Nicotine: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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Nicotine is [[addictive]].<ref name=CDPH2015/> In lesser doses (an average [[cigarette]] yields about 2&nbsp;mg of absorbed nicotine), the substance acts as a [[stimulant]] in [[mammal]]s, while high amounts (50–100&nbsp;mg) can be harmful.<ref name=inchem>{{cite web|url=http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/nicotine.htm#PartTitle:7.%20TOXICOLOGY |title=Nicotine (PIM) |publisher=Inchem.org |accessdate=2012-12-19}}</ref><ref name=overdose>{{cite web | author = Genetic Science Learning Center | title = How Drugs Can Kill | url = http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugskill/ }}</ref><ref name=MayerNewLethalDose2013/> This stimulant effect is a contributing factor to the addictive properties of [[tobacco smoking]]. Nicotine's addictive nature includes psychoactive effects, drug-reinforced behavior, compulsive use, relapse after abstinence, physical dependence and tolerance.<ref name=Caponnetto2012>{{cite journal|last1=Caponnetto|first1=Pasquale|last2=Campagna|first2=Davide|last3=Papale|first3=Gabriella|last4=Russo|first4=Cristina|last5=Polosa|first5=Riccardo|title=The emerging phenomenon of electronic cigarettes|journal=Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine|volume=6|issue=1|year=2012|pages=63–74|issn=1747-6348|doi=10.1586/ers.11.92|pmid=22283580}}</ref>

It is widely held that nicotine, delivered as a drug in regulated [[nicotine replacement therapy]] devices at recommended doses, itself poses little health risks, except among certain vulnerable groups.<ref name ="CancerResearch2013" /> Nicotine is associated with potential birth defects and at high enough-doses, poisonings.<ref name="SGR 2014">{{(2014) The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General.

PMID 24455788}}</ref><ref name=Jerry2015/> ''[[In vitro]]'' studies have associated it with cancer, but carcinogenicity has not been demonstrated ''[[in vivo]]''.<ref name=Jerry2015/> There is inadequate research to demonstrate that nicotine is associated with cancer in humans.<ref name=SGUS2014/> As medicine, nicotine is used to help with [[quitting smoking]] and has good safety in this form.<ref name=Schraufnage2014/> During pregnancy, there are risks to child later in life for type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, neurobehavioral defects, respiratory dysfunction, and infertility.<ref name=Schraufnage2014/> Nicotine is regarded as a potentially [[potency (pharmacology)|lethal]] poison.<ref name=Brandon2015/> It is unlikely that a person would overdose on nicotine through smoking alone.<ref name=FDANRTLabels/> The use of [[electronic cigarette]]s, which are designed to be refilled with nicotine-containing [[e-liquid]], has renewed interest in nicotine overdoses, especially with regard to the possibility of young children ingesting the liquids.<ref name=McNeill2015/>

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==Adverse effects==

According to a 2013 report by [[Cancer Research UK]], in a discussion of nicotine when delivered as a drug in regulated [[nicotine replacement therapy]] devices at recommended doses: "The accepted medical position is that while nicotine is highly addictive and comparable to drugs such as heroin or cocaine, it poses little health risks except in certain vulnerable groups".<ref name ="CancerResearch2013">{{cite web|last1=de Andrade|first1=Marisa|last2=Hastings|first2=Gerald|title=Tobacco Harm Reduction and Nicotine Containing Products|url=http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/sites/default/files/tobacco-harm-reduction.pdf|website=Cancer Research UK|publisher=Cancer Research UK|accessdate=10 March 2016}}</ref> A large number of [[randomized controlled trials]] show that [[nicotine replacement products]] do not cause serious adverse events among smokers, even in patients with established cardiovascular disease.<ref name="Cochrane2012" /> The 2014 US [[Surgeon General of the United States|Surgeon General Report]] concluded that nicotine negatively affects pregnancy outcomes and fetal brain development, and that experimental research suggests that adolescent nicotine use may harm brain development.<ref name="SGR 2014" /> It noted that evidence is inadequate to infer whether nicotine plays any role in causing cancer, but "clearly the risk, if any, is less than continued smoking".<ref name="SGR 2014" />

===Vascular system===