date=December 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213213358/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/12/15/archives/new-subway-line-on-6th-ave-opens-at-midnight-fete-mayor-and-2000.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the city went into [[History of New York City (1946–77)|great debt]], and only 33 new stations have been added to the system since, nineteen of which were part of defunct railways that already existed. Five stations were on the abandoned [[New York, Westchester and Boston Railway]], which was incorporated into the system in 1941 as the [[IRT Dyre Avenue Line]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1941/05/16/archives/rail-line-is-added-to-subway-system-old-westchester-and-boston-road.html |title=Rail Line is Added to Subway System |date=May 16, 1941 |newspaper=The New York Times |page=25 |access-date=October 4, 2011 |archive-date=August 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802162721/https://www.nytimes.com/1941/05/16/archives/rail-line-is-added-to-subway-system-old-westchester-and-boston-road.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Fourteen more stations were on the abandoned LIRR [[Rockaway Beach Branch]] (now the [[IND Rockaway Line]]), which opened in 1955.<ref name="NYTimes-INDRkwyOpen-1956">{{cite web |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1956/06/28/84703811.pdf |title=Rockaway Trains to Operate Today |date=June 28, 1956 |website=[[The New York Times]] |last1=Freeman |first1=Ira Henry |access-date=June 29, 2015 |archive-date=May 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520042015/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1956/06/28/84703811.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Two stations ([[57th Street (IND Sixth Avenue Line)|57th Street]] and [[Grand Street (IND Sixth Avenue Line)|Grand Street]]) were part of the [[Chrystie Street Connection]], and opened in 1968;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejoekorner.com/brochures/index-chrystie.html |title=Rapid Transit Service Coming Brochure |date=July 1, 1968 |website=www.thejoekorner.com |publisher=New York City Transit Authority |access-date=January 24, 2016 |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208125457/http://www.thejoekorner.com/brochures/index-chrystie.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejoekorner.com/brochures/index-chrystie.html |title=KK a new service |date=July 1, 1968 |website=www.thejoekorner.com |publisher=New York City Transit Authority |access-date=January 24, 2016 |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208125457/http://www.thejoekorner.com/brochures/index-chrystie.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Harlem–148th Street (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)|Harlem–148th Street]] terminal opened that same year in an unrelated project.<ref name="NYTImes-148LenoxOpen-1968">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/05/14/archives/irt-passengers-get-new-148th-st-station.html |title=IRT Passengers Get New 148th St. Station |date=May 14, 1968 |newspaper=The New York Times |page=95 |access-date=October 4, 2011 |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221185250/https://www.nytimes.com/1968/05/14/archives/irt-passengers-get-new-148th-st-station.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Six were built as part of a [[Program for Action|1968 plan]]: three on the [[Archer Avenue Lines]], opened in 1988,<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/09/nyregion/big-changes-for-subways-are-to-begin.html |title=Big Changes For Subways Are to Begin |last=Johnson |first=Kirk |date=December 9, 1988 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=July 5, 2009 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308122331/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/09/nyregion/big-changes-for-subways-are-to-begin.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and three on the [[63rd Street Lines]], opened in 1989.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/29/nyregion/the-subway-to-nowhere-now-goes-somewhere.html |title=The 'Subway to Nowhere' Now Goes Somewhere |last=Lorch |first=Donatella |date=October 29, 1989 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=March 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319210859/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/29/nyregion/the-subway-to-nowhere-now-goes-somewhere.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The new [[South Ferry (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)|South Ferry]] station was built and connected to the existing [[Whitehall Street–South Ferry (BMT Broadway Line)|Whitehall Street–South Ferry]] station in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mta-opens-new-530m-south-ferry-station-easing-commuters-hassle-article-1.372235|title=MTA opens new $530M South Ferry station|last=Donohue|first=Pete|date=March 17, 2009|website=New York Daily News|access-date=July 21, 2016|archive-date=August 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817135752/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mta-opens-new-530m-south-ferry-station-easing-commuters-hassle-article-1.372235|url-status=live}}</ref> The one-stop [[7 Subway Extension]] to the [[West Side (Manhattan)|west side]] of Manhattan, consisting of the [[34th Street–Hudson Yards (IRT Flushing Line)|34th Street–Hudson Yards]] station, was opened in 2015,<ref>{{cite web |last=Fitzsimmons |first=Emma G. |title=Subway Station for 7 Line Opens on Far West Side |website=The New York Times |date=September 10, 2015 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/14/nyregion/no-7-subway-station-far-west-side-manhattan.html |access-date=September 13, 2015 |archive-date=September 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914231924/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/14/nyregion/no-7-subway-station-far-west-side-manhattan.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mta.info 2015">{{cite web |title=Capital Programs 7 Line Extension |website=mta.info |date=September 13, 2015 |url=http://web.mta.info/capital/no7_alt.html |access-date=March 25, 2016 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003930/http://web.mta.info/capital/no7_alt.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref group="note">There is one station ([[10th Avenue (IRT Flushing Line)|10th Avenue]]) planned as a future infill station. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20100218115623/http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20100216/FREE/100219925 Outcry emerges for 41st St. stop on new 7-line]</ref> and three stations on the [[Second Avenue Subway]] in the [[Upper East Side]] were opened as part of [[construction of the Second Avenue Subway#Phase 1|Phase 1 of the line]] at the beginning of 2017.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ingram | first=David | title=New York tale: a century-old subway dream becomes reality | website=Yahoo | date=December 31, 2016 | url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/york-opens-subway-line-dreamed-1920s-163028341.html | access-date=January 1, 2017 | archive-date=June 8, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608154935/https://www.yahoo.com/news/york-opens-subway-line-dreamed-1920s-163028341.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
Line 139 ⟶ 140:
=== Subway map ===
{{Main|New York City Subway map}}
[[File:Official New York City - MTA Subway Map 2013 vc.jpgpng|thumb|right|The official New York City Subway map from JuneSeptember 2013. This is not the current map2024.]]
Current [[New York City Subway map|official transit maps of the New York City Subway]] are based on a 1979 design by [[Michael Hertz Associates]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/hertz-death-subway-map-style/index.html|title=Michael Hertz, who helped design New York City's subway map, dies at 87|author1=Taylor Romine|author2=Laura Ly|work=CNN|date=February 27, 2020|location=New York|language=en|access-date=March 1, 2020|archive-date=March 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301014402/https://www.cnn.com/style/article/hertz-death-subway-map-style/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The maps are not geographically accurate due to the complexity of the system (Manhattan being the smallest borough, but having the most services), but they do show major city streets as an aid to navigation. The newest edition took effect on June 27, 2010, and makes Manhattan bigger and Staten Island smaller, with minor tweaks happening to the map when more permanent changes occur.<ref name="NYCS const|map"/><ref>{{cite press release|url=http://mta.info/news/stories/?story=77|title=New Subway Map is Here|accessdate=June 18, 2010|publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]]|location=[[New York City|New York]]|archive-date=September 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926105836/http://mta.info/news/stories/?story=77|url-status=live}}</ref>
Earlier diagrams of the subway, the first being produced in 1958, had the perception of being more geographically inaccurate than the diagrams today. The design of the subway map by [[Massimo Vignelli]], published by the MTA between 1972 and 1979, has become a modern classic but the MTA deemed the map flawed due to its placement of geographical elements.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/the-mostly-true-story-of-helvetica-and-the-new-york-city-subway?pp=1 |title=The (Mostly) True Story of Helvetica and the New York City Subway |work=[[AIGA]] |date=November 18, 2008 |publisher=aiga.org |access-date=February 4, 2009 |archive-date=April 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421030210/http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/the-mostly-true-story-of-helvetica-and-the-new-york-city-subway?pp=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hertz-Gothamist">{{cite web |first=Dave |last=Hogarty |url=http://gothamist.com/2007/08/03/michael_hertz_d.php |title=Michael Hertz, Designer of the NYC Subway Map |work=[[Gothamist]] |date=August 3, 2007 |access-date=July 4, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818012400/http://gothamist.com/2007/08/03/michael_hertz_d.php |archive-date=August 18, 2009}}</ref>
Line 158 ⟶ 159:
[[File:7train arriving.ogv|thumb|[[R62A]] {{NYCS|7}} train arriving at [[Vernon Boulevard – Jackson Avenue (IRT Flushing Line)|Vernon Boulevard – Jackson Avenue]] station (43s)]]
Out of the [[New York City Subway stations#Complete listsList of stations|472 stations]], 470 are served 24 hours a day.{{refn|group="note"|The [[Times Square (IRT 42nd Street Shuttle)|Times Square]] and [[Grand Central (IRT 42nd Street Shuttle)|Grand Central]] stations of the [[IRT 42nd Street Shuttle]] are closed during late nights.}} Underground stations in the New York City Subway are typically accessed by staircases going down from street level. Many of these staircases are painted in a common shade of green, with slight or significant variations in design.<ref name="FNY-SubwayEntranceStylings">{{cite web|title=Subway Entrance Stylings|url=http://forgotten-ny.com/2005/02/down-in-the-hole-the-many-styles-of-subway-entrances/|publisher=Forgotten New York|access-date=December 6, 2015|date=February 14, 2005|archive-date=July 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715113420/https://forgotten-ny.com/2005/02/down-in-the-hole-the-many-styles-of-subway-entrances/|url-status=live}}</ref> Other stations have unique entrances reflective of their location or date of construction. Several station entrance stairs, for example, are built into adjacent buildings.<ref name=FNY-SubwayEntranceStylings/> Nearly all station entrances feature [[New York City Subway stations#Lamps|color-coded globe or square lamps]] signifying their status as an entrance.<ref name="nytimes 20020813">{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980DE2DF113AF930A2575BC0A9649C8B63 |title=Tunnel Vision; The Light at the Top of the Subway Stairs |last=Kennedy |first=Randy |date=August 13, 2002 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 7, 2008 |archive-date=August 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805203831/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/13/nyregion/tunnel-vision-the-light-at-the-top-of-the-subway-stairs.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The current number of stations is smaller than the peak of the system. In addition to the demolition of former elevated lines, which collectively have resulted in the demolition of over a hundred stations, other [[List of closed New York City Subway stations|closed stations]] and unused portions of existing stations remain in parts of the system.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 23, 2021|title=Explore the Abandoned Subway Stations of NYC|url=https://untappedcities.com/2021/02/23/abandoned-subway-stations-nyc/|access-date=March 19, 2021|website=Untapped New York|language=en-US|archive-date=March 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311152628/https://untappedcities.com/2021/02/23/abandoned-subway-stations-nyc/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:West 4 St mezzanine vc.jpg|thumb|left|The long and wide mezzanine in the [[West Fourth Street–Washington Square (New York City Subway)|West Fourth Street]] station in [[Greenwich Village]]|alt=The mezzanine at West Fourth Street station]]
Line 165 ⟶ 166:
[[File:Times Square-42nd Street Entrance.JPG|left|thumb|An entrance to the {{stn|Times Square–42nd Street}} and [[42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal|Port Authority Bus Terminal]] stations]]Many stations in the subway system have [[mezzanine (architecture)|mezzanines]].<ref name=PCAC-ClosedSubwayEntrance-2001/> Mezzanines allow for passengers to enter from multiple locations at an intersection and proceed to the correct platform without having to cross the street before entering. Inside mezzanines are [[Paid area|fare control]] areas, where passengers physically pay their fare to enter the subway system.<ref name="PCAC-ClosedSubwayEntrance-2001">{{cite web |title=Reopening Closed Subway Entrances |url=http://www.pcac.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/2001-Reopening-Closed-Entrances.pdf |website=pcac.org |publisher=New York City Transit Riders Council |access-date=December 6, 2015 |date=November 2001 |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153323/http://www.pcac.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/2001-Reopening-Closed-Entrances.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="MTA-JayLawrenceMetroTech">{{cite web |title=MTA New York City Transit Jay Street / Lawrence Street Stations Contract A-35913 / A-35914 / A-35927 / A-35978 |url=http://web.mta.info/nyct/procure/miscproj/a35913.pdf |publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] |access-date=December 6, 2015 |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628023219/http://web.mta.info/nyct/procure/miscproj/a35913.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In many older stations, the fare control area is at platform level with no mezzanine crossovers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/IRT_West_Side_Line |title=www.nycsubway.org: IRT West Side Line |website=www.nycsubway.org |access-date=February 24, 2016 |archive-date=January 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106212734/http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/IRT_West_Side_Line |url-status=live }}</ref> Many elevated stations also have platform-level fare control with no common station house between directions of service.<ref name=NYCSorg-BMTJamaica/>
Upon entering a station, passengers may use station booths (formerly known as token booths)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mta.info/metrocard/buybooth.htm|title=MTA/New York City Transit – Subway Station Booth|website=web.mta.info|access-date=March 13, 2016|archive-date=November 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124072428/http://web.mta.info/metrocard/buybooth.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> or vending machines to buy their fare, which is currently stored in a [[MetroCard]] or [[OMNY]] card. Each station has at least one booth, typically located at the busiest entrance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/09/nyregion/09subway.html|title=M.T.A. Station Agent Cuts Leave Riders Lost|last=Grynbaum|first=Michael M.|date=October 8, 2009|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=March 13, 2016|archive-date=June 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621071952/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/09/nyregion/09subway.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After swiping the card at a turnstile, customers enter the fare-controlled area of the station and continue to the platforms.<ref name=MTA-HowtoRideSubway /> Inside fare control are "Off-Hours Waiting Areas", which consist of benches and are identified by a yellow sign.<ref name=MTA-HowtoRideSubway /><ref name="MTA-RidingSafely">{{cite web |title=Riding Safely |url=https://new.mta.info/safety-and-security |access-date=December 6, 2015 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] |archive-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121194339/https://new.mta.info/safety-and-security |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/08/nyregion/for-off-hours-subway-zones-for-safer-wait.html|title=For Off-Hours, Subway Zones for Safer Wait|last=Goldman|first=Ari L.|date=March 8, 1982|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=April 15, 2016|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=November 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124041840/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/08/nyregion/for-off-hours-subway-zones-for-safer-wait.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Platforms ===
Line 179 ⟶ 180:
Since the majority of the system was built before 1990, the year the [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990|Americans with Disabilities Act]] (ADA) went into effect, many New York City Subway stations were not designed to be accessible to all.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150608/bushwick/map-subway-map-showing-only-wheelchair-accessible-stations| title = Map Reveals Shortage of Wheelchair-Accessible NYC Subway Stations| website = DNAinfo New York| access-date = February 28, 2016| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306224732/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150608/bushwick/map-subway-map-showing-only-wheelchair-accessible-stations| archive-date = March 6, 2016| df = mdy-all}}</ref> Since then, elevators have been built in newly constructed stations to comply with the ADA. (Most grade-level stations required little modification to meet ADA standards.) Many accessible stations have [[MetroCard (New York City)#Disabled/Senior Citizen Reduced-Fare MetroCard|AutoGate]] access.<ref name="MTA-HowtoRideSubway" /><ref>{{cite web |title=mta.info {{!}} Accessibility |url=https://new.mta.info/accessibility/stations |access-date=February 10, 2016 |website=new.mta.info |archive-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210123258/https://new.mta.info/accessibility/stations |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, the MTA identified "key stations", high-traffic and/or geographically important stations, which must conform to the ADA when they are extensively renovated. Under plans from the MTA in 2016, the number of ADA accessible stations would go up to 144 by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 2016|title=NYC Subway Needs $1.7 Billion In New Elevators, Feds Say|url=http://ny.curbed.com/2016/2/1/10887202/nyc-subway-needs-1-7-billion-in-new-elevators-feds-say|access-date=February 29, 2016|website=Curbed NY|archive-date=November 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124040310/https://ny.curbed.com/2016/2/1/10887202/nyc-subway-needs-1-7-billion-in-new-elevators-feds-say|url-status=live}}</ref> {{NYCS const|acc_as_of}}, there were {{NYCS const|number|accessible}} ADA-accessible stations.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sequeira|first=Robbie|date=September 22, 2021|title=Six Bronx subway stations could be ADA-accessible under MTA proposal|work=[[Bronx Times]]|url=https://www.bxtimes.com/six-bronx-subway-stations-could-be-ada-accessible-under-mta-proposal/|access-date=February 23, 2022|archive-date=February 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224023524/https://www.bxtimes.com/six-bronx-subway-stations-could-be-ada-accessible-under-mta-proposal/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Over the years, the MTA has been involved in a number of lawsuits over the lack of accessibility in its stations. The Eastern Paralyzed Veterans Association filed what may have been the first of these suits in 1979, based on state law.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maitland|first=Leslie|date=October 1, 1979|title=Suit Asserts M.T.A. Fails To Provide for Disabled|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/10/01/archives/suit-asserts-mta-fails-to-provide-for-disabled-discrimination.html|access-date=February 24, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110100359/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/10/01/archives/suit-asserts-mta-fails-to-provide-for-disabled-discrimination.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The lawsuits have relied on a number of different legal bases, but most have centered around the MTA's failure to include accessibility as a part of its plans for remodeling various stations.<ref name=":18">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/25/nyregion/new-york-subway-disability-lawsuit.html|title=New York City's Subway System Violates Local and Federal Laws, Disability Groups Say|last=Rosenberg|first=Eli|date=April 25, 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 26, 2017|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110100414/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/25/nyregion/new-york-subway-disability-lawsuit.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|January 2022}}, ADA-accessibility projects are expected to be started or completed at 51 stations as part of the 2020–2024 Capital Program.<ref name="MassapequaPark">{{cite report|url=https://new.mta.info/document/69176|page=53|publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority|location=New York|title=Notice of Public Hearing and Description of Projects|date=January 2022|access-date=January 20, 2022|archive-date=January 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106205923/https://new.mta.info/document/69176|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/22/nyregion/nyc-subway-byford-proposal.html|title=A Sweeping Plan to Fix the Subways Comes With a $19 Billion Price Tag|date=May 22, 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=May 23, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110100344/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/22/nyregion/nyc-subway-byford-proposal.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This would allow one of every two to four stations on every line to be accessible, so that all non-accessible stops would be a maximum of two stops from an accessible station.<ref name="fastforward">{{cite web | title=Transform the Subway | website=Fast Forward | publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] | date=May 23, 2018 | url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5afef986c3c16a2dc6705929/t/5b056a55aa4a99ccc11291bc/1527081560241/Fast+Forward+The+Plan+to+Modernize+NYCT.pdf | access-date=May 23, 2018 | archive-date=January 10, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110100352/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5afef986c3c16a2dc6705929/t/5b056a55aa4a99ccc11291bc/1527081560241/Fast+Forward+The+Plan+to+Modernize+NYCT.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|page=39}}
In 2022, the MTA agreed in a settlement to make 95 percent of subway and Staten Island Railway stations accessible by 2055.<ref name="nyt-2022-06-222">{{Cite news |last=Gold |first=Michael |date=June 22, 2022 |title=New York's Subway System Vows to Be 95 Percent Accessible by 2055 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/22/nyregion/nyc-subway-accessibility-disabilities-elevators.html |access-date=June 22, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622135107/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/22/nyregion/nyc-subway-accessibility-disabilities-elevators.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By comparison, all but one of Boston's [[MBTA subway]] stations are accessible, the [[Chicago "L"]] plans all stations to be accessible in the 2030s,<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Stations Accessibility Program (ASAP) |url=https://www.transitchicago.com/accessibility/asap/ |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=CTA |language=en |quote=In July 2018, we reached an important milestone in our commitment towards making the rail system accessible to everyone by releasing the All Stations Accessibility Program (ASAP) Strategic Plan – our blueprint for making the remaining 42 rail stations fully accessible over the next two decades. |archive-date=July 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727075117/https://www.transitchicago.com/accessibility/asap/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Toronto subway]] will be fully accessible by 2025,<ref name="TTC-2021-06-23">{{cite web |date=June 23, 2022 |title=2022 Accessibility Plan Status Update |url=https://ttc-cdn.azureedge.net/-/media/Project/TTC/DevProto/Documents/Home/Public-Meetings/Board/2022/June-23/11_2022_Accessibility_Plan_Status_Update.pdf?rev=93faffcb7ac44609a8e0be1d2685e720&hash=0784D6A852739F383C3D55DCC1D21D37 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726155357/https://ttc-cdn.azureedge.net/-/media/Project/TTC/DevProto/Documents/Home/Public-Meetings/Board/2022/June-23/11_2022_Accessibility_Plan_Status_Update.pdf?rev=93faffcb7ac44609a8e0be1d2685e720&hash=0784D6A852739F383C3D55DCC1D21D37 |archive-date=July 26, 2022 |access-date=June 23, 2022 |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |quote=The TTC continues to plan for all of its subway stations to be accessible by 2025.}}</ref> and [[Montreal Metro]] plans all stations to be accessible by 2038.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 7, 2017 |title=STM Metro accessibility plan will mean more elevators, ramps |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/stm-metro-accessibility-plan-will-mean-more-elevators-ramps-1.4013361 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |quote=Schnobb said at that time the entire underground network should be accessible by 2038. |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111035523/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/stm-metro-accessibility-plan-will-mean-more-elevators-ramps-1.4013361 |url-status=live }}</ref> Both the Boston and Chicago systems are as old or older than the New York City Subway, though all of these systems have fewer stations than the New York City Subway.<ref name="NYDN-GroupsSueMTA-2016">{{cite news |last1=Ross |first1=Barbara |last2=Gregorian |first2=Dareh |date=June 29, 2016 |title=Disability rights groups sue MTA over inaccessible subway station |newspaper=New York Daily News |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/disability-rights-groups-sue-mta-inaccessible-subway-station-article-1.2693061 |url-status=live |access-date=September 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202012413/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/disability-rights-groups-sue-mta-inaccessible-subway-station-article-1.2693061 |archive-date=February 2, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Office of the New York City Comptroller Scott M. Stringer 2018">{{cite web |date=July 17, 2018 |title=Service Denied: Accessibility and the New York City Subway System |url=https://comptroller.nyc.gov/reports/service-denied-accessibility-and-the-new-york-city-subway-system/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110100410/https://comptroller.nyc.gov/reports/service-denied-accessibility-and-the-new-york-city-subway-system/ |archive-date=January 10, 2021 |access-date=July 21, 2018 |website=Office of the New York City Comptroller Scott M. Stringer}}</ref> Newer systems like the [[Washington Metro]] and [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] have been fully accessible from their opening in the 1970s.<ref name="Chang 2020 s188">{{cite web | last=Chang | first=Sophia | title=MTA's Long History Of Being Sued Over Subway Accessibility | website=Gothamist | date=March 3, 2020 | url=https://gothamist.com/news/mtas-long-history-being-sued-over-subway-accessibility | access-date=July 27, 2023 | archive-date=July 27, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727130922/https://gothamist.com/news/mtas-long-history-being-sued-over-subway-accessibility | url-status=live }}</ref>
Line 191 ⟶ 192:
In November 2016, the New York City Subway had {{NYCS const|subwaycartotal}} cars on the roster.<ref group="note">See:
* {{NYCS const|thejoekorner|A}}
* {{NYCS const|thejoekorner|B}}
</ref>
A typical New York City Subway train consists of 8 to 11 cars, although shuttles can have as few as two, and the train can range from {{convert|150|to|600|ft}} in length.<ref>{{cite web |title=BMT-IND Car Assignments – December 6, 2015 |url=http://www.thejoekorner.com/carassignments/bmt-ind-2015-12-06.html |website=www.thejoekorner.com |access-date=February 14, 2016 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308150616/http://www.thejoekorner.com/carassignments/bmt-ind-2015-12-06.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Line 201 ⟶ 202:
From 1999 to 2019, the [[R142 (New York City Subway car)|R142]], [[R142A (New York City Subway car)|R142A]], [[R143 (New York City Subway car)|R143]], [[R160 (New York City Subway car)|R160]], [[R179 (New York City Subway car)|R179]] and [[R188 (New York City Subway car)|R188]] were placed into service.<ref>*R142/A: {{cite news|last1=Siegal|first1=Nina|title=Neighborhood Report: New York Underground; 2 New Trains in the Subways: Catch Them if You Can|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/01/nyregion/neighborhood-report-new-york-underground-2-new-trains-subways-catch-them-if-you.html|access-date=January 24, 2016|work=The New York Times|date=October 1, 2000|archive-date=February 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203195643/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/01/nyregion/neighborhood-report-new-york-underground-2-new-trains-subways-catch-them-if-you.html|url-status=live}}
* R143: {{cite journal|title=Kawasaki completes NYCT R143 order. (Market).(New York City Transit)(subway cars contract)|journal=[[Railway Age]]|date=March 1, 2003|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-99553181.html|access-date=July 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220180307/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-99553181.html|archive-date=February 20, 2016|url-status=dead}}
* R160: {{cite news|last1=Lueck|first1=Thomas J.|title=City Subways Put New Cars Into Service as a Test Run|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/18/nyregion/18cars.html|access-date=January 24, 2016|work=The New York Times|date=August 18, 2006|archive-date=May 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510083752/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/18/nyregion/18cars.html|url-status=live}}
* R179: {{cite news|last1=Barone|first1=Vincent|title=New MTA subway cars to arrive for testing, will replace oldest fleet|url=http://www.amny.com/transit/new-mta-subway-cars-to-arrive-for-testing-will-replace-oldest-fleet-1.12276227|access-date=September 8, 2016|work=[[AM New York]]|date=September 6, 2016|archive-date=September 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907213219/http://www.amny.com/transit/new-mta-subway-cars-to-arrive-for-testing-will-replace-oldest-fleet-1.12276227|url-status=live}}
* R188: {{cite web |url=http://www.mta.info/news/2013/11/18/new-subway-cars-being-put-test |title=MTA | news | New Subway Cars Being Put to the Test |publisher=New.mta.info |date=November 18, 2013 |access-date=August 24, 2014 |archive-date=May 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515152907/http://www.mta.info/news/2013/11/18/new-subway-cars-being-put-test |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="MTA-R160-NTT-E-Dec2008"/> These cars are collectively known as [[New Technology Train]]s (NTTs) due to modern innovations such as [[Light-emitting diode|LED]] and [[Liquid-crystal display|LCD]] route signs and information screens, as well as recorded train announcements and the ability to facilitate [[Communication-based train control|Communication-Based Train Control (CBTC)]].<ref name="MTA-R160-NTT-E-Dec2008">{{cite web |title=New Technology Train Rolled Out This Morning Along the E Line |url=http://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/new-technology-train-rolled-out-morning-along-e-line |publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] |access-date=December 7, 2015 |date=December 22, 2008 |archive-date=October 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026212616/https://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/new-technology-train-rolled-out-morning-along-e-line |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NYPress-NYCSNTTVoice-2003">{{cite web |title=The voice behind the closing doors would like to clear something up. |url=http://www.nypress.com/the-voice-behind-the-closing-doors-would-like-to-clear-something-up/ |website=nypress.com |publisher=Straus News |access-date=December 7, 2015 |date=March 18, 2003 |archive-date=September 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920112036/http://www.nypress.com/the-voice-behind-the-closing-doors-would-like-to-clear-something-up/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
As part of the 2017–2020 MTA Financial Plan, 600 subway cars will have electronic display signs installed to improve customer experience.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |date=November 16, 2016 |title=MTA 2017 Final Proposed Budget November Financial Plan 2017–2020, Volume 2 |url=http://web.mta.info/news/pdf/MTA%202017%20Final%20Proposed%20Budget%20November%20Financial%20Plan%202017-2020%20Volume%202.pdf |access-date=November 17, 2016 |website=mta.info |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |archive-date=May 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517072012/http://web.mta.info/news/pdf/MTA%202017%20Final%20Proposed%20Budget%20November%20Financial%20Plan%202017-2020%20Volume%202.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
Line 220 ⟶ 221:
[[File:MetroCard.SVG|left|thumb|The current MetroCard design]]
{{Main|MetroCard}}
In June 1993, a fare system called the [[MetroCard]] was introduced, which allows riders to use [[magnetic stripe card]]s that store the value equal to the amount paid to a subway station booth clerk or vending machine.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7DC143BF931A35755C0A965958260 |first=Seth |last=Faison |newspaper=The New York Times |title=3,000 Subway Riders, Cards in Hand, Test New Fare System |date=June 2, 1993 |access-date=April 25, 2010 |archive-date=August 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805203830/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/02/nyregion/3000-subway-riders-cards-in-hand-test-new-fare-system.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The MetroCard was enhanced in 1997 to allow passengers to make free transfers between subways and buses within two hours; several MetroCard-only [[List of New York City Subway transfer stations|transfers between subway stations]] were added in 2001.<ref>{{Cite news| url = http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/push-free-g-to-j-m-transfer-permanent-article-1.1917910| title = With work on Greenpoint Tube set to end, advocates want free G-to-J/M transfer to be permanent| last = Donohue| first = Pete| date = August 26, 2014| newspaper = New York Daily News| access-date = February 28, 2016| archive-date = January 20, 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220120034410/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/push-free-g-to-j-m-transfer-permanent-article-1.1917910| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://web.mta.info/nyct/service/G_LineReview_7_10_13.pdf| title = NYC Transit G Line Review| date = July 10, 2013| website = mta.info| publisher = Metropolitan Transportation Authority| access-date = February 28, 2016| archive-date = December 24, 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191224164006/http://web.mta.info/nyct/service/G_LineReview_7_10_13.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> With the addition of unlimited-ride MetroCards in 1998, the New York City Transit system was the last major transit system in the United States with the exception of [[BART]] in [[San Francisco]] to introduce passes for unlimited bus and rapid transit travel.<ref>{{cite news |first=Andy |last=Newman |title=Hop On, Hop Off: The Unlimited Metrocard Arrives |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/03/nyregion/hop-on-hop-off-the-unlimited-metrocard-arrives.html |date=July 3, 1998 |access-date=January 8, 2010 |archive-date=August 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831233932/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/03/nyregion/hop-on-hop-off-the-unlimited-metrocard-arrives.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2024}}, MetroCard is to be retired at an undetermined date.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brachfeld |first=Ben |date=2023-04-April 24, 2023 |title=OMNY machines rolling out at subway stations this summer as phase-out of MetroCard delayed indefinitely |work=amNewYork |url=https://www.amny.com/transit/omny-machines-rollout/ |access-date=2023-07-July 27, 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010215307/https://www.amny.com/transit/omny-machines-rollout/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
===OMNY===
Line 259 ⟶ 260:
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the MTA began automating the subway by installing CBTC, which supplements rather than replaces the fixed-block signal system; it allows trains to operate more closely together with lower [[headway]]s. The [[BMT Canarsie Line]], on which the {{NYCS trains|Canarsie}} runs, was chosen for pilot testing because it is a self-contained line that does not operate in conjunction with other lines. CBTC became operational in February 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railwayage.com/index.php/communications/mta-l-line-trains-go-to-full-cbtc.html|title=MTA L Line trains go to full CBTC|first=William C. |last=Vantuono|website=www.railwayage.com|access-date=March 13, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314063159/http://www.railwayage.com/index.php/communications/mta-l-line-trains-go-to-full-cbtc.html|archive-date=March 14, 2016|date=February 24, 2009}}</ref> Due to an unexpected ridership increase, the MTA ordered additional cars, and increased service from 15 trains to 26 trains per hour, an achievement beyond the capability of the block system.<ref name="neuman-May22">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/nyregion/22subway.html |url-access=subscription |title=For Less Crowding on L Train, Think 2010, Report Says |access-date=May 24, 2007 |first=William |last=Neuman |date=May 22, 2007 |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114004056/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/nyregion/22subway.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The total cost of the project was $340 million.<ref name=":10" />
After the success of the BMT Canarsie Line automation, the [[IRT Flushing Line]], carrying the {{NYCS trains|Flushing}}, was next chosen to get CBTC.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Tech Promises Less Subway Crowding, If Albany Doesn't Beggar the MTA |website= Streetsblog New York City |first1=Josef |last1=Szende |first2=Charles |last2=Komanoff |url = http://www.streetsblog.org/2011/10/13/new-tech-promises-less-subway-crowding-if-albany-doesnt-beggar-the-mta/|access-date = February 10, 2016|date = October 13, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215174144/http://www.streetsblog.org/2011/10/13/new-tech-promises-less-subway-crowding-if-albany-doesnt-beggar-the-mta/ |archive-date= FebFebruary 15, 2016 }}</ref> Estimated to cost US$1.4 billion,<ref>{{cite web |title=2008–2013 MTA Capital Program Accelerated Program Presentation to the Board |publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] |date=February 27, 2008 |url=http://web.mta.info/mta/news/public/ppt/Accelerated%20Program%20Presentation%20for%20Boardjss2.ppt |format=PPT |access-date=February 28, 2008 |pages=15–16 |archive-date=August 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815154617/http://web.mta.info/mta/news/public/ppt/Accelerated%20Program%20Presentation%20for%20Boardjss2.ppt |url-status=live }}</ref> the project was completed in November 2018.<ref name="MTA-CPOC-Nov2018">{{Cite web|url=http://web.mta.info/mta/news/books/pdf/181113_1400_CPOC.pdf|title=Capital Program Oversight Committee Meeting November 2018|date=November 13, 2018|access-date=April 20, 2018|publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]]|archive-date=July 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717073555/http://web.mta.info/mta/news/books/pdf/181113_1400_CPOC.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|11–12}} By 2018, CBTC was in the process of being installed on several other routes as well, particularly the [[IND Queens Boulevard Line]] ({{NYCS trains|Queens}}) and [[IND Culver Line]] ({{NYCS trains|Culver IND north}}).<ref name="MTA-CPOC-Nov2018" /> The total cost for the entire Queens Boulevard Line is estimated at over $900 million,<ref>{{cite web |title=MTA 2010–2014 Capital Program Questions and Answers |url=http://mta.info/mta/pdf/2010-14questions_and_answers_v2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302010603/http://mta.info/mta/pdf/2010-14questions_and_answers_v2.pdf |archive-date=March 2, 2012 |access-date=March 16, 2016 |website=mta.info |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority}}</ref> and the Queens Boulevard CBTC project was completed in 2022.<ref name=":12" /> Funding for CBTC on the [[IND Eighth Avenue Line]] is also provided in the 2015–2019 capital plan,<ref>{{cite report |url=http://web.mta.info/mta/capital/pdf/TYN2015-2034.pdf |title=MTA Twenty-Year Capital Needs Assessment 2015–2034 |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |location=New York |access-date=March 18, 2016 |archive-date=March 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329000909/http://web.mta.info/mta/capital/pdf/TYN2015-2034.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[IND Crosstown Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2022 |title=MTA 2022 Adopted Budget February Financial Plan 2022 – 2025 February 2022 |url=https://new.mta.info/document/76706#page=91 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=mta.info |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |page=V-3 |archive-date=July 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714163139/https://new.mta.info/document/76706#page=91 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[IND Fulton Street Line]] were also being equipped with CBTC {{As of|2022|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2022 |title=Solicitation Title: S48019 Design-Build Services for Communication Based Train Control Fulton Line in Brooklyn |url=https://new.mta.info/document/99396 |access-date=November 9, 2022 |website=mta.info |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |archive-date=November 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109225248/https://new.mta.info/document/99396 |url-status=live }}</ref> The widespread installation of CBTC includes retrofitting many newer subway cars and replacement of older cars.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |date=February 23, 2016 |title=How a Single Mechanical Failure Sparked 625 MTA Delays |url=https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2016/02/mta-one-day-625-delays.html |access-date=February 29, 2016 |website=Daily Intelligencer |archive-date=March 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301013939/http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2016/02/mta-one-day-625-delays.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Eventually, the MTA has plans to automate a much larger portion, using [[One Person Train Operation]] (OPTO) in conjunction with CBTC. At the current pace of installation, it would take 175 years for CBTC to be installed at a cost of $20 billion.<ref name=":10" /> The Flushing line operated at almost 30 trains an hour using the signal system installed when the line was built, but after the CBTC installation it became possible that an additional two trains per hour could be operated.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbYqQSQcE2MC|title=Rail Transit Capacity|last1=Parkinson|first1=Tom|last2=Fisher|first2=Ian|date=1996|publisher=Transportation Research Board|isbn=978-0309057189|language=en}}</ref> In March 2018, [[New York City Transit Authority]] president [[Andy Byford]] announced a new plan for resignaling the subway with CBTC, which would only take 10 to 15 years, compared to the previous estimate of 40 years. This would cost $8 to $15 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-transit-chief-says-signal-overhaul-could-be-completed-in-10-to-15-years-1522315801|title=New York City Transit Chief: Subway Signal Overhaul Could Be Done in 10 to 15 Years|last=Berger|first=Paul|date=March 29, 2018|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=March 30, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=March 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329222624/https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-transit-chief-says-signal-overhaul-could-be-completed-in-10-to-15-years-1522315801|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ny.curbed.com/2018/3/29/17176200/new-york-subway-signal-repairs-timeline|title=NYC subway's aging signals could be fixed in 10–15 years, says transit head|last=Rosenberg|first=Zoe|date=March 29, 2018|work=Curbed NY|access-date=March 30, 2018|archive-date=March 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329191626/https://ny.curbed.com/2018/3/29/17176200/new-york-subway-signal-repairs-timeline|url-status=live}}</ref>
Line 308 ⟶ 309:
[[Najibullah Zazi]] and others were arrested in September 2009 and pleaded guilty in 2010 to being part of an [[al-Qaeda]] plan to undertake suicide bombings on the New York City subway system.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/16/nyregion/16terror.html |title=Man in Queens Raids Denies Any Terrorist Link |last1=Zraick |first1=Karen |last2=Johnston |first2=David |date=September 15, 2009 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 30, 2014 |archive-date=March 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306021256/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/16/nyregion/16terror.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/n-y-c-bomb-plot-suspect-zazi-pleads-guilty-1.883116 |title=N.Y.C. bomb plot suspect Zazi pleads guilty |agency=Associated Press News |publisher=CBC |date=February 20, 2010 |access-date=January 30, 2014 |archive-date=February 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203010356/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/n-y-c-bomb-plot-suspect-zazi-pleads-guilty-1.883116 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Challenges==
Line 322:
On July 25, 2017, Chairman [[Joe Lhota]] announced a two-phase, $9 billion New York City Subway Action Plan to stabilize the subway system and to prevent the continuing decline of the system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/25/nyregion/subway-rescue-plan-mta.html|title=Rescue Plan to Improve Subways Includes Removing Seats|last=Fitzsimmons|first=Emma G.|date=July 25, 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 25, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415133708/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/25/nyregion/subway-rescue-plan-mta.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":422">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mta.info/press-release/mta-headquarters/mta-chairman-joseph-lhota-unveils-new-york-city-subway-action-plan|title=MTA {{!}} Press Release {{!}} MTA Headquarters {{!}} MTA Chairman Joseph Lhota Unveils New York City Subway Action Plan|website=www.mta.info|access-date=July 25, 2017|archive-date=April 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424164852/https://www.mta.info/press-release/mta-headquarters/mta-chairman-joseph-lhota-unveils-new-york-city-subway-action-plan|url-status=dead}}
* See also: {{Cite news|url=http://www.mtamovingforward.com/|title=NYC Subway Action Plan|access-date=July 25, 2017|archive-date=January 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122212749/http://www.mtamovingforward.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":322">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Subway-Audit-State-of-Emergency-MTA-Plan-Modernize-Lhota-Cuomo-436541583.html|title=MTA Chair Unveils $836 Million Subway Stabilization Plan|date=July 25, 2017|work=NBC New York|access-date=July 26, 2017|language=en|archive-date=June 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621025039/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Subway-Audit-State-of-Emergency-MTA-Plan-Modernize-Lhota-Cuomo-436541583.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":522">{{Cite news|url=http://abc7ny.com/traffic/mta-chairman-unveils-plan-to-fix-nyc-subway-system/2248102/|title=MTA chairman unveils plan to fix NYC subway system|last=Clark|first=Dray|date=July 25, 2017|work=ABC7 New York|access-date=July 26, 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=April 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424184837/https://abc7ny.com/traffic/mta-chairman-unveils-plan-to-fix-nyc-subway-system/2248102/|url-status=live}}</ref> The first phase, costing $836 million, consisted of five categories of improvements in Signal and Track Maintenance, Car Reliability, System Safety and Cleanliness, Customer Communication, and Critical Management Group. The $8 billion second phase would implement the winning proposals from the Genius Transit Challenge and fix more widespread problems.<ref name=":422" /><ref name=":322" /><ref name=":522" /> Six winning submissions for the Genius Transit Challenge were announced in March 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rtands.com/index.php/passenger/commuter-regional/mta-genius-transit-challenge-winners-announced.html|title=MTA Genius Transit Challenge winners announced|last=Vantuono|first=William|date=March 12, 2018|website=Railway Track & Structures|access-date=March 14, 2018|archive-date=March 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315113548/http://www.rtands.com/index.php/passenger/commuter-regional/mta-genius-transit-challenge-winners-announced.html|url-status=live}}</ref>▼
▲*See also: {{Cite news|url=http://www.mtamovingforward.com/|title=NYC Subway Action Plan|access-date=July 25, 2017|archive-date=January 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122212749/http://www.mtamovingforward.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":322">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Subway-Audit-State-of-Emergency-MTA-Plan-Modernize-Lhota-Cuomo-436541583.html|title=MTA Chair Unveils $836 Million Subway Stabilization Plan|date=July 25, 2017|work=NBC New York|access-date=July 26, 2017|language=en|archive-date=June 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621025039/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Subway-Audit-State-of-Emergency-MTA-Plan-Modernize-Lhota-Cuomo-436541583.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":522">{{Cite news|url=http://abc7ny.com/traffic/mta-chairman-unveils-plan-to-fix-nyc-subway-system/2248102/|title=MTA chairman unveils plan to fix NYC subway system|last=Clark|first=Dray|date=July 25, 2017|work=ABC7 New York|access-date=July 26, 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=April 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424184837/https://abc7ny.com/traffic/mta-chairman-unveils-plan-to-fix-nyc-subway-system/2248102/|url-status=live}}</ref> The first phase, costing $836 million, consisted of five categories of improvements in Signal and Track Maintenance, Car Reliability, System Safety and Cleanliness, Customer Communication, and Critical Management Group. The $8 billion second phase would implement the winning proposals from the Genius Transit Challenge and fix more widespread problems.<ref name=":422" /><ref name=":322" /><ref name=":522" /> Six winning submissions for the Genius Transit Challenge were announced in March 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rtands.com/index.php/passenger/commuter-regional/mta-genius-transit-challenge-winners-announced.html|title=MTA Genius Transit Challenge winners announced|last=Vantuono|first=William|date=March 12, 2018|website=Railway Track & Structures|access-date=March 14, 2018|archive-date=March 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315113548/http://www.rtands.com/index.php/passenger/commuter-regional/mta-genius-transit-challenge-winners-announced.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In October 2017, city comptroller [[Scott Stringer]] released an analysis that subway delays could cost up to $389 million or $243.1 million or $170.2 million per year depending on the length of the delays.<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://comptroller.nyc.gov/reports/the-economic-cost-of-subway-delays/|title=The Economic Cost of Subway Delays|last=Stringer|first=Scott M.|date=October 1, 2017|location=New York|publisher=Office of the [[New York City Comptroller]]|language=en-US|access-date=October 4, 2017|archive-date=April 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415020138/https://comptroller.nyc.gov/reports/the-economic-cost-of-subway-delays/|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2017, ''The New York Times'' published its investigation into the crisis. It found that the crisis had arisen as a result of financially unsound decisions by local and state politicians from both the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] parties. According to the ''Times'', these decisions included overspending; overpaying unions and interest groups; advertising superficial improvement projects while ignoring more important infrastructure; and agreeing to high-interest loans that would have been unnecessary without these politicians' other interventions. By this time, the subway's 65% average on-time performance was the lowest among all major cities' transit systems, and every non-shuttle subway route's on-time performance had declined in the previous ten years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/18/nyregion/new-york-subway-system-failure-delays.html|title=How Politics and Bad Decisions Starved New York's Subways|last1=Rosenthal|first1=Brian M.|date=November 18, 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 18, 2017|last2=Fitzsimmons|first2=Emma G.|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|last3=LaForgia|first3=Michael|archive-date=March 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305191835/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/18/nyregion/new-york-subway-system-failure-delays.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The state of emergency ended on June 30, 2021, after previously being renewed 49 times.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gothamist.com/news/mta-no-longer-state-emergency-cuomo-seeks-greater-control-top-positions|title=MTA Is No Longer In A "State of Emergency," But Cuomo Seeks Greater Control Of Top Positions|last=Nessen|first=Stephen|date=July 9, 2021|work=Gothamist|access-date=July 17, 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=July 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718010221/https://gothamist.com/news/mta-no-longer-state-emergency-cuomo-seeks-greater-control-top-positions|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|October 2021}}, on-time performance across all routes is at 80.6 percent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duggan |first=Kevin |date=October 17, 2021 |title='C' you later! This subway line had one in five trips canceled last month |url=https://www.amny.com/transit/c-ya-later-one-fifth-of-c-train-trips-canceled-in-september-due-to-mta-crew-shortages/ |access-date=October 21, 2021 |website=The Villager |language=en |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020092105/https://www.amny.com/transit/c-ya-later-one-fifth-of-c-train-trips-canceled-in-september-due-to-mta-crew-shortages/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Worsening subway reliability and service cuts in the early 2020s have been attributed to chronic mismanagement at the agency and a botched restructuring plan that was implemented under former [[Governor of New York|Governor]] [[Andrew Cuomo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 20, 2021 |title=How the MTA Spent Millions on a Cuomo Cost-Cutting Effort That Spurred a Worker Shortage |url=https://www.thecity.nyc/2021/10/20/22737080/mta-spent-millions-on-cuomo-plan-subway-bus-delays |access-date=July 25, 2022 |website=The City |language=en |archive-date=July 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725192445/https://www.thecity.nyc/2021/10/20/22737080/mta-spent-millions-on-cuomo-plan-subway-bus-delays |url-status=live }}</ref>
Line 335 ⟶ 334:
==== Expanding service frequency via CBTC ====
{{Further|Signaling of the New York City Subway#Automation}}
The MTA has sought to relieve overcrowding by upgrading signaling systems on some lines to use communications-based train control.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fitzsimmons |first=Emma G. |date=May 1, 2017-05-01 |title=Key to Improving Subway Service in New York? Modern Signals |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/01/nyregion/new-york-subway-signals.html |access-date=October 3, 2023-10-03 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> CBTC installation on the [[IRT Flushing Line|Flushing Line]] is expected to increase the rate of trains per hour on the {{NYCS trains|Flushing}}, but little relief will come to other crowded lines until later.<ref name=":12" /> The {{NYCS trains|Canarsie}}, which is overcrowded during rush hours, already has CBTC operation.<ref name="chan-January14">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/14/nyregion/14subway.html |title=Subways Run by Computers Start on L Line This Summer |access-date=May 24, 2007 |first=Sewell |last=Chan |author-link=Sewell Chan |date=January 14, 2005 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> The installation of CBTC has reduced the L's running time by 3%.<ref name=":4" /> Even with CBTC, there are limits on the potential increased service. For L service to be increased further, a power upgrade as well as additional space for the L to turn around at its Manhattan terminus, [[14th Street–Eighth Avenue (New York City Subway)|Eighth Avenue]], are needed.<ref name=":8" />
==== Service frequency and car capacity ====
Line 386 ⟶ 385:
As part of a $130 million and an estimated 18-month project, the MTA began installing new subway grates in September 2008 in an attempt to prevent rain from overflowing into the subway system. The metallic structures, designed with the help of architectural firms and meant as a piece of public art, are placed atop existing grates but with a {{convert|3|to|4|in|mm|adj=on}} sleeve to prevent debris and rain from flooding the subway. The racks will at first be installed in the three most flood-prone areas as determined by hydrologists: [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]], [[Tribeca]], and the [[Upper West Side]]. Each neighborhood has its own distinct design, some featuring a wave-like deck which increases in height and features seating (as in Jamaica), others with a flatter deck that includes seating and a bike rack.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |title=New Subway Grates Add Aesthetics to Flood Protection |work=The New York Times |date=September 19, 2008 |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/19/new-subway-grates-add-aesthetics-to-flood-protection/ |access-date=October 7, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lee |first=Jennifer |title=Three in One – Flood Protection, Benches and Bike Parking |work=The New York Times |date=October 1, 2008 |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/01/three-in-one-flood-protection-benches-and-bike-parking-in-a-new-design/ |access-date=October 7, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://secondavenuesagas.com/2010/04/16/new-raised-storm-grates-earn-architectural-praise/|title=New raised storm grates earn architectural praise|website=Second Ave. Sagas|access-date=March 13, 2016|date=April 16, 2010}}</ref>
In October 2012, [[Hurricane Sandy]] caused [[Hurricane Sandy in New York|significant damage to New York City]], and many subway tunnels were inundated with floodwater. The subway opened with limited service two days after the storm and was running at 80 percent capacity within five days; some infrastructure needed years to repair. A year after the storm, MTA spokesperson Kevin Ortiz said, "This was unprecedented in terms of the amount of damage that we were seeing throughout the system."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Boissoneault |first1=Lorraine |title=Superstorm Sandy Anniversary – How the Subway Survived |url=http://www.weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/devastating-effects-water-how-superstorm-sandy-shut-down-subway-swamped-city |website=The Weather Channel |access-date=November 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite web|url=http://subwaynut.com/sandy/|title=Hurricane Sandy: Effects on Subway & Rail Service|last=Cox|first=Jeremiah|website=subwaynut.com|access-date=March 13, 2016|archive-date=March 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309082154/http://subwaynut.com/sandy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The storm flooded nine of the system's 14 underwater tunnels, many subway lines, and several subway yards, as well as completely destroying a portion of the [[IND Rockaway Line]] and much of the [[South Ferry (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)|South Ferry]] terminal station. Reconstruction required many partial or total closures on several lines and tunnels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mta.info/sandy/nyct_girds.htm|title=mta.info {{!}} Superstorm Sandy: One Year Later|website=web.mta.info|publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]]|access-date=July 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803224532/http://web.mta.info/sandy/nyct_girds.htm|archive-date=August 3, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Heavy flooding also occurred in September 2021 during [[Hurricane Ida]]<ref name="NPR 2021 m246">{{cite web | title=NYC's Subway Flooding Isn't A Fluke. It's The Reality For Cities In A Warming World | website=NPR | date=September 2, 2021 | url=https://www.npr.org/2021/09/02/1021185475/climate-change-means-more-subway-flooding-worldwide-like-new-york-just-experienc | access-date=October 3, 2023}}</ref> and [[September 2023 New York floods|in September 2023]] during the aftermath of [[Tropical Storm Ophelia (2023)|Tropical Storm Ophelia]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ley|first=Ana|date=September 29, 2023-09-29|title=Rain Wreaks Havoc on New York's Mass Transit System|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/29/nyregion/nyc-flood-mta-subway.html|access-date=October 3, 2023-10-03|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
Line 392 ⟶ 391:
File:Bowling Green Station Entrance in Flood Prep vc.jpg|Preparations for [[Hurricane Sandy]] at [[Bowling Green (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)|Bowling Green]]
File:South Ferry Subway Station Entrance under Water vc.jpg|alt=New South Ferry station after Hurricane Sandy|[[South Ferry (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)|South Ferry]] after Hurricane Sandy
File:Pump Train in Cranberry Street Tunnel after Hurricane Sandy vc.jpg|alt=A pump train is seen removing water from the Cranberry Street Tube shortly after Hurricane Sandy. The water is brown in color.|Pump train in the [[Cranberry Street Tunnel|Cranberry Street Tube]] after Hurricane Sandy
</gallery>
Line 420 ⟶ 419:
The New York City Subway system is infested with [[rat]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/03/24/NYC-takes-aim-at-subway-rats/UPI-79751237928283/ |title=NYC takes aim at subway rats |work=[[United Press International]] |date=March 24, 2009 |access-date=June 27, 2009}}</ref> Rats are sometimes seen on platforms,<ref>"[http://www.newsday.com/long-island/transportation/rats-rule-the-subway-rails-platforms-1.883713 Rats rule the subway rails, platforms"], Matthew Sweeney, ''Newsday'', August 13, 2008</ref> and are commonly seen foraging through garbage thrown onto the tracks. They are believed to pose a health hazard, and on rare instances have been known to bite humans.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.amny.com/urbanite-1.812039/rat-bites-woman-in-subway-station-as-she-waits-for-train-1.3152338 |title=Rat bites woman in subway station as she waits for train |work=amNewYork |first=Marc |last=Beja |date=September 8, 2011 |access-date=September 12, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128110652/http://www.amny.com/urbanite-1.812039/rat-bites-woman-in-subway-station-as-she-waits-for-train-1.3152338 |archive-date=November 28, 2011 }}</ref> Subway stations notorious for rat infestation include [[Chambers Street – World Trade Center (IND Eighth Avenue Line)|Chambers Street]], [[Jay Street–MetroTech (IND Fulton Street Line)|Jay Street–MetroTech]], [[West Fourth Street – Washington Square (New York City Subway)|West Fourth Street]], [[Spring Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)|Spring Street]] and [[145th Street (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)|145th Street]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brooklyntoday.info:80/component/content/article/2-general-news/152-rats-in-subway-are-health-hazard-for-new-yorkers.html |title=Rats in subway are health hazard for New Yorkers |date=January 12, 2010 |publisher=Brooklyn Today – The Brooklyn News Network |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313194115/http://www.brooklyntoday.info/component/content/article/2-general-news/152-rats-in-subway-are-health-hazard-for-new-yorkers.html |archive-date=March 13, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Decades of efforts to eradicate or simply thin the rat population in the system have been a failure. In March 2009, the Transit Authority announced a series of changes to its vermin control strategy, including new [[Rodenticide|poison]] formulas and experimental trap designs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nypost.com/seven/03242009/news/regionalnews/you_dirty_rats__new_traps_target_subway__161096.htm |title=You Dirty Rats! New Traps Target Subway Vermin |first=Tom |last=Namako |work=New York Post |date=March 24, 2009 |access-date=June 27, 2009 |archive-date=July 27, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727022513/http://www.nypost.com/seven/03242009/news/regionalnews/you_dirty_rats__new_traps_target_subway__161096.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In October 2011, they announced a new initiative to clean 25 subway stations, along with their garbage rooms, of rat infestations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ny1.com/content/news_beats/transit/148410/mta-to-launch-new-cleaning-initiative-to-combat-rat-infestations |title=MTA To Launch New Cleaning Initiative To Combat Rat Infestations |work=[[NY1]] |first=Tina |last=Redwine |date=October 5, 2011 |access-date=October 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008132358/http://www.ny1.com/content/news_beats/transit/148410/mta-to-launch-new-cleaning-initiative-to-combat-rat-infestations |archive-date=October 8, 2011 }}</ref> That same month, the MTA announced a pilot program aimed at reducing levels of garbage in the subways by removing all garbage bins from the subway platforms. The initiative was tested at the [[Eighth Street–New York University (BMT Broadway Line)|Eighth Street–New York University]] and [[Flushing–Main Street (IRT Flushing Line)|Flushing–Main Street]] stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.metro.us/newyork/local/article/1005728--mta-removes-bins-hoping-to-reduce-trash |title=MTA removes bins hoping to reduce trash |work=Metro |first=Emily |last=Epstein |date=October 24, 2011 |access-date=December 13, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027192558/http://www.metro.us/newyork/local/article/1005728--mta-removes-bins-hoping-to-reduce-trash |archive-date=October 27, 2011 }}</ref> As of March 2016, stations along the [[BMT Jamaica Line]], [[BMT Myrtle Avenue Line]], and various other stations had their garbage cans removed due to the success of the program.<ref name="auto4">{{cite web|url=http://www.mta.info/news-trash-new-york-city-transit-subway/2015/08/06/mta-new-york-city-transit-trash-can-free-stations|title=MTA {{!}} news {{!}} MTA New York City Transit: Trash Can Free Stations Pilot Yields Positive Results|website=www.mta.info|access-date=March 11, 2016|archive-date=March 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312011722/http://www.mta.info/news-trash-new-york-city-transit-subway/2015/08/06/mta-new-york-city-transit-trash-can-free-stations|url-status=dead}}</ref> In March 2017 the program was ended as a failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amny.com/transit/mta-ends-trash-can-removal-pilot-program-in-subway-stations-1.13330827|title=MTA trashes pilot program that removed bins from stations|website=am New York|date=March 28, 2017|language=en|access-date=December 24, 2018}}</ref>
The old vacuum trains that are designed to remove trash from the tracks are ineffective and often broken.<ref name="auto4" /> A 2016 study by Travel Math had the New York City Subway listed as the dirtiest subway system in the country based on the number of viable bacteria cells.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://247wallst.com/transportation/2016/03/10/new-york-city-has-dirtiest-subway-system/|title=New York City Has Dirtiest Subway System|website=247wallst.com|access-date=March 13, 2016}}</ref> In August 2016, the MTA announced that it had initiated Operation Track Sweep, an aggressive plan to dramatically reduce the amount of trash on the tracks and in the subway environment. This was expected to reduce track fires and train delays. As part of the plan, the frequency of station track cleaning would be increased, and 94 stations would be cleaned per two-week period, an increase from the previous rate of 34 stations every two weeks.<ref name=":17" /> The MTA launched an intensive two-week, system-wide cleaning on September 12, 2016.<ref>{{cite web | title=NYC Transit – MTA Launches Phase 2 of Operation Track Sweep: A Two-Week Track Cleaning Blitz | website=MTA | date=September 12, 2016 | url=http://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/mta-launches-phase-2-operation-track-sweep-two-week-track-cleaning-blitz | access-date=December 21, 2018 | archive-date=December 21, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134610/http://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/mta-launches-phase-2-operation-track-sweep-two-week-track-cleaning-blitz | url-status=dead }}</ref> Several vacuum trains were delivered in 2018 and 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2018/10/31/new-vacuum-trains-aim-to-suck-trash-in-its-tracks|title=New Vacuum Trains Aim to Suck Trash Right in its Tracks|website=www.ny1.com|language=en|access-date=December 21, 2018}}</ref> The operation planned to also include 27 new refuse cars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mta.info/news-operation-track-sweep-new-york-city-transit-subway-tracks/2016/08/05/sustained-mta-effort-keep|title=MTA {{!}} news {{!}} Sustained MTA Effort to Keep the Tracks Clean Includes Two-Week Track Cleaning Blitz at All 469 Subway Stations and New Cleaning Equipment|website=www.mta.info|access-date=August 10, 2016|archive-date=August 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808131947/http://www.mta.info/news-operation-track-sweep-new-york-city-transit-subway-tracks/2016/08/05/sustained-mta-effort-keep|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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The New York City Subway system has been a target for unauthorized or [[Guerrilla art|"guerrilla"]] art since the 1970s, beginning with graffiti and tagging. Originally thought of as vandalism, the art form eventually emerged as an authoritative typology in the 1980s, especially with the release of the 1983 documentary ''[[Style Wars]]''. Prominent pop-artist [[Keith Haring]] got his start tagging blank billboards on subway platforms with chalk art.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Keith Haring Biography, Art, and Analysis of Works |url=http://www.theartstory.org/artist-haring-keith.htm |access-date=October 28, 2017 |work=The Art Story |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2019–2020, the [[Bronx Museum]] mounted an exhibition of graffiti-tagged subway cars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://untappedcities.com/2019/09/30/see-an-incredible-exhibit-of-graffiti-tagged-nyc-subway-trains-from-the-70s-and-80s/|title=SEE AN INCREDIBLE EXHIBIT OF GRAFFITI-TAGGED NYC SUBWAY TRAINS FROM THE '70S AND '80S|author=Michelle Young|publisher=Untapped NY|date=2019|access-date=August 21, 2021}}</ref>
More contemporary installations have taken place as well. In 2014, artist London Kaye [[yarnbombing|yarn-bombed]] the L train, wrapping metal handpoleshand poles in knit fabric.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FB_KGZaR9dI| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211029/FB_KGZaR9dI| archive-date=October 29, 2021|title=Watch London Kaye Yarn-Bomb the L Train|author=Animal New York| website=[[YouTube]]|date=February 19, 2014|access-date=August 21, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2019, artist Ian Callender used projectors to show accurate views of the cityscape above moving 6 trains on the ceilings of entire cars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.designboom.com/architecture/ian-callender-projects-new-york-cityscape-ceiling-moving-subway-trains-07-19-2021/|title=Ian Callender Projects New York Cityscape on the Ceiling of Moving Subway Trains|author=Myrto Katsikopoulou|publisher=[[Designboom]]|date=July 19, 2021|access-date=August 21, 2021}}</ref> In 2021, illustrator Devon Rodriguez went viral for his drawings of fellow commuters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/news/the-nyc-artist-thats-gone-super-viral-drawing-strangers-on-the-subway-021921/|title=The NYC artist that's gone super viral drawing strangers on the subway|author=Will Gleason|publisher=[[Time Out (magazine)|TimeOut]]|date=February 19, 2021|access-date=August 21, 2021|archive-date=August 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821230036/https://www.timeout.com/newyork/news/the-nyc-artist-thats-gone-super-viral-drawing-strangers-on-the-subway-021921|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== No Pants Ride ===
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==References==
{{Reflist}}
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vortexpedia |date=2024-07-09 |title=Explaining How the New York City Subway Operates |url=https://vortexpedia.com/explaining-how-the-new-york-city-subway-operates/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Vortex Pedia |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Further reading==