Shining Path: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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| foundation = 1969 {{small|(de facto)}}

| split = [[Peruvian Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)|Peruvian Communist Party (Red Flag)]]

~~| splinter = [[Militarized Communist Party of Peru]] (splinter group)<br/>~~

| headquarters =

| wing1_title = Armed wing

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| [[Anti-revisionism]]

| [[Revolutionary socialism]]

~~| [[Blanquism]]~~

~~| [[Terrorism]]~~

}}

| position = [[Far-left politics|Far-left]]

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| website =

| country = Peru

~~| allies = '''State allies:'''~~

* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Libya_(1977–2011).svg}} [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi|Libya]] (until 2011)<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaddafi: a vicious, sinister despot driven out on tidal wave of hatred|work=The Guardian|date=August 23, 2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/23/libya-gaddafi-vicious-despot}}</ref>▼

'''Non-state allies:'''▼

* [[Revolutionary Internationalist Movement]] (until 2012)▼

~~| opponents = {{flag|Peru|name=Government of Peru}}~~

~~| battles = {{plainlist|~~

* [[Internal conflict in Peru]]

}}

| designated_as_terror_group_by = * {{flag|Canada}}▼

* {{flag|European Union}}▼

* {{flag|Japan}}▼

* {{flag|Peru}}▼

* {{flag|United Kingdom}}▼

* {{flag|United States}}▼

| predecessor =

| successor =

}}

The '''Shining Path''' ({{lang-es|Sendero Luminoso}}), ~~officially~~self-named the '''Communist Party of Peru''' ({{lang|es|Partido Comunista del Perú}}, [[abbr.]] PCP), is a far-left political party and [[guerrilla group]] in [[Peru]], following [[Marxism–Leninism–Maoism]] and [[Gonzalo Thought]]. Academics often refer to the group as the '''Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path''' ({{lang|es|Partido Comunista del Perú – Sendero Luminoso}}, abbr. PCP-SL) to distinguish it from other communist parties in Peru.▼

▲The '''Shining Path''' ({{lang-es|Sendero Luminoso}}), officially the '''Communist Party of Peru''' ({{lang|es|Partido Comunista del Perú}}, [[abbr.]] PCP), is a far-left political party and [[guerrilla group]] in [[Peru]], following [[Marxism–Leninism–Maoism]] and [[Gonzalo Thought]]. Academics often refer to the group as the '''Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path''' ({{lang|es|Partido Comunista del Perú – Sendero Luminoso}}, abbr. PCP-SL) to distinguish it from other communist parties in Peru.

When it first launched its "[[people's war]]" in 1980, the Shining Path's goal was to overthrow the government through guerrilla warfare and replace it with a [[New Democracy]]. The Shining Path believed that by establishing a [[dictatorship of the proletariat]], inducing a [[cultural revolution]], and eventually sparking a [[world revolution]], they could arrive at [[Communist society|full communism]]. Their representatives stated that the then-existing [[Socialist state|socialist countries]] were [[Marxist revisionism|revisionist]], and the Shining Path was the [[Vanguardism|vanguard]] of the world communist movement. The Shining Path's ideology and tactics have influenced other Maoist [[Insurgency|insurgent]] groups such as the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)]] and other [[Revolutionary Internationalist Movement]]-affiliated organizations.<ref>Maske, Mahesh. "Maovichar", in ''Studies in Nepali History and Society'', Vol. 7, No. 2 (December 2002), p. 275.</ref>

The Shining Path has been widely condemned for its excessive brutality, including violence deployed against [[peasant]]s, trade union organizers, competing [[Marxist]] groups, elected officials and the general public.<ref name=Quien>{{cite journal |last=Burt |first=Jo-Marie |date=October 2006 |title='Quien habla es terrorista': The political use of fear in Fujimori's Peru |journal=Latin American Research Review |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=38 |doi=10.1353/lar.2006.0036 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Shining Path is regarded as a [[Terrorism|terrorist]] organization by the government of Peru, along with Japan,<ref name="Japan_ban">{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2002/7/0705.html |title=MOFA: Implementation of the Measures including the Freezing of Assets against Terrorists and the Like |access-date=21 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406134416/http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2002/7/0705.html |archive-date=6 April 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> the United States,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2020/#SL |title=Country Reports on Terrorism 2020 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]] |date=December 2021 |pages=309–10}}</ref> the [[European Union]],<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00800084.pdf Council Common Position 2005/936/CFSP.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122092156/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00800084.pdf |date=22 November 2011}}. 14 March 2005. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> and Canada,<ref>Government of Canada. [http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp#sl36 "Listed Entities"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119150657/http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp |date=19 November 2006}}. Retrieved 11 June 2009.</ref> all of whom consequently prohibit funding and other financial support to the group.

Since the captures of Shining Path founder [[Abimael Guzmán]] in 1992 and his successors [[Óscar Ramírez (terrorist)|Óscar Ramírez]] in 1999 and [[Comrade Artemio]] in 2012, the Shining Path declined in activity.{{sfn|Rochlin|2003|p=3}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Robbins|first=Seth|date=4 September 2020|title=Peru in Familiar Stalemate With Shining Path Rebels|url=https://www.insightcrime.org/news/brief/peru-stalemate-shining-path/|access-date=3 December 2020|website=[[InSight Crime]]|language=en-US}}</ref> The main remaining faction of the Shining Path, the [[Militarized Communist Party of Peru]] (MPCP), is active in the [[Valle de los Ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro]] (VRAEM) region of Peru, and it has since distanced itself from the Shining Path's legacy in 2018 in order to maintain the support of peasants previously persecuted by the Shining Path.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Stone|first=Hannah|date=27 March 2017|title=US Indicts Shining Path Rebels as Drug War Focus Shifts to Peru|url=https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/us-indicts-shining-path-drug-war-focus-peru/|access-date=4 December 2020|website=[[InSight Crime]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Gorder|first=Gabrielle|date=23 September 2019|title=Peru's Shining Path Plots Unlikely Return to Power|url=https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/shining-path-return-power-peru/|access-date=4 December 2020|website=[[InSight Crime]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

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The common name of this group, the Shining Path, distinguishes it from several other Peruvian communist parties with similar names {{crossreference|(see [[Communism in Peru]])}}. The name is derived from a maxim of [[José Carlos Mariátegui]], the founder of the original [[Peruvian Communist Party]] (from which the rest of communist parties split; now commonly known as the "PCP-Unidad") in the 1920s: "{{lang|es|El Marxismo-Leninismo abrirá el sendero luminoso hacia la revolución}}" ("[[Marxism–Leninism]] will open the shining path to revolution").<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Shining Path |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=11 January 2023 |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shining-Path |access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref>

This maxim was featured on the masthead of the newspaper of a Shining Path [[front group]]. The followers of this group are generally called ''senderistas''. All documents, periodicals, and other materials produced by the organization are signed as the Communist Party of Peru (PCP).~~{{Infobox militant organization~~

== Organization ==

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| partof =

| predecessor =

| successor = [[Militarized Communist Party of Peru]] (splinter group)

| allies = '''State allies:'''

▲* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Libya_(1977–2011).svg}} [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi|Libya]] (until 2011)<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaddafi: a vicious, sinister despot driven out on tidal wave of hatred|work=The Guardian|date=August 23, 2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/23/libya-gaddafi-vicious-despot}}</ref>

▲'''Non-state allies:'''

▲* [[Revolutionary Internationalist Movement]] (until 2012)

| split =

| opponents = {{~~flagu~~flag|Peru|name=Government of Peru}}

| battles = [[Internal conflict in Peru]]

* [[Tarata bombing]]

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* [[Lucanamarca massacre]]

| status =

▲| designated_as_terror_group_by = * {{flag|Canada}}

▲* {{flag|European Union}}

▲* {{flag|Japan}}

▲* {{flag|Peru}}

▲* {{flag|United Kingdom}}

▲* {{flag|United States}}

}}

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[[File:Shining Path electoral boycott poster.jpg|thumb|left|Shining Path poster supporting an [[electoral boycott]]]]

The Shining Path was founded in 1969 by [[Abimael Guzmán]], a former university philosophy professor (his followers referred to him by his [[Pseudonym|nom de guerre]] Presidente Gonzalo), and a group of 11 others.<ref name="Fourth Sword 78">{{Cite book |title=La cuarta espada : la historia de Abimael Guzmán y Sendero Luminoso |last=Roncagliolo |first=Santiago |date=2007 |publisher=Debate |isbn=9789871117468 |edition=55th |location=Buenos Aires |page=78 |trans-title=The Fourth Sword: The History of Abimael Guzman and the Shining Path |chapter=3 -– Por el Sendero Luminoso de Mariátegui |trans-chapter=3 -– On the Shining Path of Mariategui |oclc=225864678 |quote="Y en su fundación de 1969 sólo eran doce personas." ''"And at the founding in 1969, they were only 12 people."''}}</ref> Guzmán was heavily influenced by a trip to China and admired the teachings of [[Mao Zedong]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=27 March 2017|title=Shining Path|url=https://www.insightcrime.org/peru-organized-crime-news/shining-path-profile/|access-date=4 December 2020|website=[[InSight Crime]]|language=en-US}}</ref> His teachings created the foundation of its militant Maoist doctrine. It was an offshoot of the [[Peruvian Communist Party – Red Flag]], which itself split from the original [[Peruvian Communist Party]] founded by [[José Carlos Mariátegui]] in 1928.<ref>{{cite book |title=Final Report - Book II |publisher=Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. [Truth and Reconciliation Commission] |page=16 |url=https://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/ |access-date=17 August 2024 |chapter-url=http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/TOMO%20II/CAPITULO%201%20-%20Los%20actores%20armados%20del%20conflicto/1.1.%20PCP-SL/CAP%20I%20SL%20ORIGEN.pdf ~~Book~~|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807133256/http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/TOMO%20II/CAPITULO%201%20-%20Los%20actores%20armados%20del%20conflicto/1.1.%20PCP-SL/CAP%20I%20SL%20ORIGEN.pdf II|archive-date=7 ~~Chapter~~August 2024 |chapter=Capítulo 1]: ~~page~~Los 16actores armados |trans-quote="José Carlos Mariátegui, one of the most influential Peruvian intellectuals of the 20th century, is recognised by the different left-wing tendencies as the founder of socialism in the country. ~~Retrieved~~After 11his ~~June~~death ~~2009~~in 1930, the organisation he had founded quickly aligned itself with the parties of the Third International, influenced by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), and adopted the name of the Peruvian Communist Party (PCP). (...) In the early 1960s, the repercussions of the Sino-Soviet polemic were felt within the Peruvian left and precipitated its split. On one side was the majority of trade union cadres aligned with the positions of the CPSU. On the other, the party's youth, teachers' cadres and peasant work nuclei, flying the Maoist banners. To distinguish them, the other parties began to use the name of their respective newspapers. PCP-Unity for the pro-Soviets. PCP-Red Flag for the pro-Chinese. (...) At the time of the split, Abimael Guzmán, by then a communist leader of the ‘José Carlos Mariátegui’ Regional Committee of Ayacucho, aligned himself with the PCP-Red Flag, led by the lawyer Saturnino Paredes. The unity of the Maoists, however, was short-lived. In 1967, the youth and an important sector of the teachers' work split to form the Communist Party of Peru-Red Fatherland. Although the youth offered him the leadership of this split, Guzmán continued to align himself with Saturnino Paredes, but by then he had long since formed his own ‘red faction’ in Ayacucho." |quote="José Carlos Mariátegui, uno de los más influyentes intelectuales peruanos del S.XX, es reconocido por las diferentes tendencias de izquierda como fundador del socialismo en el país. Luego se su muerte en 1930, la organización que había fundado se alineó rápidamente con los partidos de la III Internacional, influenciados por el Partido Comunista de la Unión Soviética (PCUS), y adoptó el nombre de Partido Comunista Peruano (PCP). (...) A principios de los años 60s, las repercusiones de la polémica chino-soviética se hicieron sentir dentro de la izquierda peruana y precipitaron su división. De un lado quedó la mayoría de cuadros sindicales alineados con las posiciones del PCUS. De otro, la juventud del partido, cuadros magisteriales y núcleos de trabajo campesino, enarbolando las banderas maoístas. Para distinguirlos, el resto de partidos comenzó a usar el nombre de sus respectivos periódicos. PCP-Unidad para los prosoviéticos. PCP-Bandera Roja para los prochinos. (...) En el momento de la ruptura, Abimael Guzmán, ya para entonces dirigente comunista del Comité Regional «José Carlos Mariátegui» de Ayacucho, se alineó con el PCP-Bandera Roja, dirigido por el abogado Saturnino Paredes. La unidad de los maoístas, sin embargo, duró poco. En 1967, la juventud y un sector importante del trabajo magisterial se escindieron para formar el Partido Comunista del Perú-Patria Roja. A pesar de que los jóvenes le ofrecieron encabezar esa escisión, Guzmán siguió alineándose con Saturnino Paredes, pero para entonces hacía ya tiempo que había formado su propia «fracción roja» en Ayacucho." |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Antonio Díaz Martínez]], an agronomist who became a leader of the Shining Path, made several important contributions to the group's ideology. In his books ''Ayacucho, Hambre y Esperanza'' (1969) and ''China, La Revolución Agraria'' (1978), he expressed his own conviction of the necessity that revolutionary activity in Peru follow strictly the teachings of Mao Zedong.<ref>Colin

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By 1980, Shining Path had about 500 members.<ref name=":8" /> When Peru's military government allowed [[Elections in Peru|elections]] for the first time in twelve years in 1980, the Shining Path was one of the few leftist political groups that declined to take part. It chose instead to begin a guerrilla war in the highlands of the [[Ayacucho Region]]. On 17 May 1980, on the eve of the presidential elections, it burned ballot boxes in the town of [[Chuschi]]. It was the first "act of war" by the Shining Path. The perpetrators were quickly caught, and additional ballots were shipped to Chuschi. The elections proceeded without further problems, and the incident received little attention in the Peruvian press.{{sfn|Gorriti|1999|p=17}}

Throughout the 1980s, the Shining Path grew both in terms of the territory it controlled and in the number of militants in its organization, particularly in the [[Andes|Andean]] highlands. It gained support from local peasants by filling the political void left by the central government and providing what they called "popular justice", public trials that disregard any legal and human rights that deliver swift and brutal sentences including public executions. This caused the peasantry of some Peruvian villages to express some sympathy for the Shining Path, especially in the impoverished and neglected regions of [[Ayacucho Region|Ayacucho]], [[Apurímac Region|Apurímac]], and [[Huancavelica Region|Huancavelica]]. At times, the civilian population of small, neglected towns participated in popular trials, especially when the victims of the trials were widely disliked.<ref>Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. [http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/TOMO%20VI/SECCION%20CUARTA-Crimenes%20y%20violaciones%20DDHH/FINAL-AGOSTO/1.1.%20LOS%20ASESINATOS%20Y%20MASACRES.pdf Book VI Chapter 1] ~~page~~p. 41. Retrieved 14 January 2008.</ref>

The Shining Path's credibility benefited from the government's initially tepid response to the [[insurgency]]. For over a year, the government refused to declare a [[state of emergency]] in the region where the Shining Path was operating. The Interior Minister, José María de la Jara, believed the group could be easily defeated through police actions.<ref>Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. [http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/TOMO%20III/Cap.%202%20Los%20actores%20polIticos/2.1%20ACCION%20POPULAR.pdf Book III Chapter 2] ~~pages~~pp. 17–18. Retrieved 16 January 2008.</ref> Additionally, the president, [[Fernando Belaúnde Terry]], who returned to power in 1980, was reluctant to cede authority to the armed forces since his first government had ended in a military [[Coup d'état|coup]].

On 29 December 1981, the government declared an "emergency zone" in the three Andean regions of Ayacucho, Huancavelica, and Apurímac and granted the [[Military of Peru|military]] the power to arbitrarily detain any suspicious person. The military abused this power, arresting scores of innocent people, at times subjecting them to torture during interrogation<ref>[[Amnesty International]]. [http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?lang=e&id=79848E75B7FB5E878025690000692C8D "Peru: Summary of Amnesty International's concerns ~~1980 – 1995~~1980–1995"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330053228/http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?lang=e&id=79848E75B7FB5E878025690000692C8D |date=30 March 2008}}. Retrieved 17 January 2008.</ref> as well as rape.<ref>[[Human Rights Watch]] [https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Hrw-04.htm "The Women's Rights Project."]. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> Members of the Peruvian Armed Forces began to wear black [[Balaclava (clothing)|ski-masks]] to hide their identities, in order to protect themselves and their families.

In some areas, the military trained peasants and organized them into anti-rebel militias, called "[[Ronda Campesina|rondas]]". They were generally poorly equipped, despite being provided arms by the state. The rondas would attack the Shining Path guerrillas, with the first such reported attack occurring in January 1983, near [[Huata]]. ''Ronderos'' would later kill 13 guerrilla fighters in February 1983, in [[Sacsamarca]]. In March 1983, ''ronderos'' brutally killed Olegario Curitomay, one of the commanders of the town of [[Lucanamarca]]. They took him to the town square, [[stoning|stoned]] him, [[Stabbing|stabbed]] him, set him on fire, and finally shot him. The Shining Path's retaliation to this was one of the worst attacks in the entire conflict, with a group of guerrilla members entering the town and going house by house, killing dozens of villagers, including babies, with guns, hatchets, and axes. This action has come to be known as the [[Lucanamarca massacre]].<ref name=Huancasancos>Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. 28 August 2003. [http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/TOMO%20VII/Casos%20Ilustrativos-UIE/2.6.%20LUCANAMARCA.pdf "La Masacre de Lucanamarca (1983)"]. (in Spanish) Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> Additional massacres of civilians by the Shining Path would occur throughout the conflict.<ref name=":8" /><ref>Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. [http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/TOMO%20VII/Casos%20Ilustrativos-UIE/2.18.%20MARCAS.pdf Book VII "Ataque del PCP-SL a la Localidad de Marcas (1985)"]. Retrieved 14 January 2008.</ref><ref>Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. [http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ingles/informacion/nprensa/notas.php?idnota=117 "Press Release 170."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903215218/http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ingles/informacion/nprensa/notas.php?idnota=117 |date=3 September 2018 }}. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref>

The Shining Path's attacks were not limited to the countryside. It executed several attacks against the infrastructure in [[Lima]], killing civilians in the process. In 1983, it sabotaged several electrical transmission towers, causing a citywide [[Power outage|blackout]], and set fire and destroyed the [[Bayer]] industrial plant. That same year, it set off a powerful bomb in the offices of the governing party, [[Popular Action (Peru)|Popular Action]]. Escalating its activities in Lima, in June 1985, it blew up electricity transmission towers in Lima, producing a blackout, and detonated [[car bomb]]s near the government palace and the justice palace. It was believed to be responsible for bombing a shopping mall.<ref>[[Human Rights Watch]]. [https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/WR95/AMERICAS-10.htm Peru: Human Rights Developments]. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> At the time, President Fernando Belaúnde Terry was receiving the Argentine president [[Raúl Alfonsín]].

During this period, the Shining Path assassinated specific individuals, notably leaders of other leftist groups, local political parties, [[Trade union|labor unions]], and peasant organizations, some of whom were anti-Shining Path [[Marxism|Marxists]].<ref name="Quien" /> On 24 April 1985, in the midst of presidential elections, it tried to assassinate Domingo García Rada, the president of the Peruvian National Electoral Council, severely injuring him and mortally wounding his driver. In 1988, Constantin (Gus) Gregory,<ref>{{cite news|url=~~http~~https://~~articles~~www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-07-07~~/news/~~-vw-~~8223_1_peruvian~~8223-~~politics~~story.html|title=A Most Unlikely Target : Good Samaritan Aiding the Peruvian Poor Became a Casualty in the Nation's Political Struggle|first=Beverly|last=Beyette|newspaper=The Los Angeles Times|date=7 July 1988|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> an American citizen working for the [[United States Agency for International Development]], was assassinated. Two French aid workers were killed on 4 December that same year.<ref name="Courtois677">[[Stéphane Courtois]] et al. ''[[The Black Book of Communism]]: Crimes, Terror, Repression''. [[Harvard University Press]], 1999. {{ISBN|0-674-07608-7}} p. 677</ref>

==== Level of support ====

By 1990, the Shining Path had about 3,000 armed members at its greatest extent.<ref name=":8" /> The group had gained control of much of the countryside of the center and south of Peru and had a large presence in the outskirts of Lima. The Shining Path began to fight against Peru's other major guerrilla group, the [[Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement]] (MRTA),<ref>Manrique, Nelson. "The War for the Central Sierra," p. 211 in ''Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru, 1980–1995'', ed. Steve Stern, Duke University Press: Durham and London, 1998 ({{ISBN|0-8223-2217-X}}).</ref> as well as ''[[Peasant|campesino]]'' self-defense groups organized by the Peruvian armed forces.

[[File:Zones registering Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) activity.svg|thumb|243x243px|Areas where the Shining Path was active in Peru]]

The Shining Path quickly seized control of large areas of Peru. The group had significant support among peasant communities, and it had the support of some slum dwellers in the capital and elsewhere. The Shining Path's interpretation of Maoism did not have the support of many city dwellers. According to opinion polls, only 15 percent of the population considered [[Subversion (politics)|subversion]] to be justifiable in June 1988, while only 17 percent considered it justifiable in 1991.<ref>Kenney, Charles D. 2004. ''Fujimori's Coup and the Breakdown of Democracy in Latin America.'' Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame. Citing Balibi, C.R. 1991. "Una inquietante encuesta de opinión." ''Quehacer'': 40–45.</ref> In June 1991, "the total sample disapproved of the Shining Path by an 83 to 7 percent margin, with 10 percent not answering the question. Among the poorest, however, only 58 percent stated disapproval of the Shining Path; 11 percent said they had a favorable opinion of the Shining Path, and some 31 percent would not answer the question."<ref name="Kenney">Kenney, Charles D. 2004. ''Fujimori's Coup and the Breakdown of Democracy in Latin America.'' Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame.</ref> A September 1991 poll found that 21 percent of those polled in Lima believed that the Shining Path did not torture and kill innocent people. The same poll found that 13 percent believed that society would be more just if the Shining Path won the war and 22 percent believed society would be equally just under the Shining Path as it was under the government.<ref name="Kenney" /> Polls have never been completely accurate since Peru has several anti-terrorism laws, including "~~apology~~apologia for terrorism", that makes it a punishable offense for anyone who does not condemn the Shining Path. In effect, the laws make it illegal to support the group in any way.<ref>Sandra Coliver, Paul Hoffman, Joan Fitzpatrick, Stephen Bowman, Secrecy and Liberty: National Security, Freedom of Expression and Access To Information, (Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague Publishers,) 1999, Pp. 162.</ref>

Many peasants were unhappy with the Shining Path's rule for a variety of reasons, such as its disrespect for [[Indigenous peoples in Peru|indigenous]] culture and institutions.<ref>Del Pino H., Ponciano. "Family, Culture, and 'Revolution': Everyday Life with Sendero Luminoso," p. 179 in ''Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru, 1980–1995'', ed. Steve Stern, Duke University Press: Durham and London, 1998 ({{ISBN|0-8223-2217-X}}).</ref> However, they had also made agreements and alliances with some indigenous tribes. Some did not like the brutality of its "popular trials" that sometimes included "slitting throats, strangulation, stoning, and burning."<ref>U.S. Department of State. March 1996 [http://www.freelori.org/gov/statedept/95_perureport.html "Peru Human Rights Practices, 1995"]. Retrieved 16 January 2008.</ref><ref>Starn, Orin. "Villagers at Arms: War and Counterrevolution in the Central-South Andes," p. 237 in ''Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru, 1980–1995'', ed. Steve Stern, Duke University Press: Durham and London, 1998 ({{ISBN|0-8223-2217-X}}).</ref> Peasants were offended by the rebels' injunction against burying the bodies of Shining Path victims.<ref>Degregori, p. 140.</ref>

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The Shining Path followed Mao Zedong's dictum that guerrilla warfare should start in the countryside and gradually choke off the cities.<ref>''Desarrollar la lucha armada del campo a la ciudad'', San Marcos 1985 PCP speech</ref>

According to multiple sources, the Shining Path received support from [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi|Gaddafi's Libya]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/marie-colvin-colonel-gadaffi-gaddafi-libya-mad-dog-and-me-chn0vrpjf|title=Mad Dog and me —– the Colonel Gadaffi I knew|last1=Colvin|first1=Marie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/23/libya-gaddafi-vicious-despot|title=Gaddafi: a vicious, sinister despot driven out on tidal wave of hatred|date=23 August 2011|work=The Guardian|first=Simon|last=Tisdall|access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/news/muammar-gaddafi-kitsch-dictator-162327388.html|title=Muammar Gaddafi: The Kitsch Dictator|work=Sky News|via=Yahoo News|date=5 September 2011|first=Tim|last=Marshall|access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Qaddafi, Terrorism, and the Origins of the U.S. Attack on Libya|first=Brian Lee|last=Davis|page=17|publisher=Praeger|date=1990|isbn=9780275933029|lccn=89016095}}</ref>

=== 1990s: The Fujimori government ===

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The capture of Guzmán left a huge leadership vacuum for the Shining Path. "There is no No. 2. There is only Presidente Gonzalo and then the party," a Shining Path political officer said at a birthday celebration for Guzmán in Lurigancho prison in December 1990. "Without President Gonzalo, we would have nothing."<ref>[http://www.deseretnews.com/article/247397/GUZMAN-ARREST-LEAVES-VOID-IN-SHINING-PATHS-LEADERSHIP.html "Guzman arrest leaves Void in Shining Path Leadership"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422133139/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/247397/GUZMAN-ARREST-LEAVES-VOID-IN-SHINING-PATHS-LEADERSHIP.html |date=22 April 2018 }} Associated Press/[[Deseret News]].com, 14 September 1992</ref>

At the same time, the Shining Path suffered embarrassing military defeats to self-defense organizations of rural ''campesinos'' —– supposedly its social base. When Guzmán called for peace talks with the Peruvian government, the organization fractured into splinter groups, with some Shining Path members in favor of such talks and others opposed.<ref name=":8" /><ref>Sims, Calvin (5 August 1996) [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9402E5D81E3FF936A3575BC0A960958260&scp "Blasts Propel Peru's Rebels From Defunct To Dangerous."]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved 17 January 2008</ref>

Guzmán's role as the leader of the Shining Path was taken over by [[Óscar Ramírez (terrorist)|Óscar Ramírez]], who himself was captured by Peruvian authorities in 1999. After Ramírez's capture, the group further splintered, guerrilla activity diminished sharply, and peace returned to the areas where the Shining Path had been active.<ref name="activity">Rochlin, pp. 71–72.</ref> The three remaining splinter groups were a collective in [[Huallaga Valley]] led by [[Comrade Artemio]], the [[Militarized Communist Party of Peru]] (MPCP) led by the Víctor and Jorge Quispe Palomino brothers, and a base committee in [[Mantaro Valley]] led by Netzel López.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Perú |first=ONG de derechos humanos Waynakuna |title=La expansión ideológica del terrorista comité de base Mantaro rojo |url=https://waynakuna.blogspot.com/2018/04/la-expansion-ideologica-del-terrorista.html |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=ONG Waynakuna Perú}}</ref>

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In September 2008, government forces announced the killing of five rebels in the [[Vizcatan]] region. This claim was subsequently challenged by the [[APRODEH]], a Peruvian human rights group, which believed that those who were killed were in fact local farmers and not rebels.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN09325588 "Peru army may have killed farmers – rights group"]. [[Reuters]]. Retrieved 11 June 2009.</ref> That same month, Artemio gave his first recorded interview since 2006. In it, he stated that the Shining Path would continue to fight despite escalating military pressure.<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2008-09-18-2891478017_x.htm "Peru rebel leader refuses to lay down arms"]. AP. Retrieved 11 June 2009.</ref> In October 2008, in [[Huancavelica Region]], the guerrillas engaged a military convoy with explosives and firearms, demonstrating their continued ability to strike and inflict casualties on military targets. The conflict resulted in the death of 12 soldiers and two to seven civilians.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7664107.stm "Peru rebels launch deadly ambush'"]. [[BBC]]. Retrieved 11 June 2009.</ref><ref>[http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/10/10/international/i081213D15.DTL "Peru says 14 killed in Shining Path attack"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011191325/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2008%2F10%2F10%2Finternational%2Fi081213D15.DTL |date=11 October 2008}}. Associated Press. Retrieved 11 June 2009.</ref> It came one day after a clash in the Vizcatan region, which left five rebels and one soldier dead.<ref>[http://www.chinapost.com.tw/international/americas/2008/10/11/178195/1-Peruvian.htm "1 Peruvian soldier, 5 rebels killed in military campaign"]. Associated Press. Retrieved 11 June 2009.</ref>

In November 2008, the rebels utilized hand grenades and automatic weapons in an assault that claimed the lives of 4 police officers.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120903130159/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jhH0I44QVP2nNc9pM0bXZUkgxkvg "Peru's Shining Path kill four police in ambush"]. AFP. Retrieved 11 June 2009.</ref> In April 2009, the Shining Path ambushed and killed 13 government soldiers in Ayacucho.<ref name="Rebels kill 13 soldiers in Peru">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7995524.stm "Rebels kill 13 soldiers in Peru"]. BBC. Retrieved 12 April 2009.</ref> Grenades and dynamite were used in the attack.<ref name="Rebels kill 13 soldiers in Peru"/> The dead included eleven soldiers and one captain, and two soldiers were also injured, with one reported missing.<ref name="Rebels kill 13 soldiers in Peru"/> Poor communications were said to have made relay of the news difficult.<ref name="Rebels kill 13 soldiers in Peru" /> The country's Defense Minister, [[Antero Flores Aráoz]], said many soldiers "plunged over a cliff".<ref name="Rebels kill 13 soldiers in Peru" /> His ~~Prime~~prime ~~Minister~~minister, [[Yehude Simon]], said these attacks were "desperate responses by the Shining Path in the face of advances by the armed forces" and expressed his belief that the area would soon be freed of "leftover terrorists".<ref name="Rebels kill 13 soldiers in Peru" /> In the aftermath, a Sendero leader called this "the strongest [anti-government] blow{{nbsp}}... in quite a while".<ref name="Shining Path rebels stage comeback in Peru">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/04/21/peru.shining.path/index.html|title=Shining Path rebels stage comeback in Peru|date=21 April 2009|access-date=24 April 2009|publisher=CNN}}</ref> In November 2009, Defense Minister [[Rafael Rey]] announced that Shining Path militants had attacked a military outpost in southern Ayacucho province. One soldier was killed and three others wounded in the assault.<ref>[https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-peru-rebels-attack-army-outpost-killing-1-soldier-2009nov05-story.html "Peru rebels attack army outpost, killing 1 soldier"]. [[Associated Press]]. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</ref>

=== 2010s: Capture of Artemio and continued downfall ===

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== Ideology ==

~~The~~As ~~official~~its ~~ideology~~power ofgrew, the Shining Path ~~ceased~~changed toits beofficial ideology from "[[Marxism–Leninism–Maoism|Marxism–Leninism–Mao Zedong thought]]" ~~and it was instead referred~~ to as "[[Gonzalo Thought|Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo thought]]" – according to some authors ~~as the organization grew in power~~, a [[cult of personality]] grew around Guzmán.{{sfn|Gorriti|1999|p=185}}

Ideologically Maoist, the Shining Path is unique ~~in that~~because it did not completely accept orthodox Marxist doctrine, ~~and~~ instead, it considered the teachings of Guzmán to supersede ~~that~~the teachings of Marx, Lenin, Stalin~~, Trotsky~~ and Mao. Guzmán's philosophy combined Marxism-Leninism, Maoism and indigenous Indian traditionalism, championing the liberation of ~~Peruvian~~Peru's [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]-speaking Incans and mestizos. The party's name was also ~~came~~coined ~~from~~by Guzmán, ~~as he~~who infused his communist rhetoric with ~~Incan~~[[Inca mythology]], ~~describing~~he described his ~~Marxism~~form of Marxist-Maoist thought as a "shining path" towards the liberation of Peru's natives. Because of this, the Shining Path also featured elements of Incan particularism, and it also rejected outside influences, especially ~~the~~ non-indigenous ~~ones~~influences.<ref>{{cite book |title=Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues |edition=3rd |first=Gus |last=Martin |author-link=C. Augustus Martin |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4129-7059-4 |pages=234–235}}</ref>▼

The Shining Path declared ~~itself~~that toit bewas a feminist organization and in accordance with this declaration, many women ~~took up~~acquired leadership positions. In the organisation, 40% of the fighters and 50% of the members of its Central Committee were women.<ref>[https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2020/04/ZAMORA_YUSTI/61627 Género y conflicto armado en el Perú], Sous la direction d’Anouk Guiné et de Maritza Felices-Luna</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CAPÍTULO 1 EXPLICANDO EL CONFLICTO ARMADO INTERNO |url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/commissions/Peru01-Report/Peru01-Report_Vol8.pdf |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref>▼

▲Ideologically Maoist, the Shining Path is unique in that it did not completely accept orthodox Marxist doctrine, and instead considered the teachings of Guzmán to supersede that of Marx, Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky and Mao. Guzmán's philosophy combined Marxism-Leninism, Maoism and indigenous Indian traditionalism, championing the liberation of Peruvian Quechua-speaking Incans and mestizos. The party's name also came from Guzmán, as he infused his communist rhetoric with Incan mythology, describing his Marxism-Maoist thought as a "shining path" towards liberation of Peru's natives. Because of this, the Shining Path also featured elements of Incan particularism, and rejected outside influences, especially the non-indigenous ones.<ref>{{cite book |title=Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues |edition=3rd |first=Gus |last=Martin |author-link=C. Augustus Martin |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4129-7059-4 |pages=234–235}}</ref>

=== People's Republic ===

▲The Shining Path declared itself to be feminist and many women took up leadership positions. In the organisation, 40% of the fighters and 50% of the members of its Central Committee were women.<ref>[https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2020/04/ZAMORA_YUSTI/61627 Género y conflicto armado en el Perú], Sous la direction d’Anouk Guiné et de Maritza Felices-Luna</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CAPÍTULO 1 EXPLICANDO EL CONFLICTO ARMADO INTERNO |url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/commissions/Peru01-Report/Peru01-Report_Vol8.pdf |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref>

The Shining Path sought to replace the [[Republic of Peru]] with a "[[People's Republic]] which would adhere to the doctrine of [[New Democracy]]" ({{lang-es|República Popular de Nueva Democracia}}, RPND),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mauceri |first1=Philip |title=State Under Siege: Development And Policy Making In Peru |date=1996 |page=123 |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder, Colo. |isbn=0813336074}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Alexander|first=Yonah|title=Combating terrorism: strategies of ten countries|year=2002|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0472098241|pages=92}}</ref> also known by its proposed name of "People's Republic of Peru" ({{lang-es|República Popular del Perú}}).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Peru rebel calls for 'People's War' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/09/25/peru-rebel-calls-for-peoples-war/1b44c63b-7206-4e96-9ea3-013c5d8d542e/ |last=Schmidt-Lynch |first=Corinne |date=1992-09-25 |work=[[Washington Post]] |quote=Guzman urged his followers to "continue the tasks" laid out by the guerrilla leadership. He ended his seven-minute talk, declaring, "The people's war will triumph, and from here we salute the future birth of the People's Republic of Peru." Then he shouted to journalists, "That's all. If you want an interview, ask your government."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Atwood |first=Roger |date=1990-04-01 |title=Prison in Peru Becomes a Forge for Guerrillas |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-04-01-mn-730-story.html |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The RPND was first named at the third session of the first central committee, held in 1983, with its establishment meaning that the armed branch of the group would become a "People's Liberation Army," as per the group's so-called grand plan. Additionally, the term "People's Republic" was also suggested as a possible name for the upcoming state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lum.cultura.pe/cdi/content/1992 |title=Año: 1992 § Violencia de origen político |website=[[Place of Memory, Tolerance and Social Inclusion|Centro de Documentación e Investigación]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320161226/https://lum.cultura.pe/cdi/content/1992 |archive-date=2021-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Informe final |publisher=[[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Peru)|Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación]] |year=2003 |pages=44–45, 286 |language=es |url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/commissions/Peru01-Report/Peru01-Report_Vol2.pdf |volume=2}}</ref>

== Use of violence ==

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The Shining Path rejected the concept of human rights; a Shining Path document stated:

{{blockquote|text=We start by not ascribing to either the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] or the Costa Rica [[American Convention on Human Rights|Convention on Human Rights]], but we have used their legal devices to unmask and denounce the old Peruvian state~~.{{nbsp}}~~... For us, human rights are contradictory to the rights of the people, because we base rights in man as a social product, not man as an abstract with innate rights. "Human rights" do not exist except for the [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] man, a position that was at the forefront of [[feudalism]], like [[Liberté, égalité, fraternité|liberty, equality, and fraternity]] were advanced for the bourgeoisie of the past. But today, since the appearance of the [[proletariat]] as an organized class in the Communist Party, with the experience of triumphant revolutions, with the construction of socialism, new democracy and the [[dictatorship of the proletariat]], it has been proven that human rights serve the oppressor class and the exploiters who run the [[imperialist]] and landowner-bureaucratic states. Bourgeois states in general~~.{{nbsp}}~~... Our position is very clear. We reject and condemn human rights because they are bourgeois, reactionary, counterrevolutionary rights, and are today a weapon of revisionists and imperialists, principally [[Yankee]] imperialists.|author=Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path|source=''Sobre las Dos Colinas''<ref>Communist Party of Peru. "Sobre las Dos Colinas" [http://www.blythe.org/peru-pcp/docs_sp/colinas3.htm Part 3] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114214002/http://www.blythe.org/peru-pcp/docs_sp/colinas3.htm |date=14 November 2006}} and [http://www.blythe.org/peru-pcp/docs_sp/colinas5.htm Part 5] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901112526/http://www.blythe.org/peru-pcp/docs_sp/colinas5.htm |date=1 September 2006}} available online. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref>}}

After the collapse of the Fujimori government, interim President [[Valentín Paniagua]] established a [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Peru)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] to investigate the conflict. The Commission found in its 2003 ''Final Report'' that 69,280 people died or [[Forced disappearance|disappeared]] between 1980 and 2000 as a result of the armed conflict.<ref name="CVRdead">Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. [http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/Tomo%20-%20ANEXOS/ANEXO%202.pdf Annex 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204001340/http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/Tomo%20-%20ANEXOS/ANEXO%202.pdf|date=4 February 2007}} Page 17. Retrieved 14 January 2008.</ref> The Shining Path was found to be responsible for about 54% of the deaths and disappearances reported to the commission.<ref>Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. [http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/TOMO%20I/Primera%20Parte%20El%20Proceso-Los%20hechos-Las%20v%EDctimas/Seccion%20Primera-Panorama%20General/3.%20LOS%20ROSTROS%20Y%20PERFILES%20DE%20LA%20VIOLENCIA.pdf Book I Part I] Page 186. Retrieved 14 January 2008</ref> A statistical analysis of the available data led the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to estimate that the Shining Path was responsible for the death or disappearance of 31,331 people, 46% of the total deaths and disappearances.<ref name="CVRdead" /> According to a summary of the report by [[Human Rights Watch]], "Shining Path{{nbsp}}... killed about half the victims, and roughly one-third died at the hands of government security forces{{nbsp}}... The commission attributed some of the other slayings to a smaller guerrilla group and local militias. The rest remain unattributed."<ref>Human Rights Watch. 28 August 2003. [https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2003/08/28/peru-prosecutions-should-follow-truth-commission-report "Peru – Prosecutions Should Follow Truth Commission Report"]. Retrieved 21 April 2009.</ref> The MRTA was held responsible for 1.5% of the deaths.<ref>Laura Puertas, Inter Press Service. 29 August 2003. [http://www.oneworld.net/article/view/66920/1/ Peru: 20 Years of Bloodshed and Death"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040321152630/http://www.oneworld.net/article/view/66920/1/|date=21 March 2004}}. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> A 2019 study disputed the casualty figures from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, estimating instead "a total of 48,000 killings, substantially lower than the TRC estimate", and concluding that "the Peruvian State accounts for a significantly larger share than the Shining Path."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rendon|first=Silvio|date=1 January 2019|title=Capturing correctly: A reanalysis of the indirect capture–recapture methods in the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission|journal=Research & Politics|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=2053168018820375|doi=10.1177/2053168018820375|issn=2053-1680|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rendon|first=Silvio|date=1 April 2019|title=A truth commission did not tell the truth: A rejoinder to Manrique-Vallier and Ball|journal=Research & Politics|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|pages=2053168019840972|doi=10.1177/2053168019840972|issn=2053-1680|doi-access=free}}</ref> The TRC later came out to respond to these statements.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manrique-Vallier |first1=Daniel |last2=Ball |first2=Patrick |date=January 2019 |title=Reality and risk: A refutation of S. Rendón's analysis of the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission's conflict mortality study |language=en |volume=6 |pages=205316801983562 |doi=10.1177/2053168019835628 |issn=2053-1680 |doi-access=free |number=1 |periodical=Research & Politics}}</ref>

=== ~~Violence~~Allegations of violence against LGBT people ===

The Shining Path has been accused of [[violence against LGBT people]]. Between 1989 and 1992, the Shining Path and the MRTA killed up to 500 "non-heterosexual" people.<ref>artículo en el sitio web ''Actitud Gay Magazine'' (Buenos Aires) del 21 de mayo de 2007. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2012.</ref> According to one woman who was kidnapped by the Shining Path in 1981, a homosexual man's penis was cut into pieces before he was murdered. The Peruvian government did not reveal the name of the victim. The Shining Path defended its actions by saying that LGBT individuals were not killed because of their sexual identity, instead, they were killed because of their "collaboration with the police."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121111074121/http://www.m-x.com.mx/2012-02-27/movimiento-homosexual-peruano-pide-un-castigo-contra-lider-de-sendero-luminoso-por-muerte-de-500-gays-y-travestis/ «El Movimiento Homosexual Peruano pide un castigo contra el líder de Sendero Luminoso por la muerte de 500 gays y travestis»], artículo en el sitio web M-X. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2012.</ref><ref>[http://gpuc-guds.blogspot.com/2010/05/los-homosexuales-y-sendero-luminoso.html «Los homosexuales y Sendero Luminoso»], artículo en el sitio web GPUC (Grupo Universitario por la Diversidad Sexual). Consultado el 9 de abril de 2012.</ref>

The Shining Path has denied such allegations, stating, "It is probable that the PCP has executed a homosexual, but rest assured that it was not done because of their sexual orientation but because of their position against the revolution~~.{{nbsp}}~~... Our view is that homosexual orientation is not an ideological matter but one of individual preference~~.{{nbsp}}~~... Party membership is open to all those who support the cause of communist revolution and the principles of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, Gonzalo Thought, regardless of what their sexual preferences may be."<ref>{{Cite web |title=PCP Responds to Allegations of Gay Persecution |url=https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/1994/mar/15/pcp-responds-to-allegations-of-gay-persecution/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=www.prisonlegalnews.org}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=March 2022}}

=== Women in the Shining Path ===

The number of women involved in the armed struggle remained high throughout the war, participating at almost all logistical, military and strategic levels as militants, guerrilla commanders and top party leaders of the organisation. The high proportion of women was a given and desired from the outset; the success of the internal Peruvian revolution was explicitly made dependent on the participation of women. Up to forty per cent of the guerrillas were women, and there were countless "ladies of death" who led military commandos. In 1992, at least eight of the nineteen members of the Central Committee were women, including three of the five members of the Politburo, and in 1980 more than a third of the women arrested had a degree. In criminal proceedings against senderista in 1987, the majority were women. The Shining Path was the first guerrilla organisation to incorporate women on a completely equal military footing with its male members, actively recruiting women on a large scale and appointing them to leading positions.<ref>Nathaniel C. Nash: Shining Path Women: So Many and So Furios.. Lima Journal, Abschnitt A. The New York Times, New York. 22. September 1992.</ref>

The Movimiento Femenino Popular (MFP) group was officially formed in 1974 from the merger of two groups, the Centro Femenino Popular and the Frente Femenino Universitario. The "MFP Manifiesto" traces the origins of the group back to the mid-1960s, when female students and academics began to organise their own groups and factions in other student organisations and to reflect on revolution and "the thesis of the great Lenin on the participation of women and the success of a revolution" from 1968 onwards. During these years, more and more women were studying and trying to enter the labour market. The percentage of women at university in Ayacucho was particularly high: in 1968, 30% of students were women, mainly in the departments of obstetrics and social and educational services. The unequal access to work and education exacerbated the differences between classes and between rural and urban populations, especially within the female population. Women became increasingly involved and organised in various movements as an expression of their protest and frustration.<ref>Jaymie Patricia Heilman: "Family Ties: The Political Genealogy of Shining Path's Comrade Norah". ''Bulletin of Latin American Research'', Vol. 29. 1. April 2010, ~~155 – 169~~155–169.</ref>

== In popular culture ==

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== See also ==

* [[Definitions of terrorism]]

** [[Communist terrorism]]

*** [[Left-wing terrorism]]

* [[List of designated terrorist groups]]

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* [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Peru)|Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación]] (2003). "La verdad después del silencio (Informe final tomo 6)". Lima. Perú

* Courtois, Stephane (1999). ''[[The Black Book of Communism]]: Crimes, Terror, Repression''. [[Harvard University Press]].

* Crenshaw, Martha, "Theories of Terrorism: Instrumental and Organizational Approaches" in: ''Inside Terrorist Organizations'', (ed. David Rapoport), 2001. Franck Cass, London

* Degregori, Carlos Iván (1998). "Harvesting Storms: Peasant ''Rondas'' and the Defeat of Sendero Luminoso in Ayacucho". In Steve Stern (Ed.), ''Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru, 1980–1995.'' Durham and London: [[Duke University Press]]. ~~{{ISBN|0-8223-2217-X}}.~~ {{ISBN|978-0-8223-2217-7}}.

* {{cite book |last1=Gorriti |first1=Gustavo |author-link=Gustavo Gorriti |title=The Shining Path: A History of the Millenarian War in Peru |~~date~~year=~~1 January~~ 1999 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill, NC |isbn=978-0-8078-4676-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WXh3nmA4iE4C |language=en}}

* Isbell, Billie Jean (1994). "Shining Path and Peasant Responses in Rural Ayacucho". In ''Shining Path of Peru'', ed. David Scott Palmer. 2nd ~~Edition~~ed., New York: [[St. Martin's Press]]. {{ISBN|0-312-10619-X}}

* Koppel, Martin. ''Peru's 'Shining Path' Evolution of a Stalinist Sect'' (1994)

* Laqueur, W. (1999). ''The new terrorism: Fanaticism and the arms of mass destruction''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN?}}

* Lovell, Julia. ''Maoism: A Global History'' (2019) pp. 306–346 on Peru.

* Martín-Baró, I. (1988) El Salvador 1987. Estudios Centroamericanos (ECA), No. 471-472, pp. 21–45.

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* Starn, Orin. "Maoism in the Andes: The Communist Party of Peru-Shining Path and the refusal of history." ''Journal of Latin American Studies'' 27.2 (1995): 399–421. [http://www.umass.edu/legal/Benavides/Fall2005/397U/Readings%20Legal%20397U/8%20Orin%20Starn.pdf online]

* Starn, Orin and Miguel La Serna, ''The Shining Path: Love, Madness, and Revolution in the Andes''. New York: W.W. Norton, 2019.

* {{Cite book |last=Stern |first=Steve J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxQ7yz_-mmcC |title=Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru, ~~1980-1995~~1980–1995 |date=1998 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-2217-7 |language=en |ref=SteveJStern1998 |access-date=2024-01-13}}

* {{Cite book |last=United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrzfhR2IWsIC |title=The Threat of the Shining Path to Democracy in Peru: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, Second Session, March 11 and 12, 1992 |date=1992 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |isbn=978-0-16-039086-9 |language=en |ref=USCHC1992 |access-date=2024-01-13}}

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[[Category:Terrorism in Peru]]

[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Canada]]

[[Category:Anti-Americanism]]