Ruthenium: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{infobox ruthenium|phase=solid}}

'''Ruthenium''' is a [[chemical element]]; it has [[Symbol (chemistry)|symbol]] '''Ru''' and [[atomic number]] 44. It is a rare [[transition metal]] belonging to the [[platinum group]] of the [[periodic table]]. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is unreactive to most chemicals. [[Karl Ernst Claus]], a Russian scientist of Baltic-German ancestry, discovered the element in 1844 at [[Kazan State University]] and named it in honor of [[Russian Empire|Russia]], using the Latin name ''[[Ruthenia]]'' (refers to [[Ukraine]]). Ruthenium is usually found as a minor component of [[platinum]] ores; the annual production has risen from about 19 [[tonne]]s in 2009<ref name="JMM">[http://www.platinum.matthey.com/services/market-research/market-review-archive/platinum-2009 Summary. Ruthenium]. platinum.matthey.com, p. 9 (2009)</ref> to some 35.5 tonnes in 2017.<ref>[http://www.platinum.matthey.com/services/market-research/pgm-market-reports PGM Market Report.] platinum.matthey.com, p. 30 (May 2018)</ref> Most ruthenium produced is used in wear-resistant electrical contacts and thick-film resistors. A minor application for ruthenium is in platinum [[alloy]]s and as a chemistry [[Catalysis|catalyst]]. A new application of ruthenium is as the capping layer for extreme ultraviolet [[photomask]]s. Ruthenium is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the [[Ural Mountains]] and in [[North America|North]] and [[South America]]. Small but commercially important quantities are also found in [[pentlandite]] extracted from [[Sudbury, Ontario]], and in [[pyroxenite]] deposits in [[South Africa]].{{sfnp|Haynes|2016|p=4.31}}

==Characteristics==

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It is possible that the [[Poland|Polish]] chemist [[Jędrzej Śniadecki]] isolated element 44 (which he called "vestium" after the asteroid [[4 Vesta|Vesta]] discovered shortly before) from South American platinum ores in 1807. He published an announcement of his discovery in 1808.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Śniadecki |first1=Jędrzej |title=Rosprawa o nowym metallu w surowey platynie odkrytym |trans-title=A case about a new metal in raw platinum discovered |language=pl |date=1808 |publisher=Nakładém i Drukiém Józefa Zawadzkiego |url=https://www.dbc.wroc.pl/publication/5247 |oclc=739088520 }}</ref> His work was never confirmed, however, and he later withdrew his claim of discovery.<ref name="Emsley" />

[[Jöns Berzelius]] and [[Gottfried Osann]] nearly discovered ruthenium in 1827.<ref>{{cite journal |title=New metals in the Uralian platina |journal=The Philosophical Magazine |date=1 November 1827 |volume=2 |issue=11 |pages=391–392 |doi=10.1080/14786442708674516 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x57C3yhRPUAC&pg=PA391 }}</ref> They examined residues that were left after dissolving crude platinum from the [[Ural Mountains]] in [[aqua regia]]. Berzelius did not find any unusual metals, but Osann thought he found three new metals, which he called pluranium, ruthenium, and polinium.{{sfnp|Haynes|2016|p=4.31}} This discrepancy led to a long-standing controversy between Berzelius and Osann about the composition of the residues.<ref name="DiscoRu" /> As Osann was not able to repeat his isolation of ruthenium, he eventually relinquished his claims.<ref name="DiscoRu" /><ref name="Osann2">{{cite journal | author = Osann, Gottfried | title = Berichtigung, meine Untersuchung des uralschen Platins betreffend | journal = [[Annalen der Physik|Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie]] | volume = 15 | year = 1829 | page = 158 | url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15100n.image.f168.langDE| doi = 10.1002/andp.18290910119 }}</ref> The name "ruthenium" was chosen by Osann because the analysed samples stemmed from the Ural Mountains in Russia.<ref name="Osann">{{cite journal |last1=Osann |first1=G. |title=Fortsetzung der Untersuchung des Platins vom Ural |trans-title=Continuation of the study of platinum from the Urals |language=de |journal=Annalen der Physik |date=1828 |volume=89 |issue=6 |pages=283–297 |doi=10.1002/andp.18280890609 |bibcode=1828AnP....89..283O |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1423520 }}</ref> The name itself derives from the Latin word ''[[Ruthenia]]'', which was used as a name for [[Ukrainians]] at that time.<ref name="Magocsi2010">{{cite book|last=Magocsi|first=Paul R.|author-link=Paul Robert Magocsi|title=A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TA1zVKTTsXUC&pg=PA73|access-date=14 February 2017|year=2010|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-1021-7|page=73|quote=Besides the Greco-Byzantine term ''Rosia'' to describe Rus', Latin documents used several related terms – ''Ruscia'', ''Russia'', ''Ruzzia'' – for Kievan Rus' as a whole. Subsequently, the terms ''Ruteni'' and ''Rutheni'' were used to describe Ukrainian and Belarusan Eastern Christians (especially members of the Uniate, later Greek Catholic, Church) residing in the old Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The German, French, and English versions of those terms – ''Ruthenen'', ''Ruthène'', ''Ruthenian'' – generally were applied only to the inhabitants of Austrian Galicia and Bukovina of Hungarian Transcarpathia.}}</ref>

In 1844, [[Karl Ernst Claus]], a Russian scientist of [[Baltic German]] descent, showed that the compounds prepared by Gottfried Osann contained small amounts of ruthenium, which Claus had [[discovery of the chemical elements|discovered]] the same year.{{sfnp|Haynes|2016|p=4.31}}<ref name="Weeks8" /> Claus isolated ruthenium from the platinum residues of rouble production while he was working in [[Kazan University]], [[Kazan]],<ref name="DiscoRu" /> the same way its heavier congener osmium had been discovered four decades earlier.{{sfnp|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|p=1071}} Claus showed that ruthenium oxide contained a new metal and obtained 6&nbsp;grams of ruthenium from the part of crude platinum that is insoluble in [[aqua regia]].<ref name="DiscoRu" /> Choosing the name for the new element, Claus stated: "I named the new body, in honour of my Motherland, ruthenium. I had every right to call it by this name because Mr. Osann relinquished his ruthenium and the word does not yet exist in chemistry."<ref name="DiscoRu" /><ref>{{cite journal |author = Claus, Karl |title=О способе добывания чистой платины из руд |trans-title=On the method of extracting pure platinum from ores |journal=Горный журнал (Mining Journal) |year=1845 | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = 157–163 |language=ru}}</ref> In doing so, Claus started a trend that continues to this day – naming an element after a country.<ref name="Meija">{{cite journal |last1=Meija |first1=Juris |title=Politics at the periodic table |journal=Nature Chemistry |date=September 2021 |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=814–816 |doi=10.1038/s41557-021-00780-5 |pmid=34480093 |bibcode=2021NatCh..13..814M |s2cid=237405162 }}</ref>