Phorusrhacidae: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

Tag: Reverted

Tag: Reverted

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|first=Darren |last=Naish |title=Dumb Metatherians vs Evil, Smart Placentals |mailing-list=USC dinosaur |date=30 May 2001 |url=http://dml.cmnh.org/2001May/msg00530.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120060114/http://dml.cmnh.org/2001May/msg00530.html |archive-date=2011-11-20 }}</ref> The timing of turnover events and the decline of South American predators do not correlate well with the arrival of large carnivores like canids or sabretooths (although they do correlate well with the earlier-arriving procyonids, which evolved to [[Chapalmalania|large body size]] in South America, but these were omnivorous<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Kraglievich | first1=J.L. | last2=Olazabal | first2=A.G. | title=Los prociónidos extinguidos del género Chapalmalania Ameghino | journal=Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales | publisher=Museo Argentino de Ciencia Naturales | volume=6 | date=1959-01-01 | issn=1514-5158 | pages=1–59 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284098225 |language=es}}</ref>), with native South American predator lineages (including most phorusrhacids and all sparassodonts and sebecids) dying out well before the arrival of most larger placental carnivores.<ref name="link.springer.com">{{cite journal | last1 = Prevosti | first1 = Francisco J |last2 = Forasiepi | first2 = Analía | last3 = Zimicz | first3 = Natalia | year = 2013| title = The Evolution Of The Cenozoic Terrestrial Mammalian Predator Guild In South America: Competition Or Replacement?| journal = Journal of Mammalian Evolution | volume = 20 | issue = 1| pages = 3–21 | doi=10.1007/s10914-011-9175-9| s2cid = 15751319 | hdl = 11336/2663 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> [[Bathornithidae|Bathornithids]], which were similar in ecology and are likely close relatives of phorusrhacids, existed entirely within North America during part of the Cenozoic and competed successfully for a time with large carnivorans such as [[nimravid]]s,<ref name = "Cracraft1968" /> before becoming extinct in the Early Miocene, about 20 million years ago. The phorusrhacid ''[[Titanis]]'' expanded northward into a southern North America during the Interchange and coexisted for several million years with large canids and big cats like ''[[Xenosmilus]]'', before its extinction about 1.8 million years ago.

There were some suggestions that phorusrhacids, like the majority of Pleistocene megafauna, were killed off by human activity such as hunting or habitat change. This idea is no longer considered valid, as improved dating on ''Titanis'' specimens show that the last phorusrhacids went extinct over one million years before humans arrived.<ref name="mcfaddenetal2007" /> However, several fossil finds of smaller forms have been described from the late Pleistocene of [[Uruguay]] in South America. ''[[Psilopterus]]'' may have been present until 96,040 ± 6,300 years ago (maximum age obtained from the bottom of the fossil-containing stratum), which would extend the existence of the smaller members of this group of avian predators considerably.<ref name="Jones2017"/> Another unidentified smaller type has also been dated to the late Pleistocene, perhaps 17,620 ± 100 years ago,<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Alvarenga|first1= H.|last2= Jones|first2= W.|last3= Rinderknecht|first3= A.|title= The youngest record of phorusrhacid birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) from the late Pleistocene of Uruguay|journal= Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen|volume= 256|issue= 2|year= 2010|pages= 229–234|doi= 10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0052|url= http://www.museuhistorianatural.com/pesquisa_arquivos/2010/Phorusrh._Pleist.sup.Alvarenga.pdf}}</ref> but the dating of the site remains highly questionable.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Corona |first1=Andrea |last2=Perea |first2=Daniel |last3=Toriño |first3=Pablo |last4=Goso |first4=Cesar |year=2012 | title=Taphonomy, sedimentology and chronology of a fossiliferous outcrop from the continental Pleistocene of Uruguay |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274080498 |journal=Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=514–525 |via=ResearchGate }}</ref>

== References ==