Pantheism: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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Many traditional and folk religions including [[African traditional religions]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Parrinder|first=EG|title=Monotheism and Pantheism in Africa|journal=Journal of Religion in Africa|year=1970|volume=3|issue=2|pages=81–88|jstor=1594816|doi=10.1163/157006670x00099}}</ref> and [[Native American religions]]{{sfn|Levine|1994|p=67}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Harrison|first=Paul|title=North American Indians: the spirituality of nature|url=http://www.pantheism.net/paul/history/native-americans.htm|publisher=World Pantheist Movement|access-date=7 September 2012}}</ref> can be seen as pantheistic, or a mixture of pantheism and other doctrines such as [[polytheism]] and [[animism]]. According to pantheists, there are elements of pantheism in some forms of [[Christianity]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Harrison|first=Paul|title=The origins of Christian pantheism|url=http://www.pantheism.net/paul/history/gospel.htm|work=Pantheist history|publisher=World Pantheists Movement|access-date=20 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Fox|first=Michael W.|title=Christianity and Pantheism|url=http://pantheist.net/society/christianity_and_pan_fox.html|publisher=Universal Pantheist Society|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010309032933/http://pantheist.net/society/christianity_and_pan_fox.html|archive-date=9 March 2001|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Zaleha|first=Bernard|title=Recovering Christian Pantheism as the Lost Gospel of Creation|url=http://www.christianecology.org/ConsiderLillies.html|publisher=Fund for Christian Ecology, Inc.|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717012801/http://www.christianecology.org/ConsiderLillies.html|archive-date=17 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Ideas resembling pantheism existed in [[Eastern religions]] before the 18th century (notably [[Sikhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Taoism]]). Although there is no evidence that these influenced Spinoza's work, there is such evidence regarding other contemporary philosophers, such as Leibniz, and later Voltaire.<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 1397760|title = Leibniz's Interpretation of Neo-Confucianism|journal = Philosophy East and West|volume = 21|issue = 1|pages = 3–22|last1 = Mungello|first1 = David E|doi = 10.2307/1397760|year = 1971}}</ref><ref>Lan, Feng (2005). ''Ezra Pound and Confucianism: remaking humanism in the face of modernity''. University of Toronto Press. p. 190. {{ISBN|978-0-8020-8941-0}}.</ref> In the case of Hinduism, pantheistic views exist alongside panentheistic, polytheistic, monotheistic, and atheistic ones.{{sfn|Fowler|1997|p=2}}{{sfn|Fowler|2002|p=15-32}}{{sfn|Long|2011|p=128}} In the case of Sikhism, stories attributed to [[Guru Nanak]] suggest that he believed God was everywhere in the physical world, and the Sikh tradition typically describes God as the preservative force within the physical world, present in all material forms, each created as a manifestation of God. However, Sikhs view God as the transcendent creator,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Nikky-Guninder Kaur|title=The Myth of the Founder: The Janamsākhīs and Sikh Tradition|journal=History of Religions|date=1992|volume=31|issue=4|pages=329–343|doi=10.1086/463291|s2cid=161226516}}</ref> "immanent in the phenomenal reality of the world in the same way in which an artist can be said to be present in his art".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ahluwalia|first1=Jasbir Singh|title=Anti-Feudal Dialectic of Sikhism|journal=Social Scientist|date=March 1974|volume=2|issue=8|pages=22–26|jstor=3516312|doi=10.2307/3516312}}</ref> This implies a more panentheistic position.

===Spirituality and new religious movements===