Plantations of Ireland: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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[[File:Flight of the Earls.jpg|thumb|A more detailed but not entirely accurate map of the areas subjected to plantations{{Clarify|date=May 2023}}]]

[[Plantation (settlement or colony)|Plantations]] in 16th- and 17th-century [[Ireland]] ({{lang-ga|Plandálacha na hÉireann}}) involved the confiscation of Irish-owned land by the [[Kingdom of England|English]] [[The Crown|Crown]] and the [[colonisation]] of this land with [[settler]]s from [[Great Britain]]. The Crown saw the plantations as a means of controlling, [[anglicisation|anglicising]] and [[civilizing mission|'civilising']] [[Gaelic Ireland]]. The main plantations took place from the 1550s to the 1620s, the biggest of which was the [[plantation of Ulster]]. The plantations led to the founding of many towns, massive demographic, cultural and economic changes, changes in land ownership and the landscape, and also to centuries of [[ethnic conflict|ethnic]] and [[sectarian violence|sectarian]] conflict. They took place before and during the earliest [[British colonization of the Americas|English colonisation of the Americas]], and a group known as the [[West Country Men]] were involved in both Irish and American colonization.<ref>{{Cite book| first=Alan| last=Taylor| authorlink=Alan Taylor (historian)| title=American Colonies, The Settling of North America| publisher=Penguin| year=2001| isbn=0-14-200210-0| url=https://archive.org/details/americancolonies00tayl| url-access=registration| pages=[https://archive.org/details/americancolonies00tayl/page/119 119], 123}}</ref>

There had been small-scale immigration from Britain since the 12th century, after the [[Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland|Anglo-Norman invasion]]. By the 15th century, direct English control had shrunk to an area called [[the Pale]]. In the 1540s the English [[Tudor conquest of Ireland]] began. The first plantations were in the 1550s, during the reign of Queen [[Mary I of England|Mary I]], in [[Loígis|Laois]] ('[[County Laois|Queen's County]]') and [[Kingdom of Uí Failghe|Offaly]] ('[[County Offaly|King's County]]'). These plantations were based around existing [[frontier]] forts, but they were largely unsuccessful due to fierce resistance from native Irish clans.

The next plantations were during the reign of [[Elizabeth I]]. In 1568 there was an attempt to establish athe corporatefirst joint stock colony in [[List of townlands of the barony of Kerrycurrihy|Kerrycurrihy]] barony, but it was destroyed by the Irish. In the 1570s a privately-funded [[Enterprise of Ulster|plantation of east Ulster]] was attempted, but it also sparked conflict with the local Irish lord and ended in failure. The [[Munster]] plantation of the 1580s followed the [[Desmond Rebellions]]. Businessmen were encouraged to invest in the scheme and English colonists were settled on land confiscated from the defeated rebel lords. However, the settlements were scattered and attracted far fewer settlers than was hoped for. When the [[Nine Years' War (Ireland)|Nine Years' War]] broke out in the 1590s, most of these settlements were abandoned, although English settlers began to return following the war.

The [[plantation of Ulster]] began in the 1610s, during the reign of [[James VI and I|James I]]. Following their defeat in the Nine Years' War, many rebel Ulster lords [[Flight of the Earls|fled Ireland]] and their lands were confiscated. This was the biggest and most successful of the plantations and comprised most of the province of Ulster. While the province was mainly [[Irish language|Irish]]-speaking and [[Catholic Church in Ireland|Catholic]], the new settlers were required to be English-speaking [[Protestant]]s, with most coming from northern England and the [[Scottish Lowlands]]. This created a distinct [[Ulster Protestant]] community.

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==Background==

There had been small-scale immigration from Britain in the 12th century, after the [[Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland|Anglo-Norman invasion]], creating a small [[Normans in Ireland|Anglo-Norman]], English, Welsh and Flemish community in Ireland,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uni-due.de/IERC/Relative_Status_of_Languages_in_Medieval_Ireland.pdf|title=Raymond Hickey, Assessing the Relative Status of Languages in Medieval Ireland}}</ref> under the Crown of England.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.historyireland.com/early-modern-history-1500-1700/contesting-the-sovereignty-of-early-modern-ireland/|title=Contesting the sovereignty of early modern Ireland|newspaper=History Ireland|date=5 March 2013}}</ref> By the 15th century, English control had shrunk to an area called [[The Pale|The English Pale]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historyireland.com/early-modern-history-1500-1700/the-english-palea-failed-entity/|title=Ireland, Steven Ellis, The English Pale, A failed Entity?|date=28 February 2013}}</ref> By the [[Tudor period]], however, Irish culture and language had regained most of the territory initially lost to the Anglo-Normans: "even in the Pale, all the common folk ... for the most part are of Irish birth, Irish habit and of Irish language".<ref>Culture & Religion in Tudor Ireland, 1494–1558. Archived 16 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine, University College Cork</ref> At a higher social level, there was intermarriage between the [[Gaelic Ireland|Gaelic Irish]] aristocracy and Anglo-Norman lords. To varying degrees inside and especially outside of the Pale, the '[[Old English (Ireland)|Old English]]' had integrated into Irish society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://core.ecu.edu/umc/Munster/settlement_munster.html|title = Centering Spenser: A Digital Resource for Kilcolman Castle}}</ref> [[Edmund Spenser]] wrote of the ''old English'': "they are more sharpely to be chastised and reformed … for they are more stubborne, and disobedient to the law and government, than the Irish".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historyireland.com/volume-27/propaganda-re-imagining-the-conquest-contested-histories/|title=PROPAGANDA: Re-imagining the Conquest: Contested histories|date=29 April 2019}}</ref> English discourse on Ireland largely viewed the Gaelic Irish outside the Pale as savages,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shareok.org/bitstream/handle/11244/9084/Skelton_okstate_0664M_12087.pdf?sequence=1|title=Continued Settlement on England's First Colony: 1558-1603 (Thesis)|date=2009|first=Katie Elizabeth|last=Skelton}}</ref> and compared them with the Native Americans in 1580.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20557371|title="An Island in the Virginian Sea": Native Americans and the Irish in English Discourse, 1585-1640|author=Doan, James E.|year=1997|journal=New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua|volume=1|issue=1|pages=79–99|doi=10.1353/nhr.1997.a925184 |jstor=20557371|via=JSTOR}}</ref>

In 1174 Rory O’Connor (Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair) defeated the Anglo-Norman army at Thurles and began making incursions into the Pale itself forcing Henry II to come to talks, the treaty of Windsor was drafted which was agreed upon that the Anglo-Normans would have mostly the Pale but couldn't make incursions into Irish held lands. Henry II would later disavow the treaty he agreed to and made incursions into Irish kingdoms forfeiting his title as lord of Ireland and his right to the Pale itself. Meaning subsequent claims by the English monarchy to Ireland such as [[Henry VIII]] lordship or later kingship were illegitimate<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theirishstory.com/2021/12/06/treaties-that-shaped-the-course-of-irish-history/#.ZFl5c3bMKUl | title=Treaties that Shaped the Course of Irish History – the Irish Story }}</ref>

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===Kerrycurrihy===

In 1568–1569, [[Warham St Leger]] and [[Richard Grenville]] tried to establish a small English joint stock colony in the barony of Kerrycurrihy, by [[Cork Harbour]], on land leased from the Earl of Desmon.<ref>Lennon, Colm. ''Sixteenth Century Ireland, the Incomplete Conquest''. Gill & Macmillan, 1994. pp. 211–213. {{isbn|9780717116232}}</ref> They then proposed establishing larger corporate colonies in late 1568 creating a consortium of English merchants to fund a colony in Baltimore, west Co. Cork, mainly for exploiting the fisheries in Munster. The scheme was privately funded but also received a stipend from the English crown<ref>https://www.dib.ie/biography/st-leger-sir-warham-a8224 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>Ellis, Steven. ''Ireland in the Age of the Tudors''. Routledge, 2014. p.293</ref> At about this time as part of the joint stock scheme Grenville also seized lands from the native Irish for colonization at [[Tracton]], to the west of Cork harbour creating the first joint English joint stock colony in history. After Richard Greenville had departed from Ireland the fledging colony of Tracton was sacked by [[Donald McCarthy, 1st Earl of Clancare]] and Fitzmaurice along with the native inhabitants. The colony was small and quickly overwhelmed and all the English colonial inhabitants were killed except three or four English soldiers, who were promptly executed the next day.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/48334/48334-h/48334-h.htm#Footnote_164_164 | title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ireland Under the Tudors, Vol. II (Of 3), by Richard Bagwell }}</ref> Sir [[Peter Carew]] had also asserted his claim to lands in south Leinster. The plantations in the south of Ireland led to bitter disputes with local Irish. However, in June 1569 the fledgling colonies were destroyed by the Irish under [[James FitzMaurice]] when the first [[Desmond Rebellion]] began.<ref>Ellis, Steven. ''Ireland in the Age of the Tudors''. Routledge, 2014. p.295</ref>

Dr [[Hiram Morgan]] has stated that the Plantations of Munster starting with St leger were the prototype for the American colonies, the joint stock Irish model became the model for the Virginia Company.<ref>"While it is widely acknowledged that the late 16th century Munster plantation was a prototype for the colonization of Virginia founded by the English landing at Jamestown in 1607"https://www.carrigdhoun.com/post/from-carrigaline-to-virginia-usa</ref>

===East Ulster===

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==References==

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