Rosa Luxemburg: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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'''Rosa Luxemburg''' ({{lang-pl|Róża Luksemburg}}, {{IPA-pl|ˈruʐa ˈluksɛmburk||Róża Luksemburg wymowa (Rosa Luxemburg PL pronunciation).ogg}}; {{IPA-de|ˈʁoːza ˈlʊksm̩bʊʁk|lang|De-Rosa Luxemburg.ogg}}; born '''Rozalia Luksenburg'''; 5 March 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a Polish and naturalised-German [[Revolutionary socialism|revolutionary socialist]], [[Orthodox Marxism|orthodox Marxist]], and [[Opposition to World War I|anti-War activist]] during the [[First World War]]. She became a key figure of the revolutionary socialist movements of Poland and Germany during the late 19th and early 20th century, particularly the [[Spartacist uprising]].

Born and raised in a [[Jewish secularism|secular Jew]]ish family in [[Congress Poland]], she became a [[Second Reich|German]] citizen in 1897. The same year, she was awarded a [[Doctor of Law]] in [[political economy]] from the [[University of Zurich]], becoming one of the first women in Europe to do so. Successively, she was a member of the [[Proletariat (party)|Proletariat]] party, the [[Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania]] (SDKPiL), the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (SPD), the [[Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany|Independent Social Democratic Party]] (USPD), the [[Spartacus League]] ({{lang|de|Spartakusbund}}), and the [[Communist Party of Germany]] (KPD).

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Luxemburg was freed from prison in Breslau on 8 November 1918, three days before the [[armistice of 11 November 1918]]. One day later, Karl Liebknecht, who had also been freed from prison, proclaimed the Free Socialist Republic ({{lang|de|Freie Sozialistische Republik}}) in Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Long Live the Republic – 9 November 1918|last=von Hellfeld|first=Matthias|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|url=http://www.dw.de/long-live-the-republic-november-9-1918/a-4746952|date=16 November 2009|access-date=30 November 2014}}</ref> He and Luxemburg reorganised the Spartacus League and founded ''The Red Flag'' ({{lang|de|Die Rote Fahne}}) newspaper, demanding amnesty for all [[political prisoner]]s and the abolition of [[capital punishment]] in the essay ''Against Capital Punishment''.<ref name="Merrick"/> On 14 December 1918, they published the new programme of the Spartacus League.

Following the arrival of Soviet emissary and [[military advisor]] [[Karl Radek]], between 29 and 31 December 1918 a joint congress of the League, independent socialists and the International Communists of Germany (IKD) took place with Radek's involvement. During the conference, Luxemburg continued to denounce the [[Red Terror]] and [[Censorship in Russia|censorship in the Soviet UnionRussia]]. She also accused both [[Vladimir Lenin]] and the Bolsheviks of having [[police state]] aspirations. She further expressed shame that her former colleague and friend, [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]], had agreed to head the [[CHEKA|Cheka]], the then Soviet security agency, and asked Radek to convey her opinions about all these matters to the [[Politburo]] in Moscow.<ref> Robert Service (2012), ''Spies and Commissars: The Early Years of the Russian Revolution'', Public Affairs Books. pp. 171–173.</ref>

This same conference, however, ultimately led to the foundation on 1 January 1919 of the [[Communist Party of Germany]] (KPD) under the leadership of Liebknecht and Luxemburg. Luxemburg supported the new KPD's participation in the [[Weimar National Assembly]] that founded the [[Weimar Republic]], but she was out-voted and the KPD boycotted the elections.<ref>Luban, Ottokar (2017). ''The Role of the Spartacist Group after 9 November 1918 and the Formation of the KPD'' In Hoffrogge, Ralf; LaPorte, Norman (eds.). ''Weimar Communism as Mass Movement 1918–1933''. London: Lawrence & Wishart. pp. 45–65.</ref>