Saraiki language: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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|image=Saraiki.svg

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|imagecaption=''Saraiki'' in [[Persian scriptShahmukhi]] script ([[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaʿlīq]] style)

|states= Pakistan, India,<ref name="Indianlanguages">{{cite web|title=Abstract of speakers’ strength of languages and mother tongues – 2001|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm|accessdate=8 April 2012}}</ref> Afghanistan

|region = mainly [[South Punjab]]

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'''Saraiki''' (Saraiki[[Shahmukhi]]: {{Nastaliq|سرائیکی}}), alsois spelledthe assouthern '''Siraiki''',dialect '''Seraiki'''of or[[Dialects '''Sarayeki''',of isthe aPunjab|Western languagePunjabi]] of central [[Pakistan]] fromthe [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language family,. It is spoken by 20 million people as of (2013.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/skr|title=Saraiki|work=Ethnologue}}</ref> Itacross is mainly spoken acrossthe [[SouthernSouth Punjab]], southern [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], and border regions of northernNorth [[Sindh]] and easternEastern [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], with some 20,000 migrants and their descendants in [[India]]<ref name="Indianlanguages"/>{{dead link|date=September 2014}} who migrated as a result of the [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of [[Pakistan]], as well as overseas, especially in the [[Middle East]]. Saraiki is also spoken by some [[Hindu]]s in [[Afghanistan]], though the number there is unknown.<ref name="Afghanistan">{{cite web|title=Pakistan/India/Afghanistan: Multani language; extent to which it is used by Hindus in Afghanistan|author=UNHCR|publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3df4bed320.html|accessdate=7 March 2014|quote=Hindus have always lived in Afghanistan. That is's one reason why they call themselves Kandharis and not Multanis orand [[Saraiki people|Saraikis]]Seraikies. Some of the old temples in the area also point to this theory. The word Kandh in SaraikiSeraiki means wall. [[Kandahar]] used to have many walls. The [[Hilmand River]]river flowing in that area was labelled ''Rud-e-hind-wa-Sind'' by [[Arabic]] manuscripts. Before the influx of [[Pashtuns|Pushtun]]Pashtoons the inhabitants of Kandahar spoke SaraikiSeraiki. The PashtunsPashtoons labelled their language 'Jataki'. The language spoken by Afghan Hindus in Kandahar known as Kandhari is probably 'Jataki'.}} (The writer attributes this entire quotation, verbatim, to a page in [[Ethnologue]] that does not exist as of March 2014.)</ref>

Modern Saraiki follows [[Persian script]] for writing with some additional punctuation for its different [[Saraiki alphabet]].<ref>Shackle, C. (1972). [http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390232 Siraiki and Siraiki literature, c.1750-1900, in Upper Sind and South-West Panjab]. (PhD thesis), School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.</ref><ref>Raza, G. 2010. [http://ling.uni-konstanz.de/pages/home/pargram_urdu/main/files/rcap4.pdf Reduction of Compound Adpositions in Persian, Urdu and Saraiki]. Paper presented at the Sixth International Contrastive Linguistics Conference, Berlin.</ref><ref>Syed, N. A. R. (2012). Nasals and Nasality in Saraiki. Language in India, 12(7), 323-347.</ref> The name "Saraiki" (or variant spellings) was formally adopted in the 1960s by Saraiki [[ethnic interest group]] to assert linguistic and ethnic [[identity]] separate from [[Punjabis|Punjabi identity]].<ref> Rahman, Tariq. 1995. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan]. ''Language Problems & Language Planning'', 19(1), 1-25.</ref> Some of the dialects like Multani and Derawali, previously merged with Punjabi, are collectively known as Saraiki, and officially recognized as a separate regional [[Languages of Pakistan|language in Pakistan]] in [[Census in Pakistan|census reports]].<ref>[http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//tables/POPULATION%20BY%20MOTHER%20TONGUE.pdf Population (of Pakistan) by mother tongue]</ref><ref>[http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-compulsory-subjects/pakistan-affairs/14306-languages-pakistan.html Siraiki language as a subject in Central Services Exams, Pakistan].</ref> [[Ethnologue]] reports and other linguistic surveys now regard Saraiki as a language rather a dialect.<ref> Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2015. "[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/SKR Saraiki]". ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'', Eighteenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.</ref> The dispute among linguists and nationalists remain unsettled whether Saraiki is a dialect of Punjabi or a separate language.<ref>Shackle, C. 1977. Saraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan. ''Modern Asian Studies'', 11(3):379-403.</ref><ref> Shackle, C. 1976. ''The Siraiki language of central Pakistan: a reference grammar''. London:School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS).</ref><ref>Rahman, Tariq. 2012. "Saraiki Language". In ''The Oxford Companion to Pakistani History'', edited by Ayesha Jalal. Karachi: Oxford University Press, pp. 459</ref>

It follows the standardized Punjabi [[Shahmukhi]] script for writing.<ref>http://www.omniglot.com/writing/punjabi.htm: Shahmukhi Alphabet Example</ref><ref>http://www.apnaorg.com/shahmukhi/ : Shahmukhi Alphabets</ref> The name "Saraiki" (or variant spellings) was formally adopted in the 1960s by regional social and political leaders who undertook to promote Saraiki dialects of the [[Punjabi language]].{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}

==Etymology==

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==Classification and related languages==

{{more information|Punjabi dialects}}▼

[[Image:Saraiki Study Center.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Saraiki Area Study Center Multan, inaugurated by then Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ]]

Saraiki is a member of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] subdivision of the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language family. Standard Punjabi and Saraiki (South Punjabi) are mutually intelligible; they slightly differ in consonant inventory and in the structure of the verb. Saraiki is about 80% intelligible with [[Dogri language|Dogri]].{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}

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The historical inventory of names for the dialects now called Saraiki is a confusion of overlapping or conflicting ethnic, local, and regional designations. "Hindki" and "Hindko" – which means merely "of India" – refer to various Saraiki and even non-Saraiki dialects in Punjab Province and farther north within the country, due to the fact they were applied by arrivals from [[Afghanistan]].{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} One historical name for Saraiki, Jaṭki, means "of the [[Jat people|Jaṭṭs]]", a northern [[South Asia]]n ethnic group; but Jaṭṭs speak the Indo-Aryan dialect of whatever region they live in.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} Only a small minority of Saraiki speakers are Jaṭṭs, and not all Saraiki speaking Jaṭṭs necessarily speak the same dialect of Saraiki. However, these people usually call their traditions as well as language as ''Jataki''. Conversely, several Saraiki dialects have multiple names corresponding to different locales or demographic groups. When consulting sources before 2000, it is important to know that Pakistani administrative boundaries have been altered frequently. Provinces in Pakistan are divided into districts, and sources on "Saraiki" often describe the territory of a dialect or dialect group according to the districts. Since the founding of Pakistan in 1947, several of these districts have been subdivided, some multiple times.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} Until 2001, the territorial structure of Pakistan included a layer of divisions between a province and it's districts. The name dialect name "[[Derawali dialect|Ḍerawali]]" is used to refer to the local dialects of both [[Dera Ghazi Khan]] and [[Dera Ismail Khan]], but "Ḍerawali" in the former is the [[Multani language|Multani]] dialect and "Ḍerawali" in the latter is the Thaḷi dialect.<ref name="Masica1991" />{{rp|Appendix I:220–245}}<ref name="Grierson1919" />{{rp|239ff}}

===Status of language or dialect===

▲{{more information|Punjabi dialects}}

Because [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]] are spoken in a region that has witnessed significant ethnic and identity conflict, all have been exposed to the [[dialect]]-versus-language question.{{Why?|date=October 2014}} A century ago, each of these languages had a central standard on which its literature was based.<ref>Bailey, Rev. T. Grahame. 1904. ''Panjabi Grammar.'' Lahore: Punjab Government Press.</ref>

According to some, Saraiki is a separate language with its own standard as opposed to a dialect of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref name="ethnologue_seraiki">"[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/skr SaraikiSeraiki]", Ethnologue. Accessed 7 March 2014. "Until recently it was considered a dialect of Panjabi." "A new literary language based on south Lahnda dialects, especially Multani and Bahawalpuri. Hindu, Sikh."</ref> The development of the standard written language began after the founding of Pakistan in 1947, driven by a [[Saraikistan|regionalist political movement]].<ref name="shackle1977">Shackle, C. 1977. "Saraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan." ''Modern Asian Studies,'' 11(3):379-403.</ref><ref name="rahman1997">Rahman, Tariq. 1997. "Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan." ''Asian Survey,'' 1997 Sep., 37(9):833-839.</ref>{{rp|838}} The national census of Pakistan has tabulated the prevalence of Saraiki speakers since 1981.<ref name="javaid">{{cite journal|last=Javaid|first=Umbreen|year=2004|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/english/Online_contents/Vol.%20XL%20No.2%20JRH%20July%202004.pdf|title=Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab|journal=[http://pu.edu.pk/home/journal/10 Journal of Research (Humanities)]|volume=40|issue=2|pages=45–55|location=Lahore|publisher=Department of English Language & Literature, University of the Punjab}} (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)</ref>{{rp|46}}

On the other hand Saraiki can be considered a dialect of Punjabi, because Saraiki is mutually intelligible with and morphologically and syntactically similar to standard Punjabi.<ref>Gill, Harjeet Singh Gill and Henry A. Gleason, Jr, ''A Reference Grammar of Punjabi'' (Patiala University Press).</ref><ref>Koul, Omkar N. and Madhu Bala, ''Punjabi Language and Linguistics: An Annotated Bibliography'' (New Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies).</ref><ref>Malik, Amar Nath, Afzal Ahmed Cheema, ''The Phonology and Morphology of Panjabi'' (New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1995).</ref><ref>George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain, eds, ''The Indo-Aryan Languages'' (Routledge, 2003).</ref><ref>N. I. Tolstaya, ''The Panjabi Language: A Descriptive Grammar'' (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981).</ref>

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===Afghanistan===

In [[Afghanistan]], ''Kandhari'', a dialect of Multani Saraiki is a native language of the [[Hindki]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2014}} Before the influx of [[Pathan]]s into the region, the most common spoken dialect in [[Kandahar]] was Saraiki, namely the ''Kandhari'' or ''Jataki'' dialect.<ref name="Afghanistan" />

In [[Afghanistan]], some Hindus in [[Kandahar]] speak a language that is closer to [[Multani dialect]].<ref name="Afghanistan" /> It is referred to as ''Kandhari'' or ''Jataki'', related to [[Hindki]]. That is one reason why they call themselves Kandharis and not Multanis or Saraikis. Some of the old temples in the area also point to this theory. The word "Kandh" in Saraiki means wall. Kandahar used to have many walls. The [[Hilmand River]] flowing in that area was labelled "Rud-e-hind-wa-Sind" by [[Arabic]] manuscripts. It is believed that before the influx of [[Pushtun]], inhabitants of Kandahar spoke Saraiki.

===Saraiki Diaspora===

{{Main|Saraiki diaspora}}

===Outside South Asia===

As part of [[Overseas Pakistani]] worldwide, many Saraiki migrants are in [[Middle East]], [[Europe]] and America with smaller communities in [[Australia]], South East Asia and [[China]]. In Middle East, Saraiki is mainly spoken in [[Saudi Arabia]]<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/cpslc.org?fref=photo CPSLC - Council for Promotion of Saraiki Language and Culture]</ref><ref>[http://tune.pk/video/5091911/saraiki-program-in-jeddah-saudi-arabia-sharif-jhangail Saraiki program in Jeddah Saudi Arabia -Sharif Jhangail]</ref> and [[United Arab Emirates]].

{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2014}}

Many Saraiki migrants are in Middle East, Europe and America with smaller communities in Australia, South East Asia and China.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}

Saraiki is spoken in [[Saudi Arabia]].{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} In the [[United Kingdom]] Saraiki is spoken by migrants. In Canada, China, South Africa and the USA, Saraiki is spoken.

==Phonology==