Pashto grammar: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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[[Pashto language|Pashto]]{{ref|b}} is a [[subject–object–verb|S-O-V]] language with [[split ergativity]]. [[Adjective]]s come before [[noun]]s. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for [[Grammatical gender|gender]] (masc./fem.), [[Grammatical number|number]] (sing./plur.), and [[Grammatical case|case]] (direct, oblique, ablative and vocative). The [[verb]] system is very intricate with the following tenses: Present; simple past; past progressive; present perfect; and past perfect. In any of the past tenses (simple past, past progressive, present perfect, past perfect), Pashto is an [[Ergative–absolutive language|ergative language]]; i.e., transitive verbs in any of the past tenses agree with the object of the sentence. The dialects show some non-standard grammatical features, some of which are archaisms or descendants of old forms that are discarded by the literary language.

[[Pashto language|Pashto]]{{ref|b}} is an [[subject–object–verb|S-O-V]] language with [[split ergativity]]. [[Adjective]]s come before [[noun]]s. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for [[Grammatical gender|gender]] (masc./fem.), [[Grammatical number|number]] (sing./plur.), and [[Grammatical case|case]] (direct, oblique, ablative and vocative). The [[verb]] system is very intricate with the following tenses: Present; simple past; past progressive; present perfect; and past perfect. In any of the past tenses (simple past, past progressive, present perfect, past perfect), Pashto is an [[Ergative–absolutive language|ergative language]]; i.e., transitive verbs in any of the past tenses agree with the object of the sentence. The dialects show some non-standard grammatical features, some of which are archaisms or descendants of old forms.

In the following article stress is represented by the following markers over vowels: '''ә́''', '''á''', '''ā́''', '''ú''', '''ó''', '''í''' and '''é'''.

Line 9 ⟶ 11:

===Personal pronouns===

{| class="wikitable" ~~border="1"~~

~~! rowspan="3"|~~

~~! colspan="6" align="center" |Singular~~

~~! colspan="4" align="center" |Plural~~

!~~rowspan~~ colspan="24" |~~1st~~

! (English)

~~!rowspan="2"|2nd~~

! Direct

~~!colspan="2" align="center" |3rd (visible)~~

! Indirect

~~!colspan="2" align="center" |3rd (invis.)~~

~~!rowspan="2"|1st~~

~~!rowspan="2"|2nd~~

~~!rowspan="2"|3rd (visible)~~

~~!rowspan="2"|3rd (invis.)~~

! rowspan="2" | 1st person

~~! Masc.~~

! colspan="3" | singular

~~! Fem.~~

| I

~~! Masc.~~

| زه<br />zə

~~! Fem.~~

| ما<br />mā

! colspan="3" | plural

~~! '''(English)'''~~

| we

~~| I || you (sing.) || he || she || he (invis.) || she (invis.) || we || you (plur.) || they || they (invis.)~~

| colspan="2" | موږ\مونږ<br />muẓ̌/munẓ̌

! rowspan="2" | 2nd person

~~! '''Direct'''~~

! colspan="3" | singular

| زه<br/>zə || ته<br/>tə || دی<br/>day || دا<br/>dā || colspan="2" align="center" |هغه<br/>hağá || rowspan="2" |موږ\مونږ<br/>muẓ̌/munẓ̌ || rowspan="2" |تاسو\تاسې<br/>tā́so/tā́se<ref name="Lebedev">Лебедев К. А. Афганистан: Язык, литература, этнография. — Москва : "Муравей", 2003.</ref><ref name="MFarooq">[http://mklc.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Pashto.pdf Pashto Language: Solving the Mysteries of the Past Tense] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129023042/http://mklc.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Pashto.pdf |date=2014-11-29 }}</ref>|| rowspan="2" |دوی<br/>dui|| rowspan="2" |هغوی<br/>hağúi

| you (sing.)

| ته<br />tə

| تا<br />tā

! colspan="3" | plural

~~! '''Indirect'''~~

| you (plur.)

~~| ما<br/>mā || تا<br/>tā || دۀ<br/>də || دې<br/>de || هغۀ<br/>hağә́ || هغې<br/>hağé~~

| colspan="2" | تاسو\تاسې<br />tā́so/tā́se<ref name="Lebedev">Лебедев К. А. Афганистан: Язык, литература, этнография. — Москва : "Муравей", 2003.</ref><ref name="MFarooq">[http://mklc.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Pashto.pdf Pashto Language: Solving the Mysteries of the Past Tense] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129023042/http://mklc.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Pashto.pdf |date=2014-11-29 }}</ref>

! rowspan="6" | 3rd person

! rowspan="3" | visible

! rowspan="2" | singular

! masc.

| he

| دی<br />day

| دۀ<br />də

! fem.

| she

| دا<br />dā

| دې<br />de

! colspan="2" | plural

| they

| colspan="2" | دوی<br />dui

! rowspan="3" | invisible

! rowspan="2" | singular

! masc.

| he (invis.)

| هغه<br />hağá

| هغۀ<br />hağә́

! fem.

| she (invis.)

| هغې<br />hağé

! colspan="2" | plural

| they (invis.)

| colspan="2" | هغوی<br />hağúi

===Demonstrative pronouns===

~~'''دغه ''dağa''''' (this)~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ دغه ''dağa'' (this)

! ~~'''~~Direct~~'''~~

| دغه<br/>dáğa

! ~~'''~~Indirect~~'''~~

| دې<br/>de

~~'''هغه ''háğa''''' (that)~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ هغه ''háğa'' (that)

! rowspan="2" |

Line 59 ⟶ 94:

! Fem.

! ~~'''~~Direct~~'''~~

|colspan="3" align="center"| هغه<br/>háğa

! ~~'''~~Indirect~~'''~~

| هغۀ<br/>háğә

| هغې<br/>háğe

Line 69 ⟶ 104:

===Possessive pronouns===

There is no plural form with nouns.

~~'''Independent forms'''~~

~~{| class="wikitable" border="1"~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Independent forms

! colspan="23" |

! Singular

! Plural

! colspan="23" |~~'''~~ 1st ~~Person'''~~person

| زما<br />zmā

| زموږ\زمونږ<br />zamuẓ̌/zamung<ref name="Lebedev"/>

! colspan="23" |~~'''~~ 2nd ~~Person'''~~person

| ستا<br />stā

| ستاسو<br />stā́so

! rowspan="24" |~~'''3rd~~ ~~Person'''~~3rd person

!~~'''(~~ rowspan="2" | visible~~)'''~~

|! ~~د دۀ<br/>də də (~~masc.)

| د دېدۀ<br />də ~~de (fem.)~~də

| rowspan="2" | د دوی<br />də dúi

! fem.

~~!'''(invis.)'''~~

| د ~~هغۀ~~دې<br />də ~~hağә́ (masc.)~~de

~~د هغې<br/>də hağé (fem.)~~

! rowspan="2" | invis.

~~| د هغوی<br/>də hağúi~~

! masc.

| د هغۀ<br />də hağә́

| rowspan="2" | د هغوی<br />də hağúi

! fem.

| د هغې<br />də hağé

{| class="wikitable"

~~'''Enclitic forms'''~~

|+ Enclitic forms

~~{| class="wikitable" border="1"~~

! ~~Person~~

! Singular

! Plural

! ~~'''~~1st~~'''~~ person

| مې<br/>me

| مو<br/>mo, mu

! ~~'''~~2nd~~'''~~ person

| دې<br/>de, di

| مو<br/>mo, mu<ref name="Lebedev"/>

! ~~'''~~3rd~~'''~~ person

| colspan="2" align="center"|يې<br/>ye

Line 180 ⟶ 223:

==== Indefinite ====

* In order to distinguish sentences with indefinites from questions, یو /yaw/ ~~‘one’~~'one' may be added, to yield یو څوک /yaw ʦok/ ~~‘someone’~~'someone' and یو څه /yaw ʦə/ ~~‘something’~~'something'.

* When هر /har, ar/ ~~‘every’~~'every' precedes the indefinite pronouns, the combination can mean everyone [هر څوک], everything [هر څه], each one [هر یو]

==Nouns==

===Case and gender===

Pashto inflects nouns into four grammatical cases: direct, oblique, ablative (also known as oblique II) and vocative. The oblique case is used as [[prepositional case]] as well as in the [[past tense]] as the subject of [[transitive verb]]s (i.e. in ergative construction), and the ablative case is used with certain prepositions and with some numerals.

There are two genders: masculine and feminine. Gender of a noun is indicated by its ending. Animate nouns' gender agrees with biological gender regardless of the ending.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Mohammad Abid|title=The Computational Morphology and Syntax of Pashto Language|publisher=Pashto Academy|year=2020|pages=28–43}}</ref>

~~===Case===~~

{| class="wikitable"

! colspan="3" |Masculine Nouns

Pashto inflects nouns into four grammatical cases: direct, oblique I, oblique II and vocative. The oblique I case is used as [[prepositional case]] as well as in the [[past tense]] as the subject of [[transitive verb]]s, and the oblique II case is used as ablative case.

! rowspan="24" |

! colspan="3" |Feminine Nouns

~~==== Direct case ====~~

The [[direct case]] form is used for noun phrases that fulfill nominative, accusative, or absolutive functions, in present-tense and past-tense sentences, respectively. In the present tense, grammatical function is indicated by word order, with subjects preceding objects.

! rowspan="23" |

| colspan="2" |Ending Phoneme

~~==== Oblique case ====~~

! rowspan="23" |

~~In past-tense sentences, subject noun phrases appear in the oblique case form; in accordance with split ergativity.~~

| colspan="2" |Ending Phoneme

~~The [[oblique case]] is used for objects of most adpositions.~~

! colspan="2" |Ends in diphthong oɪ

! colspan="2" |Ends in diphthong əi

|زوی

zoy

|son

|هوسۍ

hosә́i

|deer

! colspan="2" |Ends in diphthong ɑi

! colspan="2" |Ends in [[Mid front unrounded vowel|e]]

|ځای

dzā́y

|place

|ملګرې

malgә́re

|friend [female]

! colspan="2" |Ends in unstressed aɪ

! colspan="2" |Ends in unstressed [[Open front unrounded vowel|a]]

|ګاډی

gā́ḍay

|car

|ژبه

žә́ba

|tongue, language

! colspan="2" |Ends in stressed aɪ

! colspan="2" |Ends in [[Mid back rounded vowel|o]]

|سړی

saṛáy

|man

|پيشو

pišó

|cat

! colspan="2" |Ends in stressed [[Open front unrounded vowel|a]] [few nouns]

! colspan="2" |Ends in stressed [[Open front unrounded vowel|a]] [most nouns]

|ګېنډه

genḍá

|rhino

|مېله

melá

|a fair

! colspan="2" |Ends in [[Mid central vowel|ə]]

! colspan="2" |

|ورارۀ

wrārә́

|brother's son

! colspan="2" |Ends in consonant [most nouns]

! colspan="2" |Ends in consonant [few nouns]

|تنور

tanúr

|oven

|مېچن

mečә́n

|handmill

! colspan="2" |Ends in [[Close back rounded vowel|u]]

! colspan="2" |

|څانډو

tsānḍú

|husband of a wife's sister

! colspan="2" |Ends in diphthong aw

! colspan="2" |Ends in əw

|پلو

paláw

|side

|کټو

kaṭә́w

|cooking pot

! colspan="2" |End in [[Close front unrounded vowel|i]] [only for professions]

! colspan="2" |End in [[Close front unrounded vowel|i]] [most nouns]

|دوبي

dobí

|washerman

|بدي

badí

|hostility

! colspan="2" |Ends in [[Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]] [few nouns]

! colspan="2" |Ends in [[Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]] [most nouns]

|ماما

māmā́

|maternal uncle

|رڼا

raṇā́

|light

Pashto has no definite article. But when necessary, definiteness may be indicated by other means such as [[demonstrative]]s. Likewise, it may be contraindicated by use of the word for "one", يو; as in "يو روغتون" – "a hospital".

~~==== Ablative case ====~~

~~The [[ablative case]] is used with certain adpositions.~~

~~==== Vocative case ====~~

~~Pashto also employs the [[vocative case]].~~

~~===Gender===~~

~~There are two genders: masculine and feminine.~~

~~===Number===~~

~~There are two numbers: singular and plural.~~

~~===Definiteness===~~

There is no definite article. But when necessary, definiteness may be indicated by other means such as [[demonstrative]]s. Likewise, it may be contraindicated by use of the word for "one", يو; as in "يو روغتون" - "a hospital".

~~== Noun inflection ==~~

* Nouns are primarily inflected on [[animacy]] [e.g. ان vs ونه direct plural endings in the masculine] and gender [e.g. ګانې (direct plural female) vs ګان (direct plural female)].

* They are then inflected by their final-syllable ending [e.g. direct plural ending يان where masculine animate noun ends in /i/ vs direct plural ending ان where masculine animate noun ends in a consonant]

* Nouns related to kinship do not follow these rules; they are inflected irregularly.

* Pashto also has [[Mass noun|mass]] nouns - where nouns lack number.

=== Class 1 ===

====Masculine nouns====

Generally, animate masculine nouns take ان ''-ā́n'' in plural, and inanimate ones take ونه ''-úna''. Masculine nouns ending in ۀ -ә lose it when attaching the suffixes. The grammatical animacy usually corresponds with physical animacy, but there are some exceptions, like مېړۀ ''meṛә́'' "husband" is inanimate grammatically with plural مېړونه ''meṛúna'', and پل ''pul'' "bridge" is animate — پلان ''pulā́n''.

The nouns ending in -i, -ā (these are always animate) or -u (these can be both animate and inanimate) take ان with -g-, -y- or -w- inserted between vowels.

~~====Masculine animate [Category A]====~~

~~Here all plural forms are affected. Change is dependent on ending of the noun.~~

Words ending in -āCә́ pattern (like وادۀ wādә́ "wedding") have short -a- in plural.

~~=====Ending in a consonant=====~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Ending in a consonant<br>(animate)

! !!'''Singular'''!!'''Plural'''

Line 239 ⟶ 373:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

~~|}Example: پلار [father]~~

</div>

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Ending in a consonant<br>(inanimate)

! !!'''Singular'''!!'''Plural'''

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]''' || rowspan="2" | ~~پلار<br />plār|| پلاران <br />plārā́n~~

| ونه <br />úna

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]''' || rowspan="3" | ~~پلارانو~~ونو <br />~~plārā́no~~úno

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]''' || rowspan="2" | ~~پلاره~~ه

~~plā́ra~~

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~===== Ending in "i"=====~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Ending in -ә́<br>(animate)

!Singular

Line 260 ⟶ 399:

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

| rowspan="4" | ۀ ә́

|ان

~~|يان~~

ā́n

~~yā́n~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |~~یانو~~انو

ā́no

~~yā́no~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

~~|}Example: درزي [tailor]~~

</div>

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Ending in -ә́<br>(inanimate)

!Singular

!Plural

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

| rowspan="4" |~~درزي~~ ۀ ә́

|ونه

~~darzí~~

úna

~~|درزيان~~

~~darzyā́n~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |~~درزیانو~~ونو

úno

~~darzyā́no~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

Line 291 ⟶ 432:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

<br/>

~~====Masculine animate [Category B]====~~

~~Here all plural change is not consistent.~~

~~=====Ending in "ā" =====~~

~~The plural may change to ګان or يان~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Ending in -i

!Singular

!Plural 1

~~!Plural 2~~

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

| rowspan="4" |ي

|يان

yā́n

~~|ګان~~

~~gā́n~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |~~يانو~~یانو

yā́no

~~| rowspan="3" |ګانو~~

~~gā́no~~

~~|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''~~

~~|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''~~

~~|}Example 1: باچا [king]~~

~~{| class="wikitable"~~

~~!Singular~~

~~!Plural~~

~~|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''~~

~~| rowspan="4" |باچا~~

~~bāčā́~~

~~|باچايان~~

~~bāčāyā́n~~

~~|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''~~

~~| rowspan="3" |باچايانو~~

~~bāčāyā́no~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

Line 339 ⟶ 455:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~Example 2: ماما [mother's brother]~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Ending in -ā

!Singular

!Plural 1

!Plural 2

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

| rowspan="4" |~~ماما~~ا

~~māmā́~~

|ايان

~~|ماماګان~~

āyā́n

~~māmāgā́n~~

|اګان

āgā́n

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |~~ماماګانو~~ايانو

āyā́no

~~māmāgā́no~~

| rowspan="3" |اګانو

āgā́no

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

Line 359 ⟶ 482:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~=====Ending in "ə" =====~~

~~The plural generally change to ان. A smaller number change to ونه.~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Ending in -u

!Singular

Line 369 ⟶ 492:

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

| rowspan="4" | و

~~|ә́ → deleted~~

|وان

wā́n

|ګان

ان

gā́n

~~ā́n~~

~~|ә́ → deleted~~

~~ونه~~

~~úna~~

~~|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''~~

~~| rowspan="3" |ә́ → deleted~~

~~انو~~

~~ā́no~~

~~| rowspan="3" |ә́ → deleted~~

~~ونو~~

~~úno~~

~~|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''~~

~~|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''~~

~~|}Example 1: لېوه [wolf]~~

~~{| class="wikitable"~~

~~!Singular~~

~~!Plural~~

~~|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''~~

~~| rowspan="4" |لېوه~~

~~lewә́~~

~~|لېوان~~

~~lewā́n~~

~~|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''~~

~~| rowspan="3" |لېوانو~~

~~lewā́no~~

~~|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''~~

~~|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''~~

~~Example 2: مېړه [husband]~~

~~{| class="wikitable"~~

~~!Singular~~

~~!Plural~~

~~|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''~~

~~| rowspan="4" |مېړه~~

~~meṛә́~~

~~|مېړونه~~

~~meṛúna~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |~~مېړونو~~وانو

wā́no

~~meṛúno~~

| rowspan="3" |ګانو

gā́no

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

Line 436 ⟶ 509:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

'''Examples'''

~~==== Masculine inanimate====~~

~~===== Ending in a consonant =====~~

~~In plural ونه is added~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ پلار "father"

! !!'''Singular'''!!'''Plural'''

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]''' || rowspan="2" | پلار<br />plār|| پلرونه <br />plərunə

~~| ونه~~

~~úna~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]''' || rowspan="3" | ~~ونو~~پلرونو<br />pləruno

~~úno~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]''' || rowspan="2" | هپلاره

plā́ra

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

~~|}Example: غوږ [ear]~~

</div>

{| class="wikitable"

|+ غوږ "ear"

! !!'''Singular'''!!'''Plural'''

Line 471 ⟶ 545:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~Sometime when the stem can also change: a → ə in the singular oblique and all plural cases~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ لېوۀ "wolf"

!Singular

!Plural

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

| rowspan="4" |لېوۀ

lewә́

~~|á → ә~~

|لېوان

~~ونه~~

lewā́n

~~úna~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |لېوانو

~~|á → ә́~~

lewā́no

~~| rowspan="3" |á → ә~~

~~ونو~~

~~úno~~

~~and~~

~~á → ә́~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

~~| rowspan="2" |ه~~

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~Example: سړک [street] to saṛák → saṛək~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ زړۀ "heart"

!Singular

Line 510 ⟶ 576:

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

| rowspan="4" |زړۀ

~~|سړک~~

zṛә́

~~saṛák~~

|زړونه

~~|سړکونه~~

zṛúna

~~saṛəkúna~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |زړونو

~~|سړک~~

zṛúno

~~saṛә́k~~

~~| rowspan="3" |سړکونو~~

~~saṛəkúno~~

~~and~~

~~سړکو~~

~~saṛә́ko~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

~~| rowspan="2" |سړکه~~

~~saṛáka~~

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~===== Ending in "ə" =====~~

~~In plural ونه is added~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ وادۀ "wedding"

!Singular

!Plural

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

| rowspan="4" |وادۀ

wādә́

~~|ә → deleted~~

|ودونه

wadúna

~~ونه~~

~~úna~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |~~ә → deleted~~ودونو

wadúno

~~ونو~~

~~úno~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

Line 560 ⟶ 611:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

<br/>

~~Example: زړه [Heart]~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ درزي "tailor"

!Singular

Line 568 ⟶ 621:

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

| rowspan="4" |~~زړه~~درزي

darzí

~~zṛә́~~

|درزيان

~~|زړونه~~

darzyā́n

~~zṛúna~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |~~زړونو~~درزیانو

darzyā́no

~~zṛúno~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

Line 581 ⟶ 634:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~===== Ending in "ə" before previous syllable with "ā" =====~~

~~The "ā" is changed to "a" in plural forms and ونه is added~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ باچا "king"

!Singular

!Plural

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

| rowspan="4" |باچا

bāčā́

~~|ā → a~~

|باچايان

bāčāyā́n

~~ونه~~

~~úna~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |~~ā → a~~ باچايانو

bāčāyā́no

~~ونو~~

~~úno~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

Line 608 ⟶ 656:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~Example: واده [wedding] wādә́ → wad → wadúna~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ ماما "(maternal) uncle"

!Singular

Line 616 ⟶ 665:

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

| rowspan="4" |~~واده~~ماما

māmā́

~~wādә́~~

|ماماګان

~~|ودونه~~

māmāgā́n

~~wadúna~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |~~ودونو~~ماماګانو

māmāgā́no

~~wadúno~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

Line 629 ⟶ 678:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~==== Masculine animate and inaminate ====~~

~~===== Ending in "u" =====~~

~~Plural can change from ending in و [u] to وان [wān] or ګان~~

~~{| class="wikitable"~~

~~!Singular~~

~~!Plural 1~~

~~!Plural 2~~

~~|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''~~

~~| rowspan="4" |~~

~~|u → w~~

ان

~~ā́n~~

~~|ګان~~

~~gā́n~~

~~|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''~~

~~| rowspan="3" |u → w~~

~~انو~~

~~ā́no~~

~~| rowspan="3" |ګانو~~

~~gā́no~~

~~|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''~~

~~|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''~~

~~|}Example 1: ډاکو [bandit]~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ ډاکو "bandit"

!Singular

Line 682 ⟶ 700:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~Example 2: الو [potato]~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ الو "potato"

!Singular

Line 702 ⟶ 722:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

==== Feminine ~~animate~~nouns ====

Feminine nouns generally have final -a. They change it to -e in the oblique cases and direct plural and to -o in oblique plural, independently of their animacy. A few feminine nouns end in a consonant, they still take the same endings.

~~Most Class l feminine [animate and inanimate] nouns end in (unstressed) ه /a/~~

In Southern Pashto, the final -e is pronounced -i when unstressed. For example, the plural of سترګه ''stә́rga'' "eye" and لار ''lār'' "way" would be سترګې ''stә́rge'' and لارې ''lā́re'' in the North, but سترګي ''stә́rgi'' and لاري ''lā́ri'' in the South, while مڼه ''maṇá'' "apple" and تخته ''taxtá'' "board" would be مڼې ''maṇé'' and تختې ''taxté'' in both dialect groups.

~~===== Ending in "a" =====~~

There are also feminine nouns ending in other vowels, particularly -e (they take یانې ''-yā́ne'' in the plural) and -ā or -o (they take either ګانې ''-gā́ne'' or وې ''-we''). In Southern Pashto they are یاني ''-yā́ni'', ګاني ''-gā́ni'' and وي ''-wi'' (the last one is not as common as in Northern Pashto and is mostly restricted to a few nouns).

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Ending in -a

!Singular

Line 713 ⟶ 739:

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

|ه

~~|a → deleted~~

|ې

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |~~a → deleted~~ې

| rowspan="3" |~~a → deleted~~و

Line 735 ⟶ 753:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

~~|}Example: اسپه [mare]~~

</div>

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Ending in a consonant

!Singular

!Plural

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

~~|اسپه~~

|ې

~~áspa~~

~~|اسپې~~

~~áspe~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |~~اسپې~~ې

~~áspe~~

| rowspan="3" |~~اسپو~~و

~~áspo~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

Line 757 ⟶ 777:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~===== Ending in "e" =====~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Ending in -e

!Singular

Line 765 ⟶ 786:

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

| rowspan="4" |ې

~~|e → deleted~~

|یانې

~~یانې~~

yā́ne

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |~~e → deleted~~یانو

~~یانو~~

yā́no

~~|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''~~

~~|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''~~

~~|}Example: خواښې [mother-in-law]~~

~~{| class="wikitable"~~

~~!Singular~~

~~!Plural~~

~~|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''~~

~~| rowspan="4" |خواښې~~

~~xwā́x̌e~~

~~|خواښیانې~~

~~xwax̌yā́ne~~

~~|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''~~

~~| rowspan="3" |خواښیانو~~

~~xwax̌yā́no~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

Line 803 ⟶ 800:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~===== Ending in "ā" and "o" =====~~

~~In plural both ګانې and وې can be taken~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Ending in -ā and -o

!Singular

Line 813 ⟶ 810:

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

| rowspan="4" |

|ګانې ''or'' وې

gā́ne ''or'' we

وې

~~ā́we~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |ګانو ''or'' وو

gā́no ''or'' wo

وو

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

~~|}Example: برېښنا [lightning] - ending in "ā"~~

</div>

~~{| class="wikitable"~~

~~!Singular~~

~~!Plural~~

~~|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''~~

~~| rowspan="4" |برېښنا~~

~~brex̌nā́~~

~~|برېښناګانې~~

~~brex̌nāgā́ne~~

'''Examples'''

~~برېښناوې~~

~~brex̌nā́we~~

~~|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''~~

~~| rowspan="3" |برېښناګانو~~

~~brex̌nāgā́no~~

~~برېښناوو~~

~~brex̌nā́wo~~

~~|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''~~

~~|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''~~

~~Example: بیزو [monkey] ending in "o"~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ اسپه "horse, mare"

!Singular

Line 866 ⟶ 833:

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

|اسپه

~~| rowspan="4" |بیزو~~

áspa

~~bizó~~

|اسپې

~~|بیزوګانې~~

áspe

~~bizogā́ne~~

~~بیزووې~~

~~bizówe~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |~~بیزوګانو~~اسپې

áspe

~~bizogā́no~~

| rowspan="3" |اسپو

áspo

~~بیزوو~~

~~bizówe~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

Line 887 ⟶ 848:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~==== Feminine inanimate ====~~

~~===== Ending in "a" =====~~

~~Change to ې in plural~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ مياشت "month"

!Singular

!Plural

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

|مياشت

myā́št

~~|a → deleted~~

|مياشتې

myā́šte

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |~~a → deleted~~مياشتې

myā́šte

| rowspan="3" |مياشتو

myā́što

~~| rowspan="3" |a → deleted~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

Line 923 ⟶ 872:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

<br/>

~~Example: جنډه [flag]~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ خواښې "mother-in-law"

!Singular

Line 931 ⟶ 882:

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

| rowspan="4" |خواښې

~~|جنډه~~

xwā́x̌e

~~janḍá~~

|خواښیانې

~~|جنډې~~

xwax̌yā́ne

~~janḍé~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |~~جنډې~~خواښیانو

xwax̌yā́no

~~janḍé~~

~~| rowspan="3" |جنډو~~

~~janḍó~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

Line 946 ⟶ 895:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~===== Ending in consonant =====~~

~~Add to ې in plural~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ رڼا "light"

!Singular

Line 955 ⟶ 904:

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

| rowspan="4" |رڼا

raṇā́

|ې

|رڼاوې ''or'' رڼاګانې

raṇā́we ''or'' raṇāgā́ne

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |ېرڼاوو ''or'' رڼاګانو

raṇā́wo ''or'' raṇāgā́no

~~| rowspan="3" |و~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

Line 969 ⟶ 917:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~Example: مياشت [month]~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ بیزو "monkey"

!Singular

Line 977 ⟶ 926:

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

| rowspan="4" |بیزو

~~|مياشت~~

bizó

~~myā́št~~

|بیزوګانې ''or'' بیزووې

~~|مياشتې~~

bizogā́ne ''or'' bizówe

~~myā́šte~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |~~مياشتې~~بیزوګانو ''or'' بیزوو

bizogā́no ''or'' bizówo

~~myā́šte~~

~~| rowspan="3" |مياشتو~~

~~myā́što~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

Line 992 ⟶ 939:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

===== ~~Ending~~Class in2 ~~"ā" ==~~===

In class 2 there's only masculine nouns, both animate and inanimate. They are subject to various alterations inside the stems. The take -ə́ in the plural and oblique forms.

~~Add وې in plural~~

Nouns with -ú- or -ó- in the last syllable change them to -ā-. Some nouns like تنور ''tanúr'' "oven" belong to the mixed conjugation, they form their oblique forms as Class 2 nouns, but their plurals are derived according to Class 1 pattern (but the -ú/ó- may be reduced to -a- in Southern dialects or -ə- in Northern dialects). The word پالېز ''paléz'' "kitchen garden" is often cited as an example of a noun that belongs to class 2, but doesn't undergo any stem changes.<ref name=":6"/>

There are some animate masculine nouns ending in -á (مېلمه ''melma'' "guest", اسبه ''asba'' "(horse) shepherd", غوبه ''ğoba'' "(cow) shepherd", کوربه ''korba'' "owner of the house" etc.), they also belong to Class 2.

Monosyllabic nouns with -a- lose it and take -ə in the oblique and plural forms. There several exceptions here: غر ''ğar'' "mountain", ور ''war'' "door", ګز ''gaz'' "gaz (unit of length)", من ''man'' "man (unit of weight)", ټغر ''ṭağar'' "rug" take ونه ''-úna'' in the plural form (غرونه ''ğrúna'', ورونه ''warúna''/''wrúna'' etc).

Nouns with -á- in the last syllable change it to -ə́-. Most of them are mixed in their conjugation: they can take (or not take) -ā́n or -úna in the plural form. A lot of inanimate nouns in this class can take both suffixes. The only exception here is سخر sxar "stone", which is always sxə́r in plural. This subclass also contains words suffixed with ګر, ور, ن, زن.

{| class="wikitable"

|+ With -ú/ó-

!Singular

!Plural

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

|úC, óC

~~| rowspan="4" |~~

|āCə́

~~|وې~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

|āCə́

~~| rowspan="3" |وو~~

| rowspan="3" |aCó

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

| rowspan="2" |úCa, óCa

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~Example: رڼا [light]~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Mixed

!Singular

!Plural

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

|úC, óC

~~| rowspan="4" |رڼا~~

|uCúna, oCúna ''or'' əCúna

~~raṇā́~~

~~|رڼاوې~~

~~raṇā́we~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

|uCə́, óCə́

~~| rowspan="3" |رڼاوو~~

| rowspan="3" |uCúno, oCúno ''or'' əCúno

~~raṇā́wo~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

| rowspan="2" |úCa, óCa

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

'''Examples'''

~~=== Class 2 A ===~~

~~This consists of only masculine nouns.~~

~~==== Animate [Category A] ====~~

~~===== Final stem = u/o + consonant =====~~

~~# Vowel "u/o" becomes "ā" in singular oblique and direct plural case~~

~~# Vowel "u/o" becomes "a" in plurals: oblique, ablative and vocative case~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ پښتون "Pashtun"

~~!Singular~~

~~!Plural~~

~~|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''~~

~~|u→ā~~

~~+ final consonant~~

ə́

~~|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''~~

~~|u→ā~~

~~+ final consonant~~

ə́

~~| rowspan="3" |u→a~~

~~+ final consonant~~

~~|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''~~

~~| rowspan="2" |ه~~

~~|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''~~

~~|}Example: پښتون [a Pashtun]~~

~~{| class="wikitable"~~

!Singular

!Plural

Line 1,096 ⟶ 1,014:

pəx̌tānə́

| rowspan="3" |پښتنو

pəx̌tanó

~~pəx̌tano~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

Line 1,104 ⟶ 1,022:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~Another Example: شپون [shepherd]~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ شپون "shepherd"

!Singular

Line 1,111 ⟶ 1,031:

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

|شپون

~~|پښتون~~

špún

|ښپانۀ

~~|پښتانه~~

špānə́

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

|ښپانۀ

~~|پښتانه~~

špānə́

| rowspan="3" |~~پښتنو~~شپنو

španó

~~špano~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

| rowspan="2" |~~پښتونه~~شپونه

špúna

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~==== Inanimate [Category A] ====~~

~~===== Final stem = u/o + consonant =====~~

~~The "u/o" may become ə in all plurals or may not change~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ سکور "coal"

!Singular

Line 1,139 ⟶ 1,057:

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

|سکور

skór

~~|u→ə~~

|سکارۀ

skārə́

~~ونه~~

~~úna~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

|سکارۀ

|ه

skārə́

ə́

| rowspan="3" |~~u→ə~~سکرو

skaró

~~ونو~~

~~úno~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

| rowspan="2" |هسکوره

skóra

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~Example: تنور [oven]~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ تنور "oven"

!Singular

Line 1,171 ⟶ 1,085:

|تنور

tanúr

|تنرونه or تنورونه

tanərúna or tanurúna

~~تنورونه~~

~~tanurúna~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

|تناره

~~|تنوره~~

tanārə́

~~tanurə́~~

| rowspan="3" |~~نرونو~~تنرونو or تنورونو

tanərúno or tanurúno

~~تنورونو~~

~~tanurúno~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

Line 1,194 ⟶ 1,100:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~==== Animate [Category B] ====~~

~~===== Monosyllabic words =====~~

~~The ə/a at the final stem of the word is deleted~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ تول "weight"

!Singular

Line 1,205 ⟶ 1,109:

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

|تول

tol

~~|a → deleted~~

|تولونه

tolúna

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

|تالۀ

~~|a → deleted~~

tālə́

| rowspan="3" |تولونو

tolúno

~~| rowspan="3" |a → deleted~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

| rowspan="2" |هتوله

tóla

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~Example: غل [thief]- ğal →ğl →ğlə~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ مېلمه "guest"

!Singular

!Plural

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

|مېلمه

melmá

|مېلمانه or مېلمه

melmānə́ or melmə́

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

|مېلمانه or مېلمه

melmānə́ or melmə́

| rowspan="3" |مېلمنو or مېلمو

melmanó or melmó

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

| rowspan="2" |مېلمه

melmá

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

<br/>

{| class="wikitable"

|+ غل "thief"

!Singular

Line 1,257 ⟶ 1,179:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~==== Inanimate [Category B] ====~~

~~===== Monosyllabic words =====~~

~~The ə/a at the final stem of the word is deleted and ونه is added in plural.~~

~~{| class="wikitable"~~

~~! !!'''Singular'''!!'''Plural'''~~

~~|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''|| rowspan="2" |~~

~~| a → deleted~~

~~ونه~~

~~úna~~

~~|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''|| rowspan="3" | a → deleted~~

~~ونو~~

~~úno~~

~~|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''|| rowspan="2" | ه~~

~~a → deleted~~

~~|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''~~

~~Example: غر [mountaint] - ğar →ğr → ğrúna~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ غر "mountain"<br/>(exception)

! !!'''Singular'''!!'''Plural'''

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''|| rowspan="2" | غر

ğar

| غرونه or (rare) غرۀ

ğrúna or ğrə

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''|| rowspan="3" | غرونو

Line 1,315 ⟶ 1,200:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~==== Inanimate [Category C] ====~~

~~===== Ending in a stressed á =====~~

~~These end in a stressed /aˈ/ sound~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ دښمن "enemy"

!Singular

!Plural

~~!Plural other form~~

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

|دښمن

dux̌mán

~~|á → ə́~~

|دښمن or دښمنان

~~|á → deleted~~

dux̌mə́n or dux̌mənā́n

~~انه~~

~~ānə́~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

|دښمن

~~|á → ə́~~

dux̌mə́n

| rowspan="3" |áدښمنو →or ~~deleted~~دښمنانو

dux̌mə́no or dux̌mənā́no

~~| rowspan="3" |á → deleted~~

~~انو~~

~~ānó~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

| rowspan="2" |دښمنه

dux̌mána

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~Example: مېلمه [Guest]~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ پالېز "kitchen garden"

!Singular

Line 1,363 ⟶ 1,235:

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

|پالېز

~~|مېلمه~~

paléz

~~melmá~~

|پلېزونه

~~|مېلمه~~

palezúna

~~melmə́~~

~~مېلمانه~~

~~melmānə́~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

|پالېزۀ or پالېز

~~|مېلمه~~

palezə́ or paléz

~~melmə́~~

| rowspan="3" |~~مېلمو~~پلېزونو

palezúno

~~melmó~~

~~مېلمانو~~

~~melmānó~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

| rowspan="2" |~~مېلمه~~پلېزه

paléza

~~melmá~~

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

=== Class ~~2 B~~3 ===

Nouns in Class 3 are related to adjectives ending in -ay, -əy, -e.

~~This contains only a few nouns. They end in a Consonant and there is a stem shift from "a" → "ə"/~~

~~{| class="wikitable"~~

~~!Singular~~

~~!Plural~~

~~|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''~~

~~|á → ə́~~

~~|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''~~

~~|á → ə́~~

~~| rowspan="3" |á → ə́~~

Masculine -áy (note the stress) nouns, especially if animate, sometimes have alternative plurals in -yā́n. Its usage is somewhat dialect-dependent, they aren't as common in Southern Pashto.

~~|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''~~

~~| rowspan="2" |ه~~

~~|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''~~

Among feminine -əy nouns, even inanimate ones can take یانې or ګانې, they also can stay unchanged in the plural. Some abstract nouns suffixed with ي -i (such as دوستي "friendship", چلاکي "trickiness", ګرمي "heatness" etc.) also belong here.

~~Example: دښمن [enemy, enemies]~~

~~{| class="wikitable"~~

~~!Singular~~

~~!Plural~~

~~|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''~~

~~|دښمن~~

~~dux̌mán~~

~~|دښمن~~

~~dux̌mə́n~~

~~|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''~~

~~|دښمن~~

~~dux̌mə́n~~

~~| rowspan="3" |دښمنو~~

~~dux̌mə́no~~

~~|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''~~

~~| rowspan="2" |دښمنه~~

~~dux̌mána~~

~~|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''~~

~~=== Class 3 A ===~~

~~==== Masculine animate ====~~

~~The direct singular "ay" ی changes to ي in the plural~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Ending in -ay<br>(masculine)

!Singular

Line 1,451 ⟶ 1,270:

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

|ی

~~|áy → deleted~~

|ي

|يان

~~|áy → deleted~~

~~يان~~

yā́n

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

|ي

~~|áy → deleted~~

| rowspan="3" |áyو →or ~~deleted~~یو

o or әyo/iyo

| rowspan="3" |يانو

یو

ío

~~| rowspan="3" |áy → deleted~~

~~يانو~~

yā́no

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

| rowspan="2" |یه →ی

aya

~~áy →áya~~

~~|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''~~

~~|}Example: سپی [Dog]~~

~~{| class="wikitable"~~

~~!Singular~~

~~!Plural~~

~~|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''~~

~~|سپی~~

~~spáy~~

~~|سپي~~

~~spí~~

~~|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''~~

~~|سپي~~

~~spí~~

~~| rowspan="3" |سپو~~

~~spó~~

~~سپیو~~

~~spío~~

~~|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''~~

~~| rowspan="2" |سپیه~~

~~spáya~~

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~The sequence ان is optionally used such as for tribal denominations e.g. اپریدی /apridáy/ ‘Afridi’.~~

~~{| class="wikitable"~~

~~!Singular~~

~~!Plural~~

~~|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''~~

~~|اپريدی~~

~~apridáy~~

~~|اپريدي~~

~~apridí~~

~~اپريديان~~

~~apridyā́n~~

~~|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''~~

~~|اپريدي~~

~~apridí~~

~~| rowspan="3" |اپريدو~~

~~apridó~~

~~اپريديو~~

~~apridío~~

~~اپرريديانو~~

~~apridyā́no~~

~~|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''~~

~~| rowspan="2" |اپريدیه~~

~~apridáya~~

~~|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''~~

~~==== Masculine inanimate ====~~

~~The direct singular "ay" ی changes to ي in the plural~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Ending in -e<br>(feminine)

~~!Singular~~

~~!Plural~~

~~|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''~~

~~|áy → deleted~~

~~|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''~~

~~|áy → deleted~~

~~| rowspan="3" |áy → deleted~~

~~|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''~~

~~| rowspan="2" |یه →ی~~

~~áy →áya~~

~~|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''~~

~~|}ګډی= car~~

~~{| class="wikitable"~~

!Singular

!Plural

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

| rowspan="4" |ې e

~~|ګډی~~

|ې e

~~gaḍáy~~

~~|ګډي~~

~~gaḍí~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |و or یو

~~|ګډي~~

o or әyo/iyo

~~gaḍí~~

~~| rowspan="3" |ګيو~~

~~gaḍó~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

~~| rowspan="2" |ګډیه~~

~~gaḍáya~~

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~'''Feminine'''~~

~~Here are the nouns ending with ۍ [animate and inanimate]. The various plural alternatives mentioned here are not always freely interchangeable, yet there is no clear rule for which form is preferred.~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Ending in -əy<br>(feminine)

!Singular

Line 1,630 ⟶ 1,322:

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

| rowspan="4" |ۍ, ي

ə́y, i

~~|no change~~

|ۍ

~~from singual from~~

ə́y

~~|ə́i → deleted~~

|یانې

~~یانې~~

yā́ne

|ګانې

~~|ə́i → deleted~~

~~ګانې~~

gā́ne

Line 1,649 ⟶ 1,334:

| rowspan="3" |و

| rowspan="3" |~~ə́i → deleted~~یانو

~~یانو~~

yā́no

| rowspan="3" |~~ə́i → deleted~~ګانو

~~ګانو~~

gā́no

Line 1,666 ⟶ 1,343:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

'''Examples'''

~~Example: سپۍ [female-dog] - all can be used~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ سپی "dog"

!Singular

Line 1,674 ⟶ 1,354:

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

|سپی

~~| rowspan="4" |سپۍ~~

spáy

~~spə́i~~

|سپي or سپیان

~~|سپۍ~~

spí or spiyā́n

~~spə́i~~

~~سپیانې~~

~~spə́iyā́ne~~

~~سپيګانې~~

~~spə́igā́ne~~

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

|سپي

~~| rowspan="3" |سپیو~~

spí

~~spə́io~~

| rowspan="3" |سپو or سپیو or سپیانو

spó or spío or spiyā́no

~~سپیانو~~

~~spə́iyā́no~~

~~سپيګانو~~

~~spə́igā́no~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

| rowspan="2" |سپیه

spáya

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~=== Class 3 B ===~~

~~Here the is no distinction in animacy.~~

~~==== Masculine ====~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ سپۍ "she-dog"

!Singular

!Plural

|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''

| rowspan="4" |سپۍ

spə́i

~~|ay → deleted~~

|سپۍ or سپیانې or سپۍګانې

spə́y or spə́iyā́ne or spə́igā́ne

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |سپیو or سپیانو or سپۍګانو

~~|ay → deleted~~

spə́yo or spə́iyā́no or spə́igā́no

~~| rowspan="3" |ay → deleted~~

یو

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

~~| rowspan="2" |یه →ی~~

~~ay →ya~~

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

~~|}Example: ملګری [Friend - masculine]~~

</div>

{| class="wikitable"

|+ ملګری "male friend"

!Singular

Line 1,761 ⟶ 1,411:

|ملګري

malgə́ri

| rowspan="3" |ملګرو or ملګریو

malgə́ro or malgə́ryo

~~ملګریو~~

~~malgə́ryo~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

Line 1,774 ⟶ 1,420:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

~~==== Feminine ====~~

~~{| class="wikitable"~~

~~!Singular~~

~~!Plural~~

~~|'''[[Direct case|Direct]]'''~~

~~| rowspan="4" |~~

~~|same as singular~~

~~|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''~~

~~| rowspan="3" |e → deleted~~

یو

~~|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''~~

~~|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''~~

~~|}Example: ملګرې [Friend - feminine]~~

{| class="wikitable"

|+ ملګرې "female friend"

!Singular

Line 1,816 ⟶ 1,436:

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| rowspan="3" |ملګرو or ملګریو

malgə́ro or malgə́ryo

~~ملګریو~~

~~malgə́ryo~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

Line 1,827 ⟶ 1,443:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

</div>

=== ~~Mass~~Uncountable nouns ===

They ~~are~~don't ~~[[Mass~~have ~~noun|uncountable]]~~plural forms. They take و /-o/ in the oblique and ablative forms~~. These generally relate to things such as grain, food or liquid~~.

~~====~~ '''Feminine ~~====~~'''

Examples include اوړه [oṛә́ -– flour], اوبه [obә́ -water], پۍ [pə́i -– milk] etc.

Example: اوبه -– water

{| class="wikitable"

Line 1,847 ⟶ 1,464:

|'''[[Oblique case|Oblique]]'''

| colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; |اوبو

obó

~~obә́~~

|'''[[Ablative case|Ablative]]'''

Line 1,854 ⟶ 1,471:

Example: پۍ -– ~~water~~milk

{| class="wikitable"

Line 1,874 ⟶ 1,491:

~~====~~ '''Masculine ~~====~~'''

Examples include: ږدن [ẓ̌dәn -sorghum], دال [dāl -lentils], شراب [šarā́b -– alcohol]

Example: دال -– lentils

{| class="wikitable"

Line 1,899 ⟶ 1,516:

=== ~~Kinship~~Irregular ~~class~~nouns ===

These are limited to nouns denoting kinship.

~~====~~ '''Feminine -– "or" stem ~~====~~'''

These include:

مور /mor/ ~~‘mother’~~'mother'; plural stem /máynd-/

خور /xor/ ~~‘sister’~~'sister'; plural stem /xwáynd-/

ترور /tror/ ~~‘paternal~~'paternal ~~aunt’~~aunt'; plural stem /tráynd-/

نګور /ngor/ ~~‘daughter~~'daughter-in-~~law’~~law'; plural stem /ngáynd-/

Example:

Line 1,938 ⟶ 1,555:

~~====~~ '''Brother and daughter ~~- وڼ plural stem with variance on gender ه and ې ====~~'''

ورور= brother takes وڼه in direct plural

{| class="wikitable"

Line 1,988 ⟶ 1,605:

~~====~~ '''Son ~~====~~'''

{| class="wikitable"

Line 2,011 ⟶ 1,628:

|'''[[Vocative case|Vocative]]'''

~~== Noun Gender: Phoneme endings ==~~

As pointed out by Abid Khan, Pashtun grammarians Zyar and Rashteen have used phoneme ending of nouns as a guide to indicate gender.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Mohammad Abid|title=The Computational Morphology and Syntax of Pashto Language|publisher=Pashto Academy|year=2020|pages=28–43}}</ref>

~~{| class="wikitable"~~

~~! colspan="3" |Masculine Nouns~~

~~! rowspan="24" |~~

~~! colspan="3" |Feminine Nouns~~

~~! rowspan="23" |~~

~~| colspan="2" |Ending Phoneme~~

~~! rowspan="23" |~~

~~| colspan="2" |Ending Phoneme~~

~~! colspan="2" |Ends in diphthong oɪ~~

~~! colspan="2" |Ends in diphthong əi~~

~~|زوی~~

~~zoy~~

~~|son~~

~~|هوسۍ~~

~~hosә́i~~

~~|deer~~

~~! colspan="2" |Ends in diphthong ɑi~~

~~! colspan="2" |Ends in [[Mid front unrounded vowel|e]]~~

~~|ځای~~

~~dzā́y~~

~~|place~~

~~|ملګرې~~

~~malgә́re~~

~~|friend [female]~~

~~! colspan="2" |Ends in unstressed aɪ~~

~~! colspan="2" |Ends in unstressed [[Open front unrounded vowel|a]]~~

~~|ګاډی~~

~~gā́ḍay~~

~~|car~~

~~|ژبه~~

~~žә́ba~~

~~|tongue, language~~

~~! colspan="2" |Ends in stressed aɪ~~

~~! colspan="2" |Ends in [[Mid back rounded vowel|o]]~~

~~|سړی~~

~~saṛáy~~

~~|man~~

~~|پيشو~~

~~pišó~~

~~|cat~~

~~! colspan="2" |Ends in stressed [[Open front unrounded vowel|a]] [few nouns]~~

~~! colspan="2" |Ends in stressed [[Open front unrounded vowel|a]] [most nouns]~~

~~|ګېنډه~~

~~genḍá~~

~~|rhino~~

~~|مېله~~

~~melá~~

~~|a fair~~

~~! colspan="2" |Ends in [[Mid central vowel|ə]]~~

~~! colspan="2" |~~

~~|ورارۀ~~

~~wrārә́~~

~~|brother's son~~

~~! colspan="2" |Ends in consonant [most nouns]~~

~~! colspan="2" |Ends in consonant [few nouns]~~

~~|تنور~~

~~tanúr~~

~~|oven~~

~~|مېچن~~

~~mečә́n~~

~~|handmill~~

~~! colspan="2" |Ends in [[Close back rounded vowel|u]]~~

~~! colspan="2" |~~

~~|څانډو~~

~~tsānḍú~~

~~|husband of a wife’s sister~~

~~! colspan="2" |Ends in diphthong aw~~

~~! colspan="2" |Ends in əw~~

~~|پلو~~

~~paláw~~

~~|side~~

~~|کټو~~

~~kaṭә́w~~

~~|cooking pot~~

~~! colspan="2" |End in [[Close front unrounded vowel|i]] [only for professions]~~

~~! colspan="2" |End in [[Close front unrounded vowel|i]] [most nouns]~~

~~|دوبي~~

~~dobí~~

~~|washerman~~

~~|بدي~~

~~badí~~

~~|hostility~~

~~! colspan="2" |Ends in [[Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]] [few nouns]~~

~~! colspan="2" |Ends in [[Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]] [most nouns]~~

~~|ماما~~

~~māmā́~~

~~|maternal uncle~~

~~|رڼا~~

~~raṇā́~~

~~|light~~

Line 2,137 ⟶ 1,633:

An adjective is called stāynúm in Pashto [ستاينوم]. The adjectives or stāynumúna agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |

!Class 1

Line 2,200 ⟶ 1,696:

Class I adjectives are consonant-final in their citation form and keep the stress on the final syllable of the stem.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2"|

! colspan="2" | Masculine

Line 2,235 ⟶ 1,731:

=====Vowel harmony=====

Class I adjectives with the stressed stem vowel /ə́/ (Southern), such as دنګ /dəng/ ~~‘tall’~~'tall', undergo regressive harmony in the feminine direct plural and in both oblique plural forms—when the suffix vowel is /o/.

=====Centralization=====

Line 2,241 ⟶ 1,737:

====Class I forms with stem allomorphy====

'''Example 1 = سپک (light -– ''in'' ''weight'') '''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2"|

! colspan="2" | Masculine

Line 2,268 ⟶ 1,764:

! Vocative

The paradigm for the adjective سپک /spək/ ~~‘light’~~'light' in above shows the Southern dialect's Vowel harmony rule.

'''Example 2 = زړور (brave) '''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2"|

! colspan="2" | Masculine

Line 2,290 ⟶ 1,786:

| rowspan="3"|زړورو<br/>zṛawár{{IPAlink|o}}<br/>zṛawə́r{{IPAlink|o}} (''Southern'')

| rowspan="3"|زړورې<br/>zṛawár{{IPAlink|e}}<br/>زړوري<br/>zṛawə́r{{IPAlink|i}} (''Southern'')

| rowspan="3"|زړورو<br/>zṛawár{{IPAlink|o}}<br/>zṛawə́r{{IPAlink|o}} (''~~Sothern~~Southern'')

! Ablative

Line 2,302 ⟶ 1,798:

When modifying animate nouns, some Class I adjectives may take the animate plural suffixes of Class I nouns example:

{{interlinear|number=ex:

~~{{lang|ps|2=~~

|top= مشران وروڼه

|Məʃarɑn wruɳa

}}

|'Elder brothers'}}

~~''Məʃarɑn wruɳa''~~

~~'Elder brothers'~~

===Class 2===

Line 2,315 ⟶ 1,808:

====Case-marking suffixes====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2"|

! colspan="2" | Masculine

Line 2,340 ⟶ 1,833:

| rowspan="2" style="border-right: none;" |ه

–

! Vocative

Line 2,361 ⟶ 1,854:

Examole: Vowel-final adjectives that end in stressed ۀ /‑ə́/

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" | Masculine

Line 2,387 ⟶ 1,880:

Vowel-final adjectives that end stressed ه /‑ə́/ in their citation form include تېره /terə/́ ~~‘sharp’~~'sharp'. These can be reliably identified from this citation form as belonging to Class 2; no other class has adjectives ending in /-ə́/. The final stem-vowel of these adjectives undergoes one or other of the morphophonemic rules of Syncope I.

=====Back vowel lowering=====

Line 2,393 ⟶ 1,886:

Inmost Class 2 consonant-final adjectives with non-initial back vowels, و /o/, /u/ lowers to /a/ when unstressed.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2"|

! colspan="2" | Masculine

Line 2,421 ⟶ 1,914:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2"|

! colspan="2" | Masculine

Line 2,449 ⟶ 1,942:

In most consonant-final adjectives where the stem vowel is a back vowel, و /o/, /u/, it will undergo vowel lowering in unstressed position, followed by lengthening when the next syllable contains /ə́/ such as for the words, پو خ /pox/ ~~‘cooked~~'cooked, ~~ripe’~~ripe' and ړوند /ṛund/ ~~‘blind’~~'blind', illustrated above.

=====Monophthongization=====

Line 2,456 ⟶ 1,949:

In adjectives with /aw/ or /wa/ in the stem [usually seen in the feminine tense], those sequences simplify to /o/ when stressed.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2"|

! colspan="2" | Masculine

Line 2,484 ⟶ 1,977:

Back vowel breaking: '''تود''' /tod/ ~~‘hot’~~'hot'; stem = /''tawd''/.

=====Lengthening=====

Line 2,496 ⟶ 1,989:

In a few consonant-final adjectives the stem vowel is deleted when not stressed.

'''Example = سور /sur/ -– red'''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2"|

! colspan="2" | Masculine

Line 2,535 ⟶ 2,028:

==== Case-marking suffixes ====

'''Stressed'''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" | Masculine

Line 2,581 ⟶ 2,074:

'''Unstressed'''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" | Masculine

Line 2,622 ⟶ 2,115:

====Stressed====

'''Example = زلمی (young/youth -– ''the ی is stressed'') '''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2"|

! colspan="2" | Masculine

Line 2,652 ⟶ 2,145:

====Unstressed====

'''Example = سوی (burnt- ''the ی is unstressed'') '''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2"|

! colspan="2" | Masculine

Line 2,680 ⟶ 2,173:

! Vocative

| |سویه(''Northern'')<br/>~~sə́wya~~sə́way<br/>سوې(''Southern'')<br/>sə́we

| |سوو<br/>sə́wo

| |سوې<br/>sə́we

Line 2,687 ⟶ 2,180:

=== Class 4 ===

This the "non-declining" class -– these do not decline. These adjectives are generally borrowed from other languages. They do not have masculine-feminine or singular-plural distinction.

But ~~but~~ some speakers use the oblique suffixes و /‑o/, وو /‑wo/ on these adjectives in the plural oblique, ablative and vocative cases.

'''Example = شمالي (Persian-Arabic borrowing) '''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" | Masculine

Line 2,713 ⟶ 2,206:

'''Example = شمالي (Southern Dialect) '''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" | Masculine

Line 2,861 ⟶ 2,354:

|[[وال]] || makes nouns showing that noun is a resident of that place, is engaged in the activity indicated in the root word, possessor of the root word. Like English suffix "er", "or" and "ist".

|واله

~~|والا~~

|makes nouns denoting owenership

|ګر|| used to form an actor noun. Denoting maker, doer, worker etc. of the root.

|چي || aan agent-noun suffix borrowed from [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]. Only used with borrowed words.

|ګوټی || a diminutive suffix. Example مېز [table] -– مېزګوټی [small table].

|وزمه || suffix to indicate something is like/similar to the root word but not that word. Also used to denote shades of colour.

Line 3,066 ⟶ 2,559:

|writer

|''~~'والا~~واله'''

'''~~wālā~~wālə'''

|غنم

ğanə́m

|wheat

|غنم ~~والا~~واله

ğanəmwālə

~~ğanəmwālā́~~

|wheat-merchant

Line 3,206 ⟶ 2,699:

== Infinitive ==

This is called Kaṛnúmay [کړنومی] in Pashto that is "the name of a verb".<ref name="neo">[{{cite web |url=http://qamosona.com/G/index.php/term/,6f57b19b6154609c6d57ababa561.xhtml |title=Neologism Dictionary ~~[~~[M. A. Zeyar~~]~~]}}</ref> It shows an infinite action or occurrence. It is used as a noun. It acquires the gender and number of a masculine plural noun.

~~''Formed''':''''' '''Past Imperfective Stem + verbal ل (ә́l)'''~~

{| class="wikitable"

~~! colspan="4"~~ |+ ''Formed''':~~'''''~~ ~~'''~~Past Imperfective Stem + verbal ل (ә́l)~~'''~~

! colspan="2" |Conjugation Class

Line 3,216 ⟶ 2,708:

!Infinitives

! colspan="2" |~~First~~1st

| {{fs interlinear|-کېد|ked-|become|}}

| {{fs interlinear|کېدل|kedә́l|{to become}|}}

~~ked-~~

~~"become"~~

~~|کېدل~~

~~kedә́l~~

~~"to become"~~

! colspan="2" |~~Second~~2nd

| {{fs interlinear|-ننوت|nənawat-|}}

| {{fs interlinear|ننوتل|nənawatә́l|{to enter}|}}

~~nənawat-~~

~~|ننوتل~~

~~nənawatә́l~~

~~"to enter"~~

! rowspan="2" |~~Third~~3rd

!Joined

| {{fs interlinear|-ښخو|x̌axaw-|{do bury}|}}

~~| -ښخو~~

| {{fs interlinear|ښخول|x̌axawә́l|{to bury}|}}

~~x̌axaw-~~

~~"do bury"~~

~~|ښخول~~

~~x̌axawә́l~~

~~"to bury"~~

!Unjoined

| {{fs interlinear|{-سوچ کو}|{soč kaw-}|{do think}|}}

| {{fs interlinear|{سوچ کول}|{soč kawә́l}|{to think}|}}

~~soč kaw-~~

~~"do think"~~

~~|سوچ کول~~

~~soč kawә́l~~

~~"to think"~~

Example: وکړل [past perfective tense of the transitive verb کول -– "to do"] shows agreement with masculine plural object that is the infinitive وهل.

{{interlinear|number=ex:

'''هغوی په خپلو کښې وهل وکړل'''{{interlinear|Hağúi pә xpә́lo ke wahә́l wә́kṛəl|they:DIR:3:PL on:PREP own:OBL:M:PL on:POST to-beat:PST:CONT:3:M:PL do:PST:PRF:3:PL|They have fought amongst themselves|abbreviations=DIR:direct case}}

|top= هغوی په خپلو کښې وهل وکړل

|Hağúi pә xpә́lo ke wahә́l wә́kṛəl

|they:DIR:3:PL on:PREP own:OBL:M:PL on:POST to-beat:PST:CONT:3:M:PL do:PST:PRF:3:PL

|They have fought amongst themselves

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case}}

=== Double infinitives ===

These are formed by combining two infinitives<br />

--– either by combining a simple infinitive with a prefixed infinitive.

{| class="wikitable"

Line 3,272 ⟶ 2,747:

<br />

--– or by combining two simple infinitives:

{| class="wikitable"

Line 3,285 ⟶ 2,760:

*Pashto has three [[Tense (grammar)|tenses]]: Past, present and future.

*The future tense is the same as present tense with the exception of markers.

*Aspect: Pashto in every tense has [[perfective aspect]] [بشپړاړخ]<ref~~>[http://www.qamosona.com/G/index.php/term/,6f57b19b6154609c6d57a8abab.xhtml Neologism Dictionary [M.~~ A.name="neo" ~~Zeyar]]<~~/~~ref~~> and [[imperfective aspect]] [نابشپړاړخ]. The perfective aspect indicates completion of an action ''while'' the imperfective aspect indicates continuous or habitual action.

*Pashto verbs are of four categories: simple verbs, prefixed verbs, a-initial verbs and compound verbs.

*Prefixed verbs, a-initial verbs and compound verbs are separable.

Line 3,404 ⟶ 2,879:

Example: پرېکول -– to cut. The prefix [پرې] is separated from the verb stem [کول] by a second position clitic [يې]

~~'''~~{{interlinear|number=ex:
|top= پرې يې کړه~~'''{{interlinear~~
|pré ye kṛá
|cut:VB:PREFIX:AOR it/he/she:3:WK cut:VB:AOR:IMP:SG
|Cut it
|abbreviations=WK: Weak Pronoun

PREFIX: Prefix}}

Line 3,431 ⟶ 2,911:

they take the prefix و /wə́/ for perfective forms.

~~'''~~{{fs interlinear|number=ex:|وا مې خيستل~~'''{{interlinear~~|wā́ me xistəl|buy:AOR I:SG:WK buy:PST:3PL:M|I bought them|abbreviations=WK: Weak Pronoun

PREFIX: Prefix}}

Line 3,438 ⟶ 2,918:

<u>'''Example: initial stress'''</u>

~~'''~~{{fs interlinear|number=ex:|ا مې خيستل~~'''{{interlinear~~|á me xistəl|buy:CONT I:SG:WK buy:PST:3PL:M|I was buying them|abbreviations=WK: Weak Pronoun

PREFIX: Prefix}}'''<u>Example: non-initial stress</u>'''

~~'''اخيستل مې'''~~{{fs interlinear|number=ex:|اخيستل مې|axistə́l me|buy:CONT:PST:3PL:M I:SG:WK|I was buying them|abbreviations=WK: Weak Pronoun

PREFIX: Prefix}}

Line 3,492 ⟶ 2,972:

x̌āista kawә́l

|pretty

~~|prettty~~

|to make pretty

Line 3,504 ⟶ 2,984:

|to tire

== Verbs: conjugation classes ==

These can be divided in reference to the verb categories as above:<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=David|first=Anne Boyle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zK7zMgEACAAJ|title=Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and Its Dialects|date=2014|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|isbn=978-1-61451-303-2}}</ref>

Line 3,553 ⟶ 3,034:

==== Transitve ====

Here is an example first conjugation class transitive verb: "to tie"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"

! rowspan="3" | Verb

! rowspan="3" | Stem

Line 3,566 ⟶ 3,047:

| rowspan="2" | -تړ<br />taṛ-

| rowspan="2" | -وتړل

wә́ taṛ әl-

| rowspan="2" | -تړل

taṛә́l-

Line 3,584 ⟶ 3,065:

==== Intransitve ====

Here is an example first conjugation class intransitive verb: "to reach"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="3" |Verb

! rowspan="3" |Stem

Line 3,653 ⟶ 3,134:

The stems can either share initial sounds as in example:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"

~~a) where ل is replaced by ن in the present tense:~~

|+ a) where ل is replaced by ن in the present tense:

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"~~

! rowspan="2" | Verb

! rowspan="2" | Present Stem

Line 3,676 ⟶ 3,157:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"

~~b) where و is added in the middle in the present tense:~~

|+ b) where و is added in the middle in the present tense:

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"~~

! rowspan="2" | Verb

! rowspan="2" | Present Stem

Line 3,698 ⟶ 3,179:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"

~~c) The verb ختل [to climb]:~~

|+ c) The verb ختل [to climb]:

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"~~

! rowspan="2" | Verb

! rowspan="2" | Present Stem

Line 3,721 ⟶ 3,202:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"

~~d) where دل is dropped in the present tense:~~

|+ d) where دل is dropped in the present tense:

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"~~

! rowspan="2" | Verb

! rowspan="2" | Present Stem

Line 3,750 ⟶ 3,231:

Example: the verb لیدل [to see]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" | Verb

! rowspan="2" | Present Stem

Line 3,780 ⟶ 3,261:

'''Notes:'''

* present imperfective base = present stem

•* present ~~imperfective~~perfective base: =و /wә́/ + present stem

* past imperfective base: past stem (+ ل /ə́l/—prohibited in 3rd Person Sing. Masc; optional elsewhere)

•* ~~present~~past perfective base: و /wә́/ + ~~present~~past stem(+ ل /ə́l/—prohibited in 3rd Person Sing. Masc; optional elsewhere)

~~• past imperfective base: past stem (+ ل /ə́l/—prohibited in 3rd Person Sing. Masc; optional elsewhere)~~

~~• past perfective base: و /wә́/ + past stem(+ ل /ə́l/—prohibited in 3rd Person Sing. Masc; optional elsewhere)~~

=== Second Conjugation Class ===

Line 3,793 ⟶ 3,270:

Example one: the verb پرېښودل [to leave]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" | Verb

! rowspan="2" | Present Stem

Line 3,811 ⟶ 3,288:

'''Notes:'''<ref name=":3"/>

* present imperfective base = present stem

•* present ~~imperfective~~perfective base: =stressed prefix + present stem

* past imperfective base: prefix + past stem (+ ل /ə́l/—prohibited in 3rd Person Sing. Masc.; optional elsewhere)

•* ~~present~~past perfective base: stressed prefix + ~~present~~past stem(+ ل /ə́l/—prohibited in 3rd Person Sing. Masc; optional elsewhere)

~~• past imperfective base: prefix + past stem (+ ل /ə́l/—prohibited in 3rd Person Sing. Masc.; optional elsewhere)~~

~~• past perfective base: stressed prefix + past stem(+ ل /ə́l/—prohibited in 3rd Person Sing. Masc; optional elsewhere)~~

==Verbs: Multiple Stems==

Line 3,831 ⟶ 3,304:

Observation: either three stemmed [ږد, کېږد, کېښود] or four stemmed [یښود ږد, کېږد, کېښود]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" | Verb

! rowspan="2" | Meaning

Line 3,848 ⟶ 3,321:

Observation: Four stems

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" | Verb

! rowspan="2" | Meaning

Line 3,870 ⟶ 3,343:

Observation: Four Stems

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" | Verb

! rowspan="2" | Meaning

Line 3,889 ⟶ 3,362:

| -(تل(ل <br />tl(ә́l)-

Observation: This example contains locative prefixes را,در,ور

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" | Verb

! rowspan="2" |~~Meaningg~~Meaning

! colspan="2" |Present

! colspan="2" |Past

Line 3,921 ⟶ 3,393:

Observation:Three stems:وړ [wṛ] for imperfective and یوس + یووړ for the perfectives . Note -– Prefixed وړل /wṛә́l/ ~~‘to~~'to ~~carry’~~carry', use its weak stem [as illustrated with پرېوتل above]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" | Verb

! rowspan="2" | Meaning

Line 3,948 ⟶ 3,420:

=== کول and کېدل ===

Here there use as main verbs are ~~eluded~~alluded to.

To the verb -– to do: The brackete [ṛ] in the present perfective base of کول /kawә́l/ ~~‘to~~'to ~~do’~~do' indicates that it sometimes is not pronounced in speech<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=David|first=Anne Boyle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zK7zMgEACAAJ|title=Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and Its Dialects|date=2014|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|isbn=978-1-61451-303-2|page=219}}</ref>

'''Important''': Here there use as main verbs are ~~eluded~~alluded to - when کول and کېدل are used as verbalizers, their perfective forms are not formed with the first conjugation prefix و /wә́/, but are irregular.<ref name=":5" />

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="4" | کول

kawә́l

Line 3,989 ⟶ 3,461:

To the verb -– to become

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="4" | کېدل

kedә́l

Line 4,040 ⟶ 3,512:

== Verbs: aspect ==

Pashto in every tense has an [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]]: [[perfective aspect]] [بشپړاړخ] and [[imperfective aspect]] [نابشپړاړخ]. The perfective aspect indicates completion or termination of an action. The imperfective aspect indicates continuity of an action or the habitual nature of the action.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" | Present

Line 4,050 ⟶ 3,522:

! style="border-left;" |<small>Imperfective</small>

! Verb -– خوړل [to eat]

| style="border-right: " |زه ډوډۍ '''وخورم''' نو بيا به راشم<br/>[Once] I eat food then i'll come

| style="border-left: " | زه ډوډۍ '''خورم'''<br/>I am eating

Line 4,070 ⟶ 3,542:

In both aspects the [[Stress (linguistics)|stress [خج]]] is applied to the verb. In perfective, the stress is applied to the initial part of the verb, while in the imperfective it is generally applied to the final part of the verb.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ullah|first=Noor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KToHywAACAAJ&q=pashto+grammar|title=Pashto Grammar|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4567-8007-4|page=11}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" | Aspect

Line 4,102 ⟶ 3,574:

Example:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" | Aspect

Line 4,137 ⟶ 3,609:

Example:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" | Aspect

Line 4,166 ⟶ 3,638:

==== Third conjugation ====

These are called compound verbs above -– those with adjective complements and noun complements + forms of کول /kawə́l/ or کېدل /kedə́l/. Here the perfective is formed by:<ref name=":3" />

* shifting stress from the verbalizer to the noun or adjective complement, according to the lexical stress of noun or adjective

Line 4,175 ⟶ 3,647:

Example 1:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" | Aspect

Line 4,204 ⟶ 3,676:

Example 2:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" | Aspect

Line 4,250 ⟶ 3,722:

===Personal suffixes ===

Verbal suffixes in Pashto denote [[Grammatical person|person]], [[Grammatical gender|gender]] and [[Grammatical number|number]].<ref name=":0" />

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Number

! Person

Line 4,280 ⟶ 3,752:

! Masculine

| verb stem only [no suffix]<br/>''or''<br/>ۀ / ه <br />ə

| و <br />o -– in Peshawar Dialect<br/>'''''See below'''''

! Feminine

Line 4,290 ⟶ 3,762:

| و<br />u

| ي<br />i -– in Wazirwola and Dzadrani

! 2nd person

| ئ<br />əɪ

|است<br /> āst -– in South Western

! 3rd person present

Line 4,315 ⟶ 3,787:

====Present imperfective tense====

Gəḍéẓ̌ is the present imperfective stem of the verb ''gaḍedəl'' [to dance].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Number

! Person

Line 4,345 ⟶ 3,817:

====Past imperfective tense====

Gəḍēd is the past stem of the verb ''gaḍēdəl'' [to dance].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Number

! Person

Line 4,390 ⟶ 3,862:

''Example:''

* هغوی ګډېدل [They were dancing] -– can imply only males dancing or both males and females dancing

* هغوی ګډېدې [They were dancing] -– implies only women were dancing. It can also be used for transgenders [ايجړاګان] by itself. But you can not say ايجړاګان ګډېدې since ايجړا is a masculine noun so one would use ايجړاګان ګډېدل.

=== 3rd Person Past Singular Masculine ===

Generally ه [ə] or no-stem suffix is employed. But sometimes ئ [əi] is found also.

{| class="wikitable"

! colspan="5" |PAST -– 3rd Person Singular Masculine

!Morphology

Line 4,478 ⟶ 3,950:

|درتلل<br />dar tlә́l

to go

[towards 2nd person]

Line 4,535 ⟶ 4,007:

With وتل the plural suffix ل(əl) is not used instead:

{| class="wikitable"

! colspan="4" |PAST -– 3rd Person Singular Masculine

! rowspan="2" |Change

! colspan="2" |PAST -– 3rd Person Plural Masculine

!Verb

Line 4,631 ⟶ 4,103:

térwātә́

== Verbs: agreement ==

=== Intransitive verbs ===

As can be seen from the intransitive verb above [ګډېدل] -– the verb agrees with the [[Subject (grammar)|subject]].

=== Agreement -– transitive verbs ===

* [[Ergative case|Ergative]] construction is used in the past tense of [[transitive verb]]s: the predicate [verb] agrees in person, number and gender with the [[Object (grammar)|object]]. The [[Subject (grammar)|subject]] changes to into the oblique case.

* In the present tense the transitive verb agrees with the subject: in person, number and gender.

Example 1: خوړل -– transitive verb -– to eat

{| class="wikitable"

! colspan="3" |Past

Line 4,659 ⟶ 4,132:

|man

|past perfective stem -– with

3rd person singular '''feminine''' verbal suffix

|noun -– singular, '''feminine''', direct case

|noun -– singular, masculine, '''oblique''' case

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; |The man ate the food

Line 4,685 ⟶ 4,158:

|man

|present imperfective stem -– with

3rd person singular '''masculine''' verbal suffix

|noun -– singular, feminine, direct case

|noun -– singular, '''masculine''', '''direct''' case

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; |The man is eating the food

Example 2: اغوستل -– transitive verb -– to put on/dress

{| class="wikitable"

! colspan="3" |Past

Line 4,711 ⟶ 4,184:

|past perfective stem -– with

3rd person '''plural''' '''feminine''' verbal suffix

|noun -– '''plural feminine''' direct case

|noun -– singular, '''oblique''' case

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; |I wore the clothes

Line 4,737 ⟶ 4,210:

|present imperfective stem -– with

'''1st person singular''' verbal suffix

|noun -– '''plural, feminine''', direct case

|noun -– '''singular''', '''direct''' case

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; |I am wearing the clothes

==== Compound transitive verbs -– split agreement ====

In the present tense the nominal/adjectival part of the compound verb agrees with the object. But the auxiliary کول [to do] agrees with the subject.

Example: پاکول -– compound transitive verb -– to clean

{| class="wikitable"

! colspan="4" |Present

Line 4,775 ⟶ 4,248:

|man

|present perfective stem -– with

3rd person singular masculine verbal suffix

|adjective -– '''''singular, feminine'',''' direct case

|noun -– '''''singular, feminine''','' direct case

|noun -– singular, masculine, direct case

| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; |[When] the man cleans the room

Line 4,785 ⟶ 4,258:

In the past both nominal/adjectival and auxiliary components agree with the object.

Example: پاکول -– compound transitive verb -– to clean

{| class="wikitable"

! colspan="4" |Past

Line 4,812 ⟶ 4,285:

|man

|past imperfective stem -– with

3rd person '''plural feminine''' verbal suffix

|adjective -– '''plural, feminine,''' direct case

|noun -– '''plural, feminine''', direct case

|noun -– singular, masculine, oblique case

| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; |The man was cleaning the rooms

== Verbs: participle ==

Line 4,828 ⟶ 4,299:

The present participle is formed with the past imperfective stem without ل (əl) + ونک (unk) and declension follows the pattern of unstressed ی (ay).

Example ليکل [likəˈl] -– writer → ليک [lik] past imperfective stem → ليکونکی [likəwúnkay] -– writer

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" | Masculine

Line 4,890 ⟶ 4,361:

Example: of Category 1 verb رسېدل

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="2" |

! Singular

Line 4,950 ⟶ 4,421:

==== Future perfect ====

Formed by به [future marker] +present perfect

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="2" |

! Singular

Line 5,016 ⟶ 4,487:

Example:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="2" |

! Singular

Line 5,200 ⟶ 4,671:

Example:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Singular

Line 5,259 ⟶ 4,730:

Example:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Singular

Line 5,309 ⟶ 4,780:

Perfective optative + past perfective of کېدل

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Singular

Line 5,345 ⟶ 4,816:

! colspan="2" | '''2nd'''

| ته يې<br />tə ye || تاسو يئ \ ياست<br />tā́so yəy<br />(in Southern dialect -– yāst)<ref name="Lebedev" /><ref name="KandahariGrammar">[http://learnpashtu.blogspot.ru/2010/12/short-summary-of-pashto-grammar.html Short Summary of Pashto Grammar]</ref>

! rowspan="2" | '''3rd'''

Line 5,390 ⟶ 4,861:

! colspan="2" | '''2nd'''

| ته وې<br />tə we || تاسو وئ\واست<br />tā́so wəy<br />(in Southern dialect -– wāst)<ref name="Lebedev" />

! '''3rd'''

!Masc.

| دی ؤ<br />day wə || دوی وو\ول<br />dui wu<br />(in Southern dialect -– wəl)<ref name="MFarooq" /><ref name="KandahariGrammar" />

! '''3rd'''

Line 5,444 ⟶ 4,915:

=== "Wi" -– usage ===

وي ''[wi]'' is also used; this is the third person singular and plural of the present tense of the verb to be. وي is used when an assumption or a given fact is being discussed where as دی/ده/دي are used reporting an observation. شته functions as "there is" in English.

{| class="wikitable"

Line 5,463 ⟶ 4,934:

Formation: verb stem + an affix و /‑aw‑/.

The causative can either use the present stem or past stem [and sometimes both] -– depending on the original verb.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" | Original verb

! colspan="2" |Stem used in bold

Line 5,519 ⟶ 4,990:

Example:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

!خندل -– original verb

! خندول -– causative verb

|مه خانده

Line 5,534 ⟶ 5,005:

== Verbs: imperative form ==

This is used to make commands. The present stems of the verbs are used to make commands:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" | Verb

! colspan="2" |Stem used in bold

Line 5,549 ⟶ 5,020:

=== Number ===

The two verbal suffixes are employed:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

!Number

! Suffix

Line 5,562 ⟶ 5,033:

Example:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="2" | Verb

! colspan="2" |Number

Line 5,581 ⟶ 5,052:

=== Positive command ===

Pashto positive imperative have two aspects: perfective (initial stress) an imperfective (final stress)

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="2" |وهل -– to beat

wahә́l

Line 5,606 ⟶ 5,077:

===== Transitive =====

For compounds in the transitive, the nominal/adjective part of the verb agrees with the direct object.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="2" |پاکول -– to clean

pākawә́l

Line 5,625 ⟶ 5,096:

Where the is no object, the nominal/adjective part of the verb agrees with the subject

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="2" |پاکول -– to clean

pākawә́l

Line 5,648 ⟶ 5,119:

===== Intransitive =====

For compounds in the intransitive, the nominal/adjective part of the verb agrees with the subject

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="2" |پاکېدل -– to get clean

pākedә́l

Line 5,668 ⟶ 5,139:

Compare:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="2" |وهل -– to beat

wahә́l

Line 5,686 ⟶ 5,157:

==== Prefixed verbs ====

North Eastern Pashto treats negative forms differently for prefixed verbs, placing the negative particle before the entire verb, whereas some other dialects place it between the prefix and the stem.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="2" |پرېکول -– to cut

prekawә́l

Line 5,984 ⟶ 5,455:

== Future Tense ==

The future tense is ~~form~~formed with the addition of به /bә/; which has been defined by Tegey as a "future marker"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tegey|first=Habibullah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQGVvQEACAAJ&q=Tegey+pashto+grammar|title=A Reference Grammar of Pashto|date=1996|publisher=Center for Applied Linguistics|page=126}}</ref> and as a "modal clitic" by Boyle.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=David|first=Anne Boyle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zK7zMgEACAAJ|title=Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and Its Dialects|date=2014|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|isbn=978-1-61451-303-2|page=369}}</ref>

=== Future Expression ===

The clitic به /bә/ is added to the present perfective verb to convey future time event, speculation, or doubt.<ref name=":6" />

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="2" | Verb

! Present Perfective

Line 6,013 ⟶ 5,484:

|I will beat

~~Example:~~

{{interlinear|number=ex:

'''پلار به مې ګانده پيسې ولېږي'''{{interlinear|plār bә me paisé wә́leẓ̌i|father:M:DIR will:FUT I:1:SG:WK money:F:DIR:PL send:AOR:PRS:3:SG:M|My father will send money|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|top= پلار به مې ګانده پيسې ولېږي

|plār bә me paisé wә́leẓ̌i

|father:M:DIR will:FUT I:1:SG:WK money:F:DIR:PL send:AOR:PRS:3:SG:M

|My father will send money

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

WK:weak}}

=== With Present Imperfective Tense ===

The clitic به /bә/ is added to the present imperfective verb to convey future event -– but with. different nuances explained below.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="2" | Verb

! Present Imperfective

Line 6,048 ⟶ 5,523:

* To describe a future reference that is repeated or ongoing:<ref name=":6"/>

{{interlinear|number=ex:

'''پلار به مې پيسې لېږي او زه به خورمه''' {{interlinear|plār bә me paisé léẓ̌i aw zә bә xwrә́ma|father:M:DIR will:FUT I:1:SG:WK money:F:DIR:PL send:AOR:PRS:3:SG:M and I:1:SG:STR:DIR will:FUT eat:CONT:PRS:3:SG:F|My father will send money and I will (continue to) eat|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|top= پلار به مې پيسې لېږي او زه به خورمه

|plār bә me paisé léẓ̌i aw zә bә xwrә́ma

|father:M:DIR will:FUT I:1:SG:WK money:F:DIR:PL send:AOR:PRS:3:SG:M and I:1:SG:STR:DIR will:FUT eat:CONT:PRS:3:SG:F

|My father will send money and I will (continue to) eat

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

WK:weak

STR:strong}}

Line 6,054 ⟶ 5,534:

* Present Imperfective verb base is also used where future marker like "tomorrow", "next week" etc. is used:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tegey|first=Habibullah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQGVvQEACAAJ&q=Tegey+pashto+grammar|title=A Reference Grammar of Pashto|date=1996|publisher=Center for Applied Linguistics|page=129}}</ref>

{{interlinear|number=ex:

'''پلار به مې پيسې ګانده لېږي''' {{interlinear|plār bә me paisé gā́nda léẓ̌i |father:M:DIR will:FUT I:1:SG:WK money:F:DIR:PL tomorrow:F:DIR send:AOR:PRS:3:SG:M |My father will send money tomorrow|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|top= پلار به مې پيسې ګانده لېږي

|plār bә me paisé gā́nda léẓ̌i

|father:M:DIR will:FUT I:1:SG:WK money:F:DIR:PL tomorrow:F:DIR send:AOR:PRS:3:SG:M

|My father will send money tomorrow

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

WK:weak

STR:strong}}

Line 6,060 ⟶ 5,545:

* To contrast a future action with another future action:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tegey|first=Habibullah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQGVvQEACAAJ&q=pashto+grammar+tegey|title=A Reference Grammar of Pashto|date=1996|publisher=Center for Applied Linguistics|page=130}}</ref>

{{interlinear|number=ex:

'''ته به ځې زه به پاتې کېږم'''{{interlinear|tә bә dzé zә bә pāte kéẓ̌әm|you:2:SG:STR:DIR will:FUT go:CONT:PRS:2:SG I:1:SG:STR:DIR will:FUT behind:F become:CONT:PRS:1:SG |You'll be going, I'll be staying.|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|top= ته به ځې زه به پاتې کېږم

|tә bә dzé zә bә pāte kéẓ̌әm

|you:2:SG:STR:DIR will:FUT go:CONT:PRS:2:SG I:1:SG:STR:DIR will:FUT behind:F become:CONT:PRS:1:SG

|You'll be going, I'll be staying.

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

WK:weak

STR:strong

Line 6,075 ⟶ 5,565:

Subject/Object + به /bә/ + و /wә́/ + نه /nә/ + present verb stem + verbal suffix

~~'''~~{{interlinear|number=ex:
|top= مېوه به و نه خوري~~'''{{interlinear~~
|mewá bә wә́ nə xwri
|fruit:F:SG:DIR will:FUT eat...:AOR:PRS:3 not:NEG ...eat:AOR:PRS:3

~~...eat:AOR:PRS:3~~|He/She/They will not eat the fruit
|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

WK:weak

STR:strong

COMP: complementizer}}

If there is both a grammatical subject and object:<ref name=":2"/>

Subject + به /bә/ + object+ و /wә́/ + نه /nә/ + present verb stem + verbal suffix

{{interlinear|number=ex:

'''زه به ليک و نه لېږم'''{{interlinear|zә bә lik wә́ nə léẓ̌әm|I:1:SG:STR:DIR will:FUT letter:SG:M:DIR send...:AOR:PRS:1:SG not:NEG ...send:AOR:PRS:1:SG|I will not send the letter|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|top= زه به ليک و نه لېږم

|zә bә lik wә́ nə léẓ̌әm

|I:1:SG:STR:DIR will:FUT letter:SG:M:DIR send...:AOR:PRS:1:SG not:NEG ...send:AOR:PRS:1:SG

|I will not send the letter

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

WK:weak

STR:strong

COMP: complementizer}}

If there is no grammatical subject nor grammatical object:<ref name=":2" />

و /wә́/ + به /bә/ + نه /nә/ + present verb stem + verbal suffix

{{interlinear|number=ex:

~~'''و به نه ګرځي'''{{interlinear|wә́ bә nə gardzi|walk...:AOR:PRS:3 will:FUT not:NEG ...walk:AOR:PRS:3|He/She/They will not walk|abbreviations=DIR:direct case~~

|top= و به نه ګرځي

|wә́ bә nə gardzi

|walk...:AOR:PRS:3 will:FUT not:NEG ...walk:AOR:PRS:3

|He/She/They will not walk

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

WK:weak

STR:strong

Line 6,097 ⟶ 5,605:

==== a-initial verbs ====

The و /wә́/ changes to وا /wā́/.<ref name=":2"/> Thereby:

If there is a grammatical subject or object:

Line 6,105 ⟶ 5,612:

''Verb: اخستل [axstә́l]''

~~'''~~{{interlinear|number=ex:
|top= مېوه به وا نه خلي~~'''{{interlinear~~
|mewá bә wā́ nə xli
|fruit:F:SG:DIR will:FUT buy...:AOR:PRS:3 not:NEG ...buy:AOR:PRS:3

~~...buy:AOR:PRS:3~~|He/She/They will not buy the fruit
|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

WK:weak

STR:strong

COMP: complementizer}}

If there is both a grammatical subject and object:

Subject + به /bә/ + object+ وا /wā́/ + نه /nә/ + present verb stem + verbal suffix

Line 6,115 ⟶ 5,628:

''Verb: استول [astawә́l]''

{{interlinear|number=ex:

'''موږ به ليک وا نه ستوو'''{{interlinear|munẓ̌ bә lik wā́ nə stawu|we:1:PL:STR:DIR will:FUT letter:SG:M:DIR send...:AOR:PRS:1:SG not:NEG ...send:AOR:PRS:1:SG|We will not send the letter|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|top= موږ به ليک وا نه ستوو

|munẓ̌ bә lik wā́ nə stawu

|we:1:PL:STR:DIR will:FUT letter:SG:M:DIR send...:AOR:PRS:1:SG not:NEG ...send:AOR:PRS:1:SG

|We will not send the letter

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

WK:weak

STR:strong

COMP: complementizer}}

If there is no grammatical subject nor grammatical object:

وا /wā́/ + به /bә/ + نه /nә/ + present verb stem + verbal suffix

Line 6,124 ⟶ 5,644:

''Verb: اچول [ačawә́l]''

{{interlinear|number=ex:

~~'''وا به نه چوې'''{{interlinear|wā́ bә nə čawe|put...:AOR:PRS:2:SG will:FUT not:NEG ...put:AOR:PRS:2:SG|You will not put it|abbreviations=DIR:direct case~~

|top= وا به نه چوې

|wā́ bә nə čawe

|put...:AOR:PRS:2:SG will:FUT not:NEG ...put:AOR:PRS:2:SG

|You will not put it

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

WK:weak

STR:strong

Line 6,131 ⟶ 5,656:

=== Second Conjugation Class ===

First: Between the prefix and the verb base نه /nә́/ is placed<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tegey|first=Habibullah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQGVvQEACAAJ|title=A Reference Grammar of Pashto|date=1996|publisher=Center for Applied Linguistics|page=129}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Verb

! Example

! Future

|{{interlinear|top= بوول|bowә́l|{to take}|}}

~~! rowspan="2" |بوول~~

|{{interlinear|top= بوزو|bózu|{we take}|}}

~~bowә́l~~

|{{interlinear|top= بو نه زو|{bo nә́ zu}|{(we) not take}|}}

~~to take~~

~~! بوزو~~

~~bózu~~

~~!بو نه زو~~

~~bo nә́ zu~~

~~|we take~~

~~|(we) not take~~

Second: به /bә/ can then be placed

Line 6,152 ⟶ 5,669:

Before verb:

{{interlinear|number=ex:

'''کور ته به لاړ نه شو'''{{interlinear|kor ta bә lāṛ nә́ šu|house:M:SG:DIR to:POST will:FUT go...:AOR:PRS:1:PL not:NEG go...:AOR:PRS:1:PL|We wont got to the house|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|top= کور ته به لاړ نه شو

|kor ta bә lāṛ nә́ šu

|house:M:SG:DIR to:POST will:FUT go...:AOR:PRS:1:PL not:NEG go...:AOR:PRS:1:PL

|We wont got to the house

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

WK:weak

STR:strong

COMP: complementizer}}

Or before the object (likely where there is a subject)

{{interlinear|number=ex:

'''موږ به کور ته لاړ نه شو'''{{interlinear|muẓ̌ bə kor ta lāṛ nә́ šu|we:1:PL:STR:DIR will:FUT house:M:SG:DIR to:POST go...:AOR:PRS:1:PL not:NEG go...:AOR:PRS:1:PL|We wont got to the house|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|top= موږ به کور ته لاړ نه شو

|muẓ̌ bə kor ta lāṛ nә́ šu

|we:1:PL:STR:DIR will:FUT house:M:SG:DIR to:POST go...:AOR:PRS:1:PL not:NEG go...:AOR:PRS:1:PL

|We wont got to the house

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

WK:weak

STR:strong

Line 6,167 ⟶ 5,696:

Example: روغېدل [roğedә́l]

{{interlinear|number=ex:

~~'''ته به روغه نه شې'''{{interlinear|tə bә róğa nə še|you:2:SG:STR:DIR will:FUT recover...:F:ADJ:SG not:NEG ...become:AOR:PRS:2:SG|You won't recover|abbreviations=DIR:direct case~~

|top= ته به روغه نه شې

|tə bә róğa nə še

|you:2:SG:STR:DIR will:FUT recover...:F:ADJ:SG not:NEG ...become:AOR:PRS:2:SG

|You won't recover

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

WK:weak

STR:strong

COMP: complementizer}}

== "Bә" With Past Imperfective Tense ==

The marker به /bә/ is also used to convey habitual actions in the past.<ref>{{Cite book|last=David|first=Anne Boyle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zK7zMgEACAAJ&q=pashto+grammar|title=Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and Its Dialects|date=2014|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|isbn=978-1-61451-303-2|pages=369, 371}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="2" | Verb

! Past Imperfective

Line 6,198 ⟶ 5,733:

|I would be beat

~~Example:~~

{{interlinear|number=ex:

'''کله چې هغۀ به ډول غږوۀ زه به ګډېدم'''{{interlinear|kála če bә hağә́ ḍol ğaẓ̌awә́ zә bә gaḍedә́m|when that:COMP would he:3:SG:M:STR:OBL drum:SG:M:DIR sound:PST:3:SG:M I:1:SG:STR:DIR would dance:PST:1:SG|When he would play the drum, I would dance|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|top= کله چې هغۀ به ډول غږوۀ زه به ګډېدم

|kála če bә hağә́ ḍol ğaẓ̌awә́ zә bә gaḍedә́m

|when that:COMP would he:3:SG:M:STR:OBL drum:SG:M:DIR sound:PST:3:SG:M I:1:SG:STR:DIR would dance:PST:1:SG

|When he would play the drum, I would dance

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

WK:weak

STR:strong

Line 6,206 ⟶ 5,745:

== Adverbs ==

Adverbs that modify adjectives, verbs or verb phrases, and sentences; can ~~been~~be divided into the classes of time, place, manner, and degree.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=David|first=Anne Boyle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zK7zMgEACAAJ|title=Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and Its Dialects|date=2014|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|isbn=978-1-61451-303-2|page=378}}</ref>

These adverbs can act alone or as part of an adpositional phrase.

Line 6,213 ⟶ 5,751:

''Acting alone:''

~~'''مخکښې راغله'''~~{{interlinear|number=ex:
|top= مخکښې راغله
|mə́xkx̌e rā́ğla
| before:ADV come:AOR:PST:3:SG:F
|She came earlier
|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

STR:strong

NEC:modal of necessity or obligation}}

Line 6,219 ⟶ 5,762:

''Acting as adipositional phrase:''

{{interlinear|number=ex:

'''د ماما نه مخکښې راغله'''{{interlinear|də māmā́ na mə́xkx̌e rā́ğla|of maternal-uncle:DIR:M:SG from before:ADV come:AOR:PST:3:SG:F|She came before (my) uncle|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|top= د ماما نه مخکښې راغله

|də māmā́ na mə́xkx̌e rā́ğla

|of maternal-uncle:DIR:M:SG from before:ADV come:AOR:PST:3:SG:F

|She came before (my) uncle

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

STR:strong

NEC:modal of necessity or obligation}}

Line 6,228 ⟶ 5,776:

Common adverbs of time:

{| class="wikitable"

! Adverb !! ~~Tranliteration~~Transliteration !! Meaning

!تل

Line 6,281 ⟶ 5,829:

|yet

~~Example sentence:~~

{{interlinear|number=ex:

~~'''تل دې خدای لره'''{{interlinear|təl de xwdā́y lará|always:ADV NEC god:DIR have:CONT:PRS:IMP:SG|May God keep you (well/alive) forever !|abbreviations=DIR:direct case~~

|top= تل دې خدای لره

|təl de xwdā́y lará

|always:ADV NEC god:DIR have:CONT:PRS:IMP:SG

|May God keep you (well/alive) forever!

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

STR:strong

NEC:modal of necessity or obligation}}

Line 6,341 ⟶ 5,893:

!هيچرې

|hičárta

| rowspan="2" |~~nowher~~nowhere

!هيچرته

|hičáre

~~Example sentence:~~

~~'''کښته کښېنه'''~~{{interlinear|number=ex:
|top= کښته کښېنه
|kx̌ə́ta kx̌éna
|underneath:ADV sit:AOR:PRS:IMP:SG
|Sit down.
|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

STR:strong

NEC:modal of necessity or obligation}}

Line 6,380 ⟶ 5,936:

hále

Example sentence in Waziri:

~~'''دېلې ځں'''~~{{interlinear|number=ex:
|top= دېلې ځں
|déle dzə̃
|hereADV go:CONT:PRS:1:SG
|I am going here
|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

STR:strong

NEC:modal of necessity or obligation}}

Line 6,392 ⟶ 5,954:

List of prepositions

{| class="wikitable"

! Preposition !! Dialect ~~variaition~~variation !! Meaning

!Uses

Line 6,422 ⟶ 5,984:

|without

# Considered as prefix. But can also be considered a preposition since the noun followed by بې shows ablative case-marking e.g. بې پلاره -– with پلار being in the ablative case

!په

Line 6,439 ⟶ 6,001:

|till; than

# Usually used as aan ambiposition/circumpositions to express "~~upto~~up to, until" e.g. تر پېښور پورې لاړم [I went till Peshawar]

# As a preposition; is used in comparative and superlative constructions e.g. زه تر ماما دنګ يم [I am taller than my maternal-uncle]

Line 6,469 ⟶ 6,031:

|for

# Denotes ~~receipents~~recipients e.g. ځان ته څپلۍ هم اخلم [I am buying shoes also for myself]

Line 6,568 ⟶ 6,130:

də...na

'from'

~~‘from’~~

|د ...لاندې

də...lā́nde

'under'

~~‘under’~~

|د ... پسې

də...pəsé

'after'

~~‘after’~~

|د ... پورې

də...póre

~~‘up~~'up to,

across'

~~across’~~

|د...سره

də...sará

'with'

~~‘with’~~

|د...څخه

də...tsә́xa

'from'

~~‘from’~~

!...له

Line 6,601 ⟶ 6,163:

lə...na

'from'

~~‘from’~~

|له...لاندې

lə...lā́nde

'under'

~~‘under’~~

Line 6,612 ⟶ 6,174:

lə...sará

'with'

~~‘with’~~

|له...څخه

lə...tsә́xa

'from'

~~‘from’~~

!...پر

Line 6,624 ⟶ 6,186:

pə...ke

~~‘in~~'in, at, ~~on’~~on'

Line 6,630 ⟶ 6,192:

pə...bā́nde

~~‘on~~'on top of, by

means ~~of’~~of'

| rowspan="2" |په...پسې

pə...pəsé

'after,

~~‘after,~~

behind'

~~behind’~~

|پر ... پورې

pər...póre

'with'

~~‘with’~~

| rowspan="2" |په...سره

pə...sará

'with'

~~‘with’~~

Line 6,666 ⟶ 6,228:

tər...lā́nde

'under'

~~‘under’~~

Line 6,672 ⟶ 6,234:

tər...póre

~~‘until~~'until, up ~~to’~~to'

Line 6,753 ⟶ 6,315:

!Component

~~!Componnent~~

!Meaning

Line 6,882 ⟶ 6,444:

Used with:

* ته /tə/ ~~‘to’~~'to'

* سره /səra/ ‘'[comitative] ~~with’~~with'

* the prepositions د /də/ ~~‘of’~~'of' and په /pə/ ~~‘at’~~'at', plus any circumposition consisting of a postposition and one of these two prepositions;

* the circumposition له ... نه /lə ... na/ ~~‘from~~'from/.

Example: سړی [using preposition د] and ښځه [using preposition په] are in oblique case; compare ملګری in direct case

{{interlinear|number=ex:

~~'''د سړي ملګری په ښځې اوسېږي'''{{interlinear|də saṛí malgə́ray pə x̌ə́dze oséẓ̌i|of:PREP man:M:OBL friend:M:DIR on:PREP woman:F:OBL~~

|top= د سړي ملګری په ښځې اوسېږي

~~live:CONT:PRS:3:SG:M|The man's friend lives on [his] wife|abbreviations=DIR:direct case}}~~

|də saṛí malgə́ray pə x̌ə́dze oséẓ̌i

|of:PREP man:M:OBL friend:M:DIR on:PREP woman:F:OBL live:CONT:PRS:3:SG:M

|The man's friend lives on [his] wife

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case}}

Example: ما -oblique pronoun used with circumposition په...کښې

~~'''~~{{interlinear|number=ex:
|top= په ما کښې ده~~'''{{interlinear~~
|pə mā ke da
|on:PREP me:1:SG:STR:OBL in:POST be:CONT:PRS:3:SG:F
|She/it is in me
|abbreviations=STR: strong

COMIT: comitative}}

Line 6,900 ⟶ 6,471:

Used with:

* له /lə/ ~~‘from’~~'from'; and also د /də/ having the same meaning 'from'

* تر /tər/ ~~‘from~~'from, originating from'

* Circumposition containing تر /tər/, له /lə/; except له ... نه /lə ... na/ ~~‘from~~'from/

*په /pə/ the instrumental usage only found in construction with an adjectival, rather than nominal, object

Example: circumposition '''تر ... پورې'''

{{interlinear|number=ex:

~~'''تر کوره پورې تلم'''{{interlinear|tər kóra póre tlә́m|till:PREP house:M:ABL till:POST go:CONT:PST:1:SG|I was going till the house|abbreviations=STR: strong~~

|top= تر کوره پورې تلم

|tər kóra póre tlә́m

|till:PREP house:M:ABL till:POST go:CONT:PST:1:SG

|I was going till the house

|abbreviations=STR: strong

COMIT: comitative

DIR:directional}}

With د /də/, having the object marked in the ablative case gives the sense of ‘'(motion) away ~~from’~~from':

~~'''~~{{interlinear|number=ex:
|top= د کوره راغلم~~''' {{interlinear~~
|də kóra rā́ğləm
|from:COMIT house:M:ABL come:AOR:PST:1:SG
|I came from the house
|abbreviations=STR: strong

COMIT: comitative

DIR:directional}}

په /pə/ ~~‘the~~'the instrumental usage + adjective:

{{interlinear|number=ex:

'''کور مې په ګرانه جوړ کړی دی'''{{interlinear|kor me pә grā́na joṛ kә́ṛay day|house:M:DIR I:1:SG:WK with:INSTR difficult:ADJ:M:DIR make:M:DIR do:AOR:PTCP:M:DIR be:CONT:PRS:3:SG:M|I have made the house with difficulty|abbreviations=STR: strong

|top= کور مې په ګرانه جوړ کړی دی

|kor me pә grā́na joṛ kә́ṛay day

|house:M:DIR I:1:SG:WK with:INSTR difficult:ADJ:M:DIR make:M:DIR do:AOR:PTCP:M:DIR be:CONT:PRS:3:SG:M

|I have made the house with difficulty

|abbreviations=STR: strong

COMIT: comitative

WK: weak pronoun

Line 6,929 ⟶ 6,515:

Example: with سړی in oblique case

{{interlinear|number=ex:

'''بې سړي کور تش وي'''{{interlinear|be saṛí kor tә́š wi|without:PREP man:M:OBL house:M:DIR empty:ADJ:M be:AOR:PRS:3:SG:M|Without a man, a house is empty|abbreviations=DIR:direct case}}

|top= بې سړي کور تش وي

|be saṛí kor tә́š wi

|without:PREP man:M:OBL house:M:DIR empty:ADJ:M be:AOR:PRS:3:SG:M

|Without a man, a house is empty

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case}}

Example: with سړی in ablative case

{{interlinear|number=ex:

'''بې سړیه کور تش وي'''{{interlinear|be saṛiya kor tә́š wi|without:PREP man:M:ABL house:M:DIR empty:ADJ:M be:AOR:PRS:3:SG:M|Without a man, a house is empty|abbreviations=DIR:direct case}}

|top= بې سړیه کور تش وي

|be saṛiya kor tә́š wi

|without:PREP man:M:ABL house:M:DIR empty:ADJ:M be:AOR:PRS:3:SG:M

|Without a man, a house is empty

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case}}

== Passive voice ==

Pashto does not have a distinguishable morphological passive construction. The construction identified by some comprises a special case of denominal verbs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ullah|first=Noor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XRingEACAAJ|title=Pashto Grammar|date=2011|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4567-8007-4|page=71}}</ref> The verbal part of the construction consists of a form of the verbaliser کېدل /kedә́l (~~‘to~~'to ~~become’~~become') and a verbal complement (in the infinitive form).The actor is expressed as the subject of the sentence, and that noun is case-marked direct and triggers verb agreement (in both past and present).

{{interlinear|number=ex:

~~Example:~~

|top= په ښار کښې ددوو ودانیو بنسټ کېښودل شو

|pә x̌ār ke dә dwo wədānə́yo bənsáṭ kex̌awdə́l šo

|in:PREP city:M in:POST of:PREP two:F:PL:OBL building:F:PL:OBL foundation:M:DIR place:INF become:AOR:PST:3:SG:M

|The foundations of two buildings were laid in the city

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case}}

The auxiliary verb کېدل combined with the infinitive وهل:

'''په ښار کښې ددوو ودانیو بنسټ کېښودل شو'''{{interlinear|pә x̌ār ke dә dwo wədānə́yo bənsáṭ kex̌awdə́l šo|in:PREP city:M in:POST of:PREP two:F:PL:OBL building:F:PL:OBL foundation:M:DIR place:INF become:AOR:PST:3:SG:M|The foundations of two buildings were laid in the city|abbreviations=DIR:direct case}}The auxiliary verb کېدل combined with the infinitive وهل:

{| class="wikitable"

! rowspan="2" |Active

Line 7,002 ⟶ 6,603:

As with active sentences, the subject may be expressed through the verb agreement suffix alone

{{interlinear|number=ex:

~~Example:~~

|top= د خځې له خوا وهل کېږم

|dә x̌ә́źe lә xwā wahә́l kéẓ̌әm

|of:PREP woman:F:OBL from:PREP side:F:OBL beat:INF become:CONT:PRS:1:SG

|I am being beaten by the woman

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case}}

'''د خځې له خوا وهل کېږم'''{{interlinear|dә x̌ә́źe lә xwā wahә́l kéẓ̌әm|of:PREP woman:F:OBL from:PREP side:F:OBL beat:INF become:CONT:PRS:1:SG|I am being beaten by the woman|abbreviations=DIR:direct case}}This construction may modify a noun; like most noun modifiers, it precedes the head.

~~Example:~~

{{interlinear|number=ex:

'''د ښځې لوري ليکل شوي څېړنې لټوم''' {{interlinear|dә x̌ә́źe lә lúre likә́l sә́wi śeṛáne laṭawә́m|of:PREP woman:F:OBL from:PREP side:F:OBL write:INF become:AOR:PST:PTCP:PL:M:DIR research:F:PL:DIR find:CONT:PRS:1:SG|I am finding the studies that were written by the woman|abbreviations=DIR:direct case}}

|top= د ښځې لوري ليکل شوي څېړنې لټوم

|dә x̌ә́źe lә lúre likә́l sә́wi śeṛáne laṭawә́m

|of:PREP woman:F:OBL from:PREP side:F:OBL write:INF become:AOR:PST:PTCP:PL:M:DIR research:F:PL:DIR find:CONT:PRS:1:SG

|I am finding the studies that were written by the woman

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case}}

== Adverbial Clauses ==

Line 7,065 ⟶ 6,674:

Affirmative Question Example:

{{interlinear|number=ex:

~~'''~~|top= لاړې که نه ؟~~'''{{interlinear~~
|lā́ṛe kə ná
|go:AOR:PST:2:SG or:PARTICLE no:NEG
|You went, didn't you ?
|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

STR:strong

NEC:modal of necessity or obligation

PARTICLE: particle}}

Affirmative Statement Example:

{{interlinear|number=ex:

~~<br>~~

~~'''~~|top= نه که نه~~'''{{interlinear~~
|ná kə ná
|no:NEG or:PARTICLE no:NEG
|No, of-course not;

No, I didn't you know
|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

STR:strong

NEC:modal of necessity or obligation

Line 7,080 ⟶ 6,699:

==== دې ====

The modal دې [de; Southern dialects: di] expresses a duty or obligation like "must " when used with the perfective tense of a verb.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tegey|first=Habibullah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ey5bmgEACAAJ&q=tegey+pashto+grammar|title=A Reference Grammar of Pashto|date=1996|publisher=Center for Applied Linguistics|page=148}}</ref>

{{interlinear|number=ex:

~~Example:~~

|top= هغه دې وګډېږي

~~'''هغه دې وګډېږي'''{{interlinear~~|hağá de wә́gaḍegi
|he:3SG:STR:DIR NEC dance:AOR:PRS:3:SG
|He should/must dance
|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

STR:strong

NEC:modal of necessity or obligation}}

Line 7,091 ⟶ 6,713:

The modal "bāyád" is also found in construction with the present perfective form of the verb. Tegey notes that like English "should" it carries ambiguity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tegey|first=Habibullah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ey5bmgEACAAJ&q=tegey+pashto+grammar|title=A Reference Grammar of Pashto|date=1996|publisher=Center for Applied Linguistics|page=162}}</ref>

{{interlinear|number=ex:

~~Example:~~

|top= هغه بايد وګډېږي

~~'''هغه بايد وګډېږي'''{{interlinear~~|hağá bāyád wә́gaḍegi
|he:3SG:STR:DIR NEC dance:AOR:PRS:3:SG
|He should dance
|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

STR:strong

NEC:modal of necessity or obligation}}

Line 7,100 ⟶ 6,725:

"Pəkā́r day" [it is needed] is also used as deontic clause

{{interlinear|number=ex:

~~Example:~~

|top= پکار دی چې ته دلته راشې

~~'''پکار دی چې ته دلته راشې'''{{interlinear~~|pəkā́r day če tә də́lta rā́še
|necessary be:CONT:PRS:3:SG:M COMP you:2:SG:STR:DIR here:DEM come:AOR:PRS:2:SG
|You should come here
|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

STR:strong

NEC:modal of necessity or obligation}}

Line 7,111 ⟶ 6,739:

The particle خو /xo/ appears in the second-position and denotes emphasis.<ref>{{Cite book|last=David|first=Anne Boyle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zK7zMgEACAAJ|title=Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and Its Dialects|date=2014|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|isbn=978-1-61451-303-2|page=375}}</ref>

~~'''~~{{interlinear|number=ex:
|top= دا خو منو ده~~'''{{interlinear~~
|dā xo manó da
|this:DIR xo:EMPH shark:F:DIR be:CONT:PRS:3:SG:F
|This is a shark !
|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

EMPH: emphatic

STR:strong

NEC:modal of necessity or obligation}}

Note: as an emphatic خو /xo/ is considered to be different from the conjunction خو /xo/ ~~‘but’~~'but'.

=== Possibility ===

Line 7,121 ⟶ 6,756:

The particle x̌ā́yi is placed sentence-initially and can appear in construction with the complementizer چې [če]<ref>{{Cite book|last=David|first=Anne Boyle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zK7zMgEACAAJ|title=Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and Its Dialects|date=2014|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|isbn=978-1-61451-303-2|page=373}}</ref>

{{interlinear|number=ex:

~~Example:~~

|top= ښايي چې سبا ته راشي

~~'''ښايي چې سبا ته راشي'''{{interlinear~~|x̌ā́yi če sabā́ ta rā́ši
|maybe:PARTICLE that:COMP tomorrow:ADV to come:AOR:PRS:3
|Maybe he/she will come tomorrow
|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

STR:strong

NEC:modal of necessity or obligation

PARTICLE:particle

COMP: complementizer}}~~The particle x̌ā́yi can also demonstrate deonitic "should"~~

The particle x̌ā́yi can also demonstrate deonitic "should"

~~==== کېدی شي ====~~

~~Kedáy ši (could become) which potential construction of the verb "to become" - کېدل /kedә́l/ is also used as particle to denote possibility - again as above '''چې''' maybe used~~

==== کېدی شي ====

~~Example:~~

Kedáy ši (could become) which potential construction of the verb "to become" – کېدل /kedә́l/ is also used as particle to denote possibility – again as above '''چې''' maybe used

{{interlinear|number=ex:

'''کېدی شي [چې] سبا راشي'''{{interlinear|kedáy ši [če] sabā́ rā́ši|become:CONT:PST:OPT become:AOR:PRS:3 [that:COMP] tomorrow:ADV come:AOR:PRS:3|Maybe/perhaps he/she will come tomorrow|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|top= کېدی شي [چې] سبا راشي

|kedáy ši [če] sabā́ rā́ši

|become:CONT:PST:OPT become:AOR:PRS:3 [that:COMP] tomorrow:ADV come:AOR:PRS:3

|Maybe/perhaps he/she will come tomorrow

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

STR:strong

NEC:modal of necessity or obligation

Line 7,178 ⟶ 6,821:

oh what did you do

!وئ<ref>{{Cite web|title=وئ -– Daryab Pashto Glossary [Qalandar Momand]|url=https://qamosona.com/G3/index.php/term/,6f57ae9b61545a9c6d57b1b0a55d5eae.xhtml|access-date=2021-03-05|website=qamosona.com}}</ref>

|wə́i

|darn it, ouch

Line 7,190 ⟶ 6,833:

The particle کاشکې /kāške/ or کاشکي /kāški/ is used as English "if only"; to express wish or desire that something would happen or would have happened.<ref>{{Cite book|last=David|first=Anne Boyle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zK7zMgEACAAJ|title=Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and Its Dialects|date=2014|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|isbn=978-1-61451-303-2|page=347}}</ref>

It can be used with aan optative verb, to express a counterfactual wish.

{{interlinear|number=ex:

~~Example:~~

|top= کاشکې وختي تللی وای!

~~'''کاشکې وختي تللی وای!'''{{interlinear~~|kā́ške waxtí tlә́lay wāy
|if-only:PARTICLE early:ADV gone:AOR:PST:PTCP:M:DIR be:CONT:PST:OPT
|I wish you had gone earlier
|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

STR:strong

NEC:modal of necessity or obligation

PARTICLE:particle

COMP: complementizer}}

It can also be used with the present perfective verb, to express a polite request.

Example, from [[Khan Abdul Ghani Khan|Ghani Khan's]] poetry:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meena (unplugged) {{!}} Bilawal Sayed {{!}} Ghani Khan – YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRlHkcEpAck|access-date=2021-02-06|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

{{interlinear|number=ex:

<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meena (unplugged) {{!}} Bilawal Sayed {{!}} Ghani Khan - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRlHkcEpAck|access-date=2021-02-06|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> '''هغې وې خوږه دلبره کاشکې ستا عقل زما شي'''{{interlinear|hağé we xoẓ̌á dilbára kā́ske stā akә́l zmā ši|she:3:F:STR:OBL say:CONT:PST:3 sweet:ADJ:M:VOC beloved:N:M:VOC if-only:PARTICLE your:2:SG:STR:POSS intelligence:N:M:DIR my:1:SG:STR:POSS become:AOR:PRS-PRS:3 |She was saying oh sweet beloved, if only your intelligence be mine|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

|top= هغې وې خوږه دلبره کاشکې ستا عقل زما شي

|hağé we xoẓ̌á dilbára kā́ske stā akә́l zmā ši

|she:3:F:STR:OBL say:CONT:PST:3 sweet:ADJ:M:VOC beloved:N:M:VOC if-only:PARTICLE your:2:SG:STR:POSS intelligence:N:M:DIR my:1:SG:STR:POSS become:AOR:PRS-PRS:3

|She was saying oh sweet beloved, if only your intelligence be mine

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

STR:strong

NEC:modal of necessity or obligation

Line 7,212 ⟶ 6,865:

=== راوړل and راوستل ===

Both راوستل /rāwastә́l/ and راوړل /rāwṛә́l/ are both transitive verbs denoting the meaning of "to bring"; but their nuance is different. راوړل /rāwṛә́l/ has the meaning in which the subject is directly involved thus have the meaning more inline with "to bring and carry". راوستل /rāwastә́l/ has the meaning in which the subject is causing the object to be brought but the object by its own motion is come thus having a meaning closer to "to bring along".<ref>{{Cite web|title=د (را وړل) او (را وستل) توپیر -– YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r46gYlo7cnY|access-date=2021-02-08|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

==== Tangible Objects ====

Example راوړل:

~~'''~~{{interlinear|number=ex:
|top= اوبه مې راوړې~~'''{{interlinear~~
|obә́ me rā́wṛe
|water:N:F:DIR I:SG:WK bring:AOR:PST:3:F:PL
|I brought the water
|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

STR:strong

WK:weak

NEC:modal of necessity or obligation

PARTICLE:particle

COMP: complementizer}}

''Explanation:'' Here the water is being brought by the speaker by his own hand or through a container e.g. by a glass

Example راوستل:

{{interlinear|number=ex:

~~'''اوبه مې راوستې'''{{interlinear|obә́ me rā́waste|water:N:F:DIR I:SG:WK bring:AOR:PST:3:F:PL|I brought the water|abbreviations=DIR:direct case~~

|top= اوبه مې راوستې

|obә́ me rā́waste

|water:N:F:DIR I:SG:WK bring:AOR:PST:3:F:PL

|I brought the water

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

STR:strong

WK:weak

NEC:modal of necessity or obligation

PARTICLE:particle

COMP: complementizer}}

''Explanation:'' Here the water is being brought by the speaker as he/she has caused its bringing e.g. has made a canal/channel from the river bringing about the water

==== Intangible Objects ====

For intangible object راوستل /rāwastә́l/ is better suited; as the object or concepts comes by its own motion. ~~Example:~~

{{interlinear|number=ex:

~~'''پرمختګ يې راوست'''{{interlinear|parmәxtág ye rā́wast|development:N:M:DIR 3:WK bring:AOR:PST:3:M:SG|He/she/they brought development|abbreviations=DIR:direct case~~

|top= پرمختګ يې راوست

|parmәxtág ye rā́wast

|development:N:M:DIR 3:WK bring:AOR:PST:3:M:SG

|He/she/they brought development

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

STR:strong

WK:weak

NEC:modal of necessity or obligation

PARTICLE:particle

COMP: complementizer}}

But for bringing "news", "omens/luck" or "diseases" راوړل /rāwṛә́l/ is used -– perhaps as the subject is implied to carry it. ~~Example:~~

~~'''ښه خبر دې راوړ'''{{interlinear|x̌ə xabár de rā́waṛ|good:ADJ news:N:M:DIR 2:WK bring:AOR:PST:3:M:SG|You brought good news|abbreviations=DIR:direct case~~

{{interlinear|number=ex:

|top= ښه خبر دې راوړ

|x̌ə xabár de rā́waṛ

|good:ADJ news:N:M:DIR 2:WK bring:AOR:PST:3:M:SG

|You brought good news

|abbreviations=DIR:direct case

STR:strong

WK:weak

Line 7,252 ⟶ 6,932:

As noted by Ghaza Noor, the choice of an adjective suffix can also have a change on the meaning.<ref>{{Citation|title=اغېزناک او اغېزمن|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQ_SJEBgt8I|language=en|access-date=2021-02-18}}</ref>

Example: اغېز -– ağéz -– effect [noun.masc.sing and plural]

{| class="wikitable"

!Adjective

Line 7,313 ⟶ 6,993:

====Noun phrases====

Pashto noun phrases generally exhibit the internal order determiner -– quantifier -– adjective -– noun.<ref name="Anna B. David 2014 399"/>

====Adpositional phrases====

Line 7,326 ⟶ 7,006:

As verbs are a closed class in Pashto, the LVC is the only means of creating new verbal forms in the language; it is also used as a way of importing loanwords, with the borrowed word filling the complement slot.<ref name="Anna B. David 2014 401"/>

The inventory of light verbs in Pashto should not surprise anyone familiar with LVCs. In addition to the verbs کېدل /kedəl/ ~~‘to~~'to ~~become’~~become' and کول /kawəl/ ~~‘to~~'to make; to ~~do’~~do', which we refer to as the intransitive and transitive verbalisers when they act as light verbs, Pashto uses the verbs اخیستل /axistəl/ ~~‘to~~'to ~~take’~~take', وهل /wahəl/ ~~‘to~~'to ~~beat’~~beat', نيول /niwəl/ ~~‘to~~'to seize; to ~~grasp’~~grasp', and ایستل /istəl/ ~~‘to~~'to throw ~~out’~~out' as light verbs.

Adjective complements of N-V LVCs always show agreement with the undergoer of the action of the verb, which is in turn marked in accordance with Pashto's system of split ergativity. Nominal complements are usually treated as the direct object of the verb, and are therefore also case-marked according to split-ergative alignment. The undergoer of the action, on the other hand, cannot be a direct object, as the verb can have at most two arguments; it is instead indicated by an adposition and accordingly case-marked oblique.<ref name="Anna B. David 2014 403">{{cite book|title= A Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects|first= Anna B.|last= David|isbn=978-1-61451-303-2|year=2014|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|page=403}}</ref>

Line 7,341 ⟶ 7,021:

*The adverbial clitics خو /xo/ and نو /no/

* The negatives نه /ná/ and مه /má/

Modals, weak personal pronouns, and adverbials are all second-position clitics. They also obey strict rules of ordering relative to each other. Tegey (1977) reports the following ordering of enclitics between verbal components: خو /xo/> به /bə/> { مو /mo/| مې /me/| دې /de/| یې /ye/} > نو /no/. If the first syllable of the verb does not carry stress (that is, if it is an imperfective form), the negative precedes the verb, and the clitics follow the negative. Also, if ana perfective form is negated, the negative marker—not the initial syllable of the verb—takes the stress.<ref>{{cite book|title= A Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects|first= Anna B.|last= David|isbn=978-1-61451-303-2|year=2014|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=403–404}}</ref>

======Negative placement in the perfective verb phrase======

The negative particle نه /ná/ nearly always precedes the verb and is placed as close to the verb stem as possible. In perfective constructions, it therefore follows the perfective marker و /wə/ for simplex verbs, and either initial /a/, the prefix, or the light verb complement for complex verbs. Because it carries an inherent stress, it takes the main stress in ana perfective verb phrase.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|first=Anna B.|last=David|title=A Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|year=2014|isbn=978-1-61451-303-2|page=192}}</ref>

== Numbers ==

Line 7,626 ⟶ 7,306:

*Mohammad Abid Khan & Fatima-Tuz-Zuhra, "Towards the Computational treatment of the Pashto Verb" 18(1) Scientific Khyber pp. 123–141 (2005)

* Noor Ullah, "Pashto Grammar" (2011), {{ISBN|978-1-4567-8007-4}}

* M. Zyar, "''ليک لارښود'' -– Writing Guide" (2006)

[[Category:Pashto]]

[[Category:Iranian grammars]]