Santi Apostoli, Rome: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{Short description|Catholic basilica, a landmark of Rome, Italy}}

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{{Infobox church

|name=Santi XII Apostoli

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|image=SS Apostoli 001.jpg

|caption=View of the church from the Vittoriano.

|coordinates=▼

{{Coord|41|53|53.18|N|12|28|59.54|E|region:IT_type:landmark|display=it}}▼

|image_size=270

|mapframe-frame-width=270

|mapframe=yes

|mapframe-caption=Click on the map for a fullscreen view.

|mapframe-zoom=12

|mapframe-marker=religious-christian

|mapframe-wikidata=yes

▲|coordinates=

▲{{Coord|41|53|53.18|N|12|28|59.54|E|region:IT_type:landmark|display=it}}

|location=Piazza Dei Santi Apostoli, [[Rome]]

|country=[[Italy]]

|province=[[Diocese of Rome]]

|district=

|denomination=[[Roman Catholic Church]]

|religious order=[[Conventual Franciscans]]

|tradition=[[Roman Rite]]

|sui iuris church=[[Latin Church]]

|dedication=[[Twelve Apostles]]

|consecration year=

|relics=[[James the Less|St. James the Less]],<br>[[Philip the Apostle|St. Philip]]

|status=[[Parish church]], [[Titular church|titulus]], [[minor basilica]]

|status=[[Titular church|Titulus]] [[minor basilica]],<br>[[Parish church]], [[Conventual church]] of the General Motherhouse of the [[Order of Friars Minor Conventual]]

|cardinal protector=Father Mario Peruzzo<ref>[http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/Ente.asp?ID=7 Official website of the vicariate of Rome] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220001112/http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/Ente.asp?ID=7 |date=February 20, 2010 }}</ref>

|architect=[[Baccio Pontelli]], [[Carlo Rainaldi]], [[Carlo Fontana]]

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}}

'''Santi Dodici Apostoli''' (Church of the Twelve Holy Apostles; {{lang-la|SS. Duodecim Apostolorum}}), commonly known simply as '''Santi Apostoli''', is a 6th-century [[RomanCatholic Church|Catholic]] [[parish church|parish]] and [[Titular church|titular church]] church and [[minor basilica]] in [[Rome]], [[Italy]], dedicatedthe mother church of the [[Conventual Franciscans|Conventual Franciscan Order]] whose General Curia (world headquarters) is in the adjacent building.<ref>[https://religiana.com/basilica-dei-santi-xii-apostoli-rome "Basilica dei Santi XII Apostoli", Religiana]</ref> Dedicated originally to [[James the Less|St. James]] and [[Philip the Apostle|St. Philip]], whose remainsrelics are kept here, and later to all [[Twelve apostles|Apostles]]. Today, the basilicait is under the care of the [[ConventualStation Franciscansdays|Station church]] for Friday, whosethe headquartersfirst inweek Romeof isLent.<ref inname=pnac>[https://www.pnac.org/station-churches/week-1/friday-santi-xii-apostoli/ the"Friday: adjacentSanti building.XII Apostoli", PNAC]</ref>▼

▲'''Santi Dodici Apostoli''' (Church of the Twelve Holy Apostles; {{lang-la|SS. Duodecim Apostolorum}}), commonly known simply as '''Santi Apostoli''', is a 6th-century [[Roman Catholic]] [[parish]] and [[Titular church|titular]] church and [[minor basilica]] in [[Rome]], [[Italy]], dedicated originally to [[James the Less|St. James]] and [[Philip the Apostle|St. Philip]], whose remains are kept here, and later to all [[Twelve apostles|Apostles]]. Today, the basilica is under the care of the [[Conventual Franciscans]], whose headquarters in Rome is in the adjacent building.

The [[Cardinal Priest]] of the ''Titulus XII Apostolorum'' is [[Angelo Scola]]. Among the previous Cardinal Priests are [[Pope Clement XIV]], whose tomb by [[Antonio Canova|Canova]] is in the basilica, and [[Henry Benedict Stuart]].

== History ==

BuiltThe byfirst church dedicated to the Holy Apostles was one built under [[Pope PelagiusJulius I]] toin celebratethe mid-fourth century near [[Trajan's Forum]]. It is listed as "Titulus SS Apostolorum" in the victoryacts of the synod of 499. Its successor was built by [[NarsesPope Pelagius I]], on the generalpresent ofsite, to celebrate the Emperorvictory Justinian,of [[Narses]] over the [[Ostrogoth]]s, andat the [[Battle of Taginae]] in 552. General Narses contributed to the construction of the building.<ref name=pnac/> It was dedicated around 570 by [[Pope John III]] to [[James the Less|St. James]] and [[Saint Philip the Apostle]], the basilica is listed as "Titulus SS Apostolorum" in the acts of the synod of 499. Santi Apostoli was ruined by the [[earthquake of 1348]], and left abandoned.

In 1417, [[Pope Martin V]], whose [[Colonna family]] owned the adjacent [[Palazzo Colonna]], restored the church, while the facade was built at the end of the same century by [[Baccio Pontelli]]. It was frescoed by [[Melozzo da Forlì]] whose wall-paintings at Santi Apostoli were renowned for their innovative techniques of [[foreshortening]] and came to be regarded as Melozzo's masterpiece.

In 1417, [[Pope Martin V]], whose [[Colonna family]] owned the adjacent [[Palazzo Colonna]], restored the church. The Franciscans took charge of the church in 1463. A more extensive restoration was undertaken by [[Pope Sixtus IV]] and his nephew, [[Pope Julius II|Giuliano della Rovere]], from 1471 to 1484.

Pope [[Clement XI]] instigated dramatic renovations of the church. Melozzo's frescoes were either destroyed or moved partly to the Quirinal and partly to the Vatican Museums. A new Baroque interior was designed by [[Carlo Fontana]] and [[Francesco Fontana (architect)|Francesco Fontana]], and was completed in 1714. The church was later restored again, with the facade completed by [[Giuseppe Valadier]] in 1827.

The inscriptions found in SS. XII Apostoli, a valuable source illustrating the history of the church, have been collected and published by Vincenzo Forcella.<ref>V. Forcella, ''Inscrizioni delle chese e d' altre edifici di Roma, dal secolo XI fino al secolo XVI'' Volume II (Roma: Fratelli Bencini, 1873), pp. 219-298.</ref>

==Architecture==

The 15th century portico that precedes the present facade is by [[Baccio Pontelli]]. In 1665, [[Carlo Rainaldi]] walled up the arches in the upper level and installed statues on the parapet.

The church was later restored again, with the facade completed by [[Giuseppe Valadier]] in 1827.<ref name=turismo>[https://www.turismoroma.it/en/places/basilica-twelve-holy-apostles "The Basilica of the Twelve Holy Apostles", Turismo Roma, Major Events, Sport, Tourism and Fashion Department]</ref>

On the wall, to the right of the portico of on the ancientright churchside, is an antique bas-relief of an eagle surrounded by an oak crown that it holds in its talons. Opposite is the monument of the Venetian engraver [[Giovanni Volpato]] executedsculpted and erected by his friend and countryman [[Antonio Canova]]. It consists of a large bas-relief, representing ''"Friendship in Mourning"'' in the form of a woman weeping before the bust of the deceased Volpato.<ref>{{citation|first=Mariano|last=Vasi| title=A new picture of Rome and its environs in the form of an itinerary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbwBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA176|pages=176|publisher=Cradock, & Joy|year=1824 }}</ref>▼

== Interior ==

[[File:Dodici Apostoli.jpg|thumb|left|Facade of the Basilica and plan]]

[[File:FrancBasilica XIIdei Santi Apostoli fc03(Rome) - Ceiling.jpg|Entrancethumb|''Triumph toof the crypt|thumb|right|250pxFranciscan Order'', Baciccio]]

[[File:Basilica dei Santi Apostoli (RomeRoma) - CeilingInterior.jpg|Baroque ceiling|thumb|250pxBasilica dei Santi Apostoli (Roma) - Interior]]▼

Around 1700, Pope [[Clement XI]] instigated dramatic renovations of the church. A new Baroque interior was designed by [[Carlo Fontana]] and completed in 1714. The fresco on the vaulted ceiling is the ''Triumph of Franciscan Order'' by [[Giovanni Battista Gaulli|Baciccio]].<ref name=turismo/> Above the sanctuary is a fresco from 1709 by [[Giovanni Odazzi]], representing the "Fall of Lucifer and his Angels".

There are also later frescoes of the ''Evangelists'' by [[Luigi Fontana]] in the apse.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2QNUCwAAQBAJ Vasta, Daniela. ''La pittura sacra in Italia nell’Ottocento: Dal Neoclassicismo al Simbolismo''], p. 102.</ref> The main altar had a baldacchino with four porphyry columns. The altarpiece is by [[Domenico Maria Muratori]] and depicts the

This church has three naves,{{dubious|date=March 2016}} divided by a row of Corinthian pillars, supporting the ceiling, on the middle of which is painted in 1707 the ''Triumph of the Order of St Francis'', by [[Baciccio]]. There are also frescoes of the ''Evangelists'' by [[Luigi Fontana]]. The use of perspective is very good, and the angels appear to come out of the vault. Above the sanctuary is a fresco from 1709 by [[Giovanni Odazzi]], representing the "Fall of Lucifer and his Angels".

''Martyrdoms of the Apostles Philip and James the Less''.

To the right of the high altar are the tombs of Count Giraud de Caprières (died 1505) and Cardinal [[Raffaele Riario]] (died 1521), tentatively attributed to Michelangelo. To the left is a monument to Cardinal [[Pietro Riario]], nephew of [[Pope Sixtus IV]], by the school of [[Andrea Bregno]] and possible designed by [[Andrea Bregno]] himself. There is also a Madonna by [[Mino da Fiesole]].

OnNext to a pier of the nave on the right-hand side, near the first chapel, is enshrined the heart of [[Maria Klementyna Sobieska]], wife of the Old Pretender, [[James Francis Edward Stuart]]. Her tomb is in [[St Peter's Basilica]]. Her monument is by [[Filippo della Valle]]. Her husband used to pray here every morning.; James IIIit was laidhis inparish statechurch here himself in 1766, beforewhen he waslived buriedat withthe hisnearby wifePalazzo atMuti. St Peter's.▼

▲On the wall, to the right of the portico of the ancient church, is an antique bas-relief of an eagle surrounded by an oak crown that it holds in its talons. Opposite is the monument of the engraver [[Giovanni Volpato]] executed and erected by his friend and countryman [[Antonio Canova]]. It consists of a large bas-relief, representing ''"Friendship"'' in the form of a woman weeping before the bust of the deceased Volpato.<ref>{{citation|first=Mariano|last=Vasi| title=A new picture of Rome and its environs in the form of an itinerary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbwBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA176|pages=176|publisher=Cradock, & Joy|year=1824 }}</ref>

[[File:Franc XII Apostoli fc03.jpg|Entrance to the crypt|thumb]]

The [[crypt|confessio]] was constructed in 18371871. During its construction, the relics of [[James the Less|St James]] and [[St Philip]], which were taken from the catacombs in the 9th century to protect them from invaders, were rediscovered under the high altar.<ref name=pnac/> The wall paintings are reproductions of ancient catacomb paintings. An inscription explains that [[Pope Stephen IV]] walked barefoot in 886 from the catacombs to the church carrying the relics on his shoulders. The other chapels were decorated between 1876-1877.▼

▲On a pier of the nave on the right-hand side, near the first chapel, is enshrined the heart of [[Maria Klementyna Sobieska]], wife of the Old Pretender, [[James Francis Edward Stuart]]. Her tomb is in [[St Peter's Basilica]]. Her monument is by [[Filippo della Valle]]. Her husband used to pray here every morning. James III was laid in state here himself in 1766, before he was buried with his wife at St Peter's.

=== Frescoes of Melozzo da Forlì ===

[[File:Da Forli - Angel with Lute head.jpg|A fragment of the removed fresco by [[Melozzo da Forlì]]|thumb|right|250pxupright]]

▲[[File:Basilica dei Santi Apostoli (Rome) - Ceiling.jpg|Baroque ceiling|thumb|250px]]

About 1472, [[Melozzo da Forlì]] was commissioned by Cardinal Pietro Riario to paint the vault of the apse, his subject being the ''Ascension of Christ''. It is one of the earliest known examples of perspective applied to the human figure on roof or ceiling decoration. <ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10169c.htm Gillet, Louis. "Melozzo da Forlí." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 19 January 2023 {{PD-notice}}</ref>

[[Melozzo da Forlì]] painted, on the ceiling of the great chapel, the ''Ascension of our Lord''. According to [[Giorgio Vasari]], "the figure of Christ is so admirably foreshortened as to appear to pierce the vault; and in the same manner the angels are seen sweeping through the field of air in two opposite directions."<ref>{{citation|title=The History of Painting in Italy: The schools of Bologna, Ferrara, Genoa, and Piedmont|last=Lanzi |first=Luigi|publisher=W. Simpkin and R. Marshall|page=43|year=1828}} {{better source|date=March 2016}}</ref> This painting was executed for Cardinal [[Raffaele Riario]], nephew of [[Pope Sixtus IV]] about the year 1472.

This fresco was taken down in 1711 when Clement IX enlarged the choir. The figure of Christ is now in the [[Quirinal Palace]]. Some of the other portions, which influenced Raphael, are in the sacristy of St Peter's. A hall in the Vatican Museums, holds designs of angels and apostles by Melozzo, taken from the same fresco.

During the dramatic renovation of the church, it was removed and placed in the [[Quirinal Palace]] in 1711, where it is still seen, bearing this inscription: ''"{{lang|la|Opus Melotii Foroliviensis, qui summos fornices pingendi artem vel primus invenit vel illustravit}}"''. Several heads of the apostles which surrounded it, and were likewise cut away, were deposited in the Vatican palace.

=== Chapels ===

The twelve side chapels were reduced in number during the renovations of Clement IX.

The twelve chapels in total, with three domed ones on each side, are adorned with marbles and fine paintings; the painting in the first chapel to the right is by Nicola Lapiccola; and that in the next by [[Corrado Giaquinto]]. The ''Chapel of St. Anthony'' contains eight fine marble columns, and a painting by [[Benedetto Luti]].

* The first chapel on the right-hand sideleft is thededicated ''Chapelto of[[Our theLady Immaculate''.of It has a 15th-century Madonna donated by [[Cardinal BessarionSorrows]] (1403–1472).

* The second chapel was dedicated to St. [[Joseph of Cupertino]]. The altarpiece from 1777 is by [[Giuseppe Cades]]. The two columns of verde antico, green marble, are reputed to be the largest known in that type of stone.<ref name=Cor/>

* The third chapel of the left is dedicated to St. [[Francis of Assisi]], containing ''The Ecstasy of St Francis'' by [[Giuseppe Bartolomeo Chiari]].

[[Pope Clement XIV]] (1769–1774) is buried inat the lastend chapel onof the left side aisle, near the door of the sacristy. His Neo-Classical tomb is by [[Antonio Canova]], made in 1783-1787.<ref name=turismo/> Besides the statue of that Pope, there are two uncommonly fine figures of ''"[[Temperance (virtue)|Temperance]]"'' and ''"[[Clemency]]"''. This was the first major work Canova did in Rome.<ref name=Cor/>▼

The ''Chapel of the Crucifixion'' on the right-hand side is divided into a nave and two aisles. The 8 columns are from the 6th-century church. The tomb of Raffaele della Rovere (died 1477), brother of [[Pope Sixtus IV]] and father of [[Pope Julius II]], is found in the chapel on the left side of the crypt. It was designed by [[Andrea Bregno]].

* The first chapel on the right-hand side of the nave is dedicated to St Bonaventure. The altarpiece is by [[Niccolò Lapiccola]]. It also contains Antoniazzo Romano's ''Madonna'', moved from the Bessarion chapel.

* The second chapel on the right is dedicated to the [[Immaculate Conception]]; the altarpiece is by Corrado Giaquinto.

* The third chapel of the left is dedicated to St. [[Anthony of Padua]]; the altarpiece (1723) is by [[Benedetto Luti]]. It is the chapel of the Odescalchi, whose palazzo was nearby.

* Behind the Odescalchi chapel is the funerary chapel of [[Bessarion|Cardinal Bessarion]]. [[Antoniazzo Romano]] completed the decoration in 1467. It contained a 15th-century Madonna donated by Bessarion, now relocated to the Chapel of St. Bonaventure.

* The Chapel of the Crucifixion is to the right of the main altar. Designed as a small basilica, it has a nave and two aisles. The 8 columns are from the 6th-century church.

<gallery>

▲The [[crypt|confessio]] was constructed in 1837. During its construction, the relics of [[James the Less|St James]] and [[St Philip]], which were taken from the catacombs in the 9th century to protect them from invaders, were rediscovered. The wall paintings are reproductions of ancient catacomb paintings. An inscription explains that [[Pope Stephen IV]] walked barefoot in 886 from the catacombs to the church carrying the relics on his shoulders. The other chapels were decorated between 1876-1877.

File:Basilica dei Santi Apostoli.JPG|Basilica dei Santi Apostoli

File:Antonio canova, monumento a giovanni volpato, 1807, 01.jpg|Volpato monument by Canova (portico)

▲[[Pope Clement XIV]] (1769–1774) is buried in the last chapel on the left side, near the door of the sacristy. His Neo-Classical tomb is by [[Antonio Canova]], made in 1783-1787. Besides the statue of that Pope, there are two uncommonly fine figures of ''"[[Temperance (virtue)|Temperance]]"'' and ''"[[Clemency]]"''. This was the first major work Canova did in Rome.

File:Basilica dei Santi XII Apostoli 06.jpg|[[Tomb of Pope Clement XIV]] by Antonio Canova

File:Ss. apostoli, int., antoniazzo romano, madonna col bambino, xv sec.JPG|Madonna of Constantinople, Antoniazzo Romano

Beyond the sacristy is the chapel of St. Francis, painted by [[Giuseppe Chiari]]. On the altar of the following chapel, the second chapel on the left has an altarpiece from 1777 by [[Giuseppe Cades]], depicting [[Saint Joseph of Cupertino]]. The two columns of verde antico, green marble, are the largest known in that type of stone.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} The "Descent of the Cross", on the altar of the last chapel, is a famous work of [[Francesco Manno]].

</gallery>

On the second pillar on the left side is the epitaph of Cardinal Bessarion, and a 16th-century portrait of him. His mortal remains were moved here in 1957.

== Burials ==

* [[Cardinal Bessarion]] (1403–1472)▼

* Raffaele Riario (died 1521)▼

* [[Prospero Colonna (cardinal)]] (died 1463)

▲* [[Raffaele Riario]] (died 1521)

* [[Pope Clement XIV]] (1769–1774)

▲* [[Cardinal Bessarion]] (1403–1472)

* Count Giraud de Caprières (died 1505)

* Cardinal [[Pietro Riario]] (died 1474)

For a short time, the basilica housed the tomb of [[Michelangelo]], before its transportation to the [[Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze]]. Upon the death of [[James Francis Edward Stuart]] in 1766, his body [[lying in repose|lay in state]] here before he was buried with [[Maria Clementina Sobieska|his wife]] at [[St. Peter's Basilica]].<ref name=Cor>[https://www.his.com/~rjconde/CoR-Info/group41/040-Santi%20Apostoli.pdf "Santi Apostoli", Churches of Rome]</ref>

== List of Cardinal-priests since 1059 ==

List of the cardinal titulars of the church <ref>Rudolf Hüls, ''Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms , 1049-1130'' (Tubingen: Max Niemeyer 1977), pp. 150-153.</ref><ref>Conradus Eubel, ''Hierarchia catholica medii aevi'' I, editio altera (Monasterii 1913) pp. 39-40.</ref><ref>GCatholic [http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/cardinal/297.htm Cardinal Title Santi XII Apostoli]</ref><ref>Salvador Miranda, [http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/titles-2.htm#Apostoli The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: XII Apostolorum] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20171205062417/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/titles-2.htm%23Chiara#Apostoli |date=2017-12-05 }} Retrieved 03/08/2016</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

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== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Basilica dei Santi Apostoli (Rome)}}

==Bibliography==

* Giovanni Antonio Bonelli, ''Memorie storiche della Basilica costantiniana dei SS. XII.: Apostoli di Roma e dei nuovi suoi ristauri'' (Roma: Tipi del Salviucci, 1879).

* Rezio Buscaroli, ''Melozzo da Forlì nei documenti'' (Roma: Reale accademia l'Italia, 1938).

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== External links ==

* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/I/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/churches/_Texts/Armellini/ARMCHI*/2/Trevi.html Santi Apostoli], in Mariano Armellini, ''Le chiese di Roma dal secolo IV al XIX''.{{full citation needed|date=March 2016}}

* {{cite book |first=M. |last=Lucentini |title=The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City|date=31 December 2012 |publisher=Interlink |isbn=9781623710088 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=laMDAQAAQBAJ}}

{{commons-inline}}

{{Churches in the City of Rome}}

{{Holy See}}

{{Sequence

| prev = [[Sant'Apollinare, Rome]]

| list = Landmarks of Rome

| curr = Santi Apostoli, Rome

| next = [[Santa Balbina]]

▲}}

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{{Monuments of Rome}}

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[[Category:Basilica churches in Rome|Apostoli, Santi XII]]

[[Category:Titular churches|Apostoli, Santi XII]]