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The earliest known texts on mental disorders are from ancient India and include the Ayurvedic text, [[Charaka Samhita]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Cultural Sociology of Mental Illness: An A-to-Z Guide|volume=1|page=386|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]| veditors = Scull A |date=2014|oclc=955106253|isbn=978-1-4833-4634-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Health and Illness: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia|page=[https://archive.org/details/healthillnesscro0000levi/page/42 42]|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, CA| vauthors = Levinson D, Gaccione L |year=1997|oclc=916942828|isbn=978-0-87436-876-5|url=https://archive.org/details/healthillnesscro0000levi/page/42}}</ref> The first hospitals for curing mental illness were established in India during the 3rd century BCE.<ref>{{cite book|title=Faith and Mental Health: Religious Resources for Healing|chapter=History of Mental Health Care|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jt5RmK_h2jgC&pg=PA36 36]| vauthors = Koenig HG |publisher=Templeton Foundation Press|location=West Conshohocken|date=2005|oclc=476009436|isbn=978-1-59947-078-8}}</ref>
The Greeks also created early [[book]]s about mental disorders.{{sfn|Shorter|1997|p=1}} [[Hippocrates]] theorized that physiological abnormalities may be the root of mental disorders.<ref name=Elkes13/> Historians note that Greek philosophers, including [[Thales]], [[Plato]], and [[Aristotle]] (especially in his ''[[On the Soul|De Anima]]'' treatise), addressed the workings of the mind. As early as the 4th century BC, the Greek physician [[Hippocrates]] theorized that [[mental disorder]]s had physical rather than supernatural causes. In 387 BCE, Plato suggested that the brain is where mental processes take place.In 4th to 5th century B.C. Greece, Hippocrates wrote that he visited [[Democritus]] and found him in his garden cutting open animals. Democritus explained that he was attempting to discover the cause of madness and melancholy. Hippocrates praised his work. Democritus had with him a book on madness and melancholy.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Burton R |title=The Anatomy of Melancholy: What it is with All the Kinds, Causes, Symptoms, Prognostics, and Several Cures of it: in Three Partitions, with Their Several Sections, Members and Subsections Philosophically, Medicinally, Historically Opened and Cut Up|date=1881|publisher=Chatto & Windus|location=London|ol=3149647W|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DAIGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA22 22], [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAIGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA24 24]}}</ref> During the 5th century BCE, mental disorders, especially those with [[psychosis|psychotic]] traits, were considered [[supernatural]] in origin,<ref name=Elkes13>{{cite book| vauthors = Elkes A, Thorpe JG |date=1967|title=A Summary of Psychiatry|location=London|publisher=Faber & Faber|page=13|oclc=4687317}}</ref> a view which existed throughout [[ancient Greece]] and [[ancient Rome|Rome]],<ref name=Elkes13/> as well as Egyptian regions.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Dumont F |date=2010|title=A history of personality psychology: Theory, science and research from Hellenism to the twenty-first century|location=New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|oclc=761231096|isbn=978-0-521-11632-9}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2017}} [[Alcmaeon of Croton|Alcmaeon]], believed the [[brain]], not the [[heart]], was the "organ of thought". He tracked the ascending sensory nerves from the body to the brain, theorizing that mental activity originated in the [[Central nervous system|CNS]] and that the cause of [[mental illness]] resided within the brain. He applied this understanding to classify mental diseases and treatments.<ref name="Pietrini" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Janssen |first1=Diederik F. |last2=Hubbard |first2=Thomas K. |date=May 2021 |title=Psychology: Early print uses of the term by Pier Nicola Castellani (1525) and Gerhard Synellius (1525). |journal=History of Psychology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=182–187 |doi=10.1037/hop0000187 |pmid=34081519 |s2cid=235334263 |issn=1939-0610}}</ref> Religious leaders often turned to versions of [[exorcism]] to treat mental disorders often utilizing methods that many consider to be cruel or barbaric methods. Trepanning was one of these methods used throughout history.<ref name=Elkes13/>
In the 6th century AD, [[Lin Xie]] carried out an early [[Experimental psychology|psychological experiment]], in which he asked people to draw a square with one hand and at the same time draw a circle with the other (ostensibly to test people's vulnerability to distraction). It has been cited that this was an early psychatric experiment.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Janssen |first1=Diederik F. |last2=Hubbard |first2=Thomas K. |date=May 2021 |title=Psychology: Early print uses of the term by Pier Nicola Castellani (1525) and Gerhard Synellius (1525). |journal=History of Psychology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=182–187 |doi=10.1037/hop0000187 |pmid=34081519 |s2cid=235334263 |issn=1939-0610}}</ref>
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