Nikolay Pirogov: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{accuracy|date=September 2024}}

{{Short description|Russian medical scientist (1810–1881)}}

{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2022}}

{{Infobox scientist

| name = Nikolay Pirogov

| native_name = {{nobold|Николай Пирогов}}

| native_name_lang = ru

| image = N.I.Pirogov 1870 photo by P.S.Zhukov.jpg

| caption = Nikolay Pirogov in 1870

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1810|11|25|df=yes}}

| birth_place = [[Moscow]], [[Moscow Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]

| death_date = {{Death date and age|1881|12|5|1810|11|25|df=yes}}

| death_place = [[Vinnytsia|Vishnya]] village, [[PodolianPodolia Governorate]], Russian Empire<br />(now Vinnytsia, Ukraine)

| citizenship = Russian Empire

| nationality = [[Russia]]n

| fields = Medicine, Surgery, [[Anatomy]]

| workplaces = [[University of Tartu|University of Dorpat]]

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}}

'''Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov''' (Russian: Никола́йНиколай Ива́новичИванович Пирого́вПирогов; {{OldStyleDate|25 November|1810|13 November}} — {{OldStyleDate|5 December|1881|23 November}}) was a Russian scientist, medical doctor, [[pedagogue]], [[public figure]], and corresponding member of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] (1847), one of the most widely recognized Russian physicians. Considered to be the founder of [[field surgery]], he was the first surgeon to use anaesthesia in a field operation (1847) and one of the first surgeons in Europe to use [[diethyl ether|ether]] as an [[anaesthetic]]. He is credited with the invention of various kinds of surgical operations and developing his own technique of using [[orthopedic cast|plaster cast]]s to treat fractured [[bone]]s.

==Biography==

===Childhood and training===

Nikolay Pirogov was born in Moscow, the 13th of 14 children of Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov (born around 1772), a major in the commissary service and a treasurer at the [[College of War|Moscow Food Depot]] whose own father came from peasants and served as a soldier in [[Peter the Great]]'s army before retiring and opening a brewery in Moscow; Pirogov's mother Elizaveta Ivanovna Pirogova (neenée Novikova) belonged to an old Moscow merchant family and was four years younger than her husband.<ref name='shtreich'>''[[:ru:Штрайх, Соломон Яковлевич|Solomon Shtreich]] (2016)''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qiqnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 N. I. Pirogov]. — Moscow: Direct-Media, p. 8—9, 253—264 {{ISBN|978-5-4475-7673-8}}</ref><ref>''[[:ru:Максименков, Алексей Николаевич|Alexei Maksimenkov]] (1961)''. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov. His Life and Meetings in Portraits and Illustrations. — Leningrad: Medgiz, p. 2</ref>

He learned to read in several languages as a child. His father died in 1824, leaving his family destitute. Pirogov originally intended to become a civil servant, but the family doctor [[Yefrem Mukhin]] who was a professor of anatomy and physiology at the [[Imperial Moscow University]] persuaded the authorities to accept a 14-year-old Pirogov as a student.<ref name=r1>{{Cite journal

| pmid = 9794062| year = 1998

| last1 = Voloshin

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}}</ref>

In 1828 he finished the Faculty of Medicine and entered the [[Imperial University of Dorpat]] where he studied under Professor Moyer (who, inhad return,himself studied under [[Antonio Scarpa]]) and received a doctorate on ligation of the [[ventral aorta]] in 1832. During his doctoral studies, he participated in the elimination of the cholera epidemic, saw many deaths from it, on the basis of this he made many sketches of posthumous changes in the muscles of those who died from cholera, which he subsequently combined in the corresponding atlas.

In May 1833, he travelled to Berlin, meeting such surgeons as [[Karl Ferdinand von Graefe]], [[Johann Nepomuk Rust]] and [[Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach]] at the [[University of Berlin]]. Professor [[Bernhard von Langenbeck]] taught Pirogov how to properly use the [[scalpel]]. Pirogov also visited the [[University of Göttingen]] and on his return served as a professor at the University of Dorpat (1836—1840).<ref name="r1" />

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In October 1840, Pirogov took up an appointment as professor of surgery at the [[S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy|Imperial Academy of Military Medicine]] in [[Saint Petersburg]],<ref name=r1/> and undertook three years of military service in this period. He first used [[diethyl ether|ether]] as an [[anaesthetic]] in 1847, and investigated [[cholera]] from 1848. In search of an effective teaching method, he decided to apply anatomical research on frozen corpses. Pirogov called it “ice anatomy”. Thus, a new medical discipline was born — topographic anatomy. After a few years of such study anatomy Pirogov published the first anatomical atlas, ''Topographical anatomy of the human body'' (vol. 1–4, 1851–1854).

In 1847, he left for the Caucasus, where the Russian army waged a war against the local mountain peoples. Here, he wanted to test the operating methods he had developed in the field. In the Caucasus, he first applied dressing with bandages soaked in starch.

[[File:Сестры Крестовоздвиженской общины, Севастополь, 1855.jpg|thumb|Russian Sisters of Mercy in the Crimea, 1854-1855]]

He worked as an army surgeon in the [[Crimean War]], arriving in [[Simferopol]] on 11 December 1854. From his works in the Crimea, he is considered to be the father of Russian field surgery. He followed the work byof [[Louis-Joseph Seutin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chu-brugmann.be/fr/histo/seutin.asp|title=Louis Seutin (1793–1862)|publisher=Brugmann|language=french}}</ref> in introducing [[Orthopedic cast|plaster cast]]s for setting broken bones, and developed a new [[Osteoplasty|osteoplastic]] method for [[amputation]] of the foot, known as the "Pirogov amputation". He was also the first to use anesthesia in the field, particularly during the [[siege of [[Sevastopol (1854–55)]], and he introduced in Russian army a system of [[triage]] – sorting wounded soldiers into five categories. He encouraged female volunteers as an organised corps of nurses, the [[Khrestovozdvizhenskaya]] ([[:ru:Крестовоздвиженская община сестёр милосердия|ru]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://encblago.lfond.spb.ru/showObject.do?object=2824182532|title= Exaltation of the Holy Cross Community of Sisters of Charity|language=russian}}</ref> at the Saint Petersburg Charity Encyclopedia community of nurses established by [[Grand Duchess Yelena Pavlovna]] in 1854.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2492652|title=Russian Sisters of Mercy in the Crimea, 1854-1855|author=Curtiss, John Shelton|year=1966|journal=Slavic Review|volume=25|issue=1|pages=84-10084–100|accessdate=May 3, 2022|via=JSTOR|doi=10.2307/2492652|jstor=2492652 |pmid=11633166 |s2cid=43448185 }}</ref>

===Return and retirement===

[[File:Ilya Repin Portrait of the Surgeon Nikolay Pirogov 1881.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of Nikolay Pirogov by [[Ilya Repin]], 1881]]

In 1856, after the end of war, he returned to Saint Petersburg and withdrew from the academy following the suggestion to work as a superintendent of schools of the OdesaOdessa Educational District which united several governorates.<ref name='shtreich' /> He wrote an influential paper on the problems of [[pedagogy]], arguing for the [[universal education|education]] of the poor, non-Russians, and women. (He was influential in his family's decision to educate his niece [[Henriette Saloz-Joudra|Henriette Joudra]] who would go on to earn her medical doctorate and become the first woman to open a private medical practice in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://100elles.ch/biographies/henriette-saloz-joudra/|title=Henriette SALOZ-JOUDRA|website=100 Elles*|language=fr-CH|access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref>

He also argued against early specialisation, and for the development of [[secondary school]]s. In 1858 he received the rank of [[Privy Councillor (Russia)|Privy Councillor]] and was transferred to [[Kiev|Kyiv|Kiev]] as a superintendent of schools of the KyivKiev Educational District after disagreements with the [[Odessa|Odesa|Odessa]] governor general.<ref name='shtreich' /> In 1861 he became a member of the Main Directorate of Schools, serving at the [[Ministry of National Education (Russian Empire)|Ministry of National Education]] up until his death. Same year he bought an estate in the Vishnya village near [[Vinnytsia]].

In 1862, he took charge of a delegation of Russian students sent overseas to prepare for professorship. He lived in [[Heidelberg]] and at one point he treated [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]'s injury sustained at [[Aspromonte]] on 28 August. In 1866 upon return to Russia he settled down at his estate, treating local peasants and establishing a free clinic.<ref name="r1" />

In 1870 he visited the battlefields and field hospitals of the [[Franco-Prussian War]] as a representative of the Russian [[Red Cross]], and in 1877—1878 spent several months working as a field surgeon during the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878|Russo-Turkish War]], treating both Russian and [[Bulgaria]]n soldiers and organizing field hospitals. In 1879 he published The Old Physician's Diary and "Questions of Life".<ref name="r1" />

He last appeared in public on 24 May 1881 and died later that year at his Vishnya estate, [[PodolianPodolia Governorate]] (modern-day [[Vinnytsia]], [[Ukraine]]). His body is preserved using [[embalming]] techniques he himself developed, and rests in a church in Vinnytsia. Compared to the corpse of [[Lenin]], which undergoes thorough maintenance in a special underground clinic twice a week, the body of Pirogov rests untouched and unchanging: it is said that only dust has to be brushed off of it. It resides at room temperature in a glass-lid coffin (while Lenin's body is preserved at a constant low temperature).

===Personal life===

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Nikolay Pirogov was from 1847 corresponding member of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] and received in 1844, 1851 and 1860 the [[Demidov Prize]] by the academy. He was appointed honorary citizen of Moscow in 1881. The Pirogov Society was founded four years after his death, which aims for better medical training and treatment in Russia.

The Pirogov Museum is located in Vinnytsia, Ukraine at his former estate and clinic. Near this 1947 building is a [[mausoleum]] which is used as a family chapel and in which his embalmed body is visible in public. [[Pirogov Glacier]] in [[Antarctica]],<ref>[http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=136909 Pirogov Glacier.] SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica.</ref> the large [[Pirogov Hospital]] in [[Sofia]], Bulgaria and the [[2506 Pirogov]] [[asteroid]], discovered in August 1976 by Russian astronomer [[Nikolai Chernykh]], are all named in honour of him. The medical universities [[Russian National Research Medical University]] and [[Odessa National Medical University|Odesa State Medical University]] were formerlyis named after him, untilas was the [[1917Odesa RussianState Revolution|RussianMedical RevolutionUniversity]]; [[Vinnytsia National Medical University. N. I. Pirogov|Vinnytsia Medical University]] was named after N. Pirogov in 1960. Stamps with his portrait were published in the Soviet Union in 1949 and his 150th anniversary in 1960. The highest humanitarian prize in the Soviet Union was the Pirogov Gold Medal.

Apart from his developed foot amputation techniques, several anatomical structures were named after him, such as the [[Pirogoff angle]]; the [[Pirogoff's aponeurosis]], a structure from [[fascia]] and the [[aponeurosis]] of the [[biceps]]; the [[Pirogoff triangle]], a triangular area located between the [[mylohyoid muscle]], the intermediate [[tendon]] of the [[musculus digastricus]] and the [[hypoglossal nerve]].

A [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] portraying Russian admirals and sailors from the Crimean War, including Nikolay Pirogov, was erected at [[Sevastopol Park]] after renovations in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-22 |title=У Севастопольському парку Дніпра прибрали погруддя російських адміралів часів Кримської війни (+фото) |url=https://ua.krymr.com/a/news-krym-sevastopolskyi-park-dnipra-prybral-pohruddia-rosiyskykh-admiraliv/31621569.html |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Крым.Реалии |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-02 |title=Таємниця церкви Святого Лазаря |url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-regions/3055162-taemnica-cerkvi-svatogo-lazara.html |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.ukrinform.ua |language=uk}}</ref>

==Trivia==

*According to a study conducted in 2015, Pirogov was included in "Russia team on medicine". This list includes fifty-three famous Russian medical scientists from the [[Russian Federation]], the [[Soviet Union]], and the [[Russian Empire]] who were born in 1757–1950. Physicians of all specialities listed here. Among them [[Vladimir Bekhterev]], [[Vladimir Demikhov]], [[Sergei Korsakoff]], [[Ivan Pavlov]], [[Victor Skumin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://medportal.ru/mednovosti/news/2015/04/21/466sbornaya/ |title=Сборная России по медицине |trans-title=Russia team on medicine |publisher=Medportal.ru |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121104702/https://medportal.ru/mednovosti/sbornaya-rossii-po-meditsine/ |archive-date=21 November 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://farm.tatarstan.ru/rus/index.htm/news/420424.htm |title=Сборная России по медицине |trans-title=Russia team on medicine |publisher=Farm.tatarstan.ru |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209084934/https://farm.tatarstan.ru/index.htm/news/420424.htm |archive-date=9 February 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography

*{{cite book|url=httphttps://runeberg.org/nfca/0518.html|title=Nordisk Familjebok. Konversationslexikon och Realencyklopedi|year=1915 |language=Swedish|edition=2nd|volume=21|issue=1904–1926|page=932}}

*{{cite journal|title=Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogoff (1810–1881)|journal=Clinical Anatomy|last=Malakhova|first=Olga|volume=17|issue=5|year=2004|publisher=Wiley-Liss|pages=369–372|issn=0897-3806|doi=10.1002/ca.10249|pmid=15176033|s2cid=26931790}}

*{{cite book|url=http://www.sudoc.fr/203768043|title=Lebensfragen: Nikolaj Ivanovič Pirogov (1810-1881) als Erinnerungsfigur: dargestellt anhand seiner Biografien|last=Kosenko|first=Oxana|language=German|year=2017|publisher=Shaker Verlag|isbn=978-3-8440-4984-8}}

==External links==

*{{Commons category-inline}}

*{{Commonscatinline}}

*{{Internet Archive author |sname=Nikolay Pirogov}}

*[http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0839174.html Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia on Pirogov]

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[[Category:Demidov Prize laureates]]

[[Category:Embalmers]]

[[Category:PeoplePhysicians from Moscow]]

[[Category:Russian military doctors]]

[[Category:Scientists offrom the Russian Empire]]

[[Category:Surgeons offrom the Russian Empire]]

[[Category:Anatomists offrom the Russian Empire]]

[[Category:Inventors from the Russian Empire]]

[[Category:Imperial Moscow University alumni]]

[[Category:University of Tartu alumni]]

[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Tartu faculty]]

[[Category:19th-century physicians from the Russian physiciansEmpire]]

[[Category:Privy Councillor (Russian Empire)]]

[[Category:Russian military personnel of the Crimean War]]