Susa: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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|builder =

|material =

|built = 4200 BEBCE<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/susa/ |title= Susa timeline |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>

|abandoned = 1218 ADCE

|epochs = <!-- actually displays as "Periods" -->

|cultures =

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| criteria = Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv}}

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'''Susa''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|uː|s|ə}} {{respell|SOO|sə}}; Middle {{lang-elx|𒀸𒋗𒊺𒂗|translit=Šušen}};{{sfn|Hinz|Koch|1987|page=[https://archive.org/details/ElamischesWorterbuch.2/page/n449/mode/2up 1184]}} Middle and Neo-{{lang-elx|𒋢𒋢𒌦|translit=Šušun}};{{sfn|Hinz|Koch|1987|page=[https://archive.org/details/ElamischesWorterbuch.2/page/n449/mode/2up 1184]}} Neo-[[Elamite language|Elamite]] and [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] {{lang-elx|𒀸𒋗𒐼𒀭|translit=Šušan}};{{sfn|Hinz|Koch|1987|page=[https://archive.org/details/ElamischesWorterbuch.2/page/n449/mode/2up 1183]}} [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] {{lang-elx|𒀸𒋗𒐼|translit=Šuša}};{{sfn|Hinz|Koch|1987|page=[https://archive.org/details/ElamischesWorterbuch.2/page/n449/mode/2up 1183]}} {{lang-fa|شوش}} {{transliteration|fa|Šuš}} {{IPA-|fa|ʃuʃ|}}; {{lang-he|שׁוּשָׁן}} {{transliteration|he|Šūšān}}; {{lang-grc-gre|Σοῦσα}} {{transliteration|grc|Soûsa}}; {{lang-syr|ܫܘܫ}} {{transliteration|syr|Šuš}};<ref>Thomas A. Carlson et al., “Susa — ܫܘܫ ” in The Syriac Gazetteer last modified June 30, 2014, http://syriaca.org/place/415.</ref> {{lang-pal|𐭮𐭥𐭱𐭩}} {{transliteration|pal|Sūš}} or {{lang|pal|𐭱𐭥𐭮}} {{transliteration|pal|Šūs}}; {{lang-peo|𐏂𐎢𐏁𐎠}} {{transliteration|peo|Çūšā}}) was an ancient city in the lower [[Zagros Mountains]] about {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of the [[Tigris]], between the [[Karkheh River|Karkheh]] and [[Dez River|Dez]] Rivers in Iran. One of the most important cities of the [[Ancient Near East]], Susa served as the capital of [[Elam]] and the winter capital of the [[Achaemenid Empire]], and remained a strategic centre during the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] and [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] periods.

The site currently consists of three archaeological mounds, covering an area of around {{convert|1|sqkm|sqmi}}.<ref>{{cite book|author1=John Curtis|editor1-last=Perrot|editor1-first=Jean|editor1-link=Jean Perrot|title=The Palace of Darius at Susa: The Great Royal Residence of Achaemenid Persia|date=2013|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781848856219|page=xvi|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fDimj7F2VVgC&q=Shush+Susa&pg=PR16|language=en|chapter=Introduction}}</ref> The city of [[Shush, Iran|Shush]] is located on the site of ancient Susa.

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In [[urban history]], Susa is one of the oldest-known settlements of the region. Based on calibrated [[carbon-14 dating]], the foundation of a settlement there occurred as early as 4395&nbsp;BC.<ref>Potts: ''Elam'', pp. 46.</ref> In the region around Susa were a number of towns (with their own platforms) and villages that maintained a trading relationship with the city, especially those along the Zagro frontier.<ref>Wright, Henry T., "The Zagros Frontiers of Susa during the Late 5th Millennium", Paléorient, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 11–21, 2010</ref>

The founding of Susa corresponded with the abandonment of nearby villages. Potts suggests that the settlement may have been founded to try to reestablish the previously destroyed settlement at [[Chogha Mish]], about 25&nbsp;km to the west.<ref name="Potts: Elam">Potts: ''Elam''.</ref> Previously, [[Chogha Mish]] was a very large settlement, and it featured a similar massive platform that was later built at Susa.<ref name=":1">{{citationCite book |last=Alizadeh |first=Abbas |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm53122624 |title=Excavations at the prehistoric mound of Chogha Bonut, Khuzestan, Iran: seasons 1976/77, 1977/78, and 1996 needed|date=April2003 2023|publisher=Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago in Association with the Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization |isbn=978-1-885923-23-3 |series=University of Chicago Oriental Institute publications |location=Chicago, Ill |oclc=ocm53122624}}</ref>

Another important settlement in the area is [[Chogha Bonut]], which was discovered in 1976.{{citation<ref needed|datename=April":1" 2023}}/>

=== Susa I period (4200–3800 BC) ===

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====Middle Elamite period (c. 1500–1100 BC)====

[[File:Susa, Middle-Elamite basrelief of warrior gods 1600-1100 BCE.jpg|thumb|Middle-Elamite basrelief of warrior gods, Susa, 1600-11001600–1100 BC]]

Around 1500 BC, the Middle Elamite period began with the rise of the Anshanite dynasties. Their rule was characterized by an "Elamisation" of Susa, and the kings took the title "king of Anshan and Susa". While, previously, the Akkadian language was frequently used in inscriptions, the succeeding kings, such as the Igihalkid dynasty of c. 1400&nbsp;BC, tried to use Elamite. Thus, Elamite language and culture grew in importance in Susiana.{{fact|date=January 2024}}

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Events mentioned in the [[Old Testament]] book of [[Esther]] are said to have occurred in Susa during the Achaemenid period. The King [[Ahasuerus]] mentioned in that book may refer to [[Xerxes I]] (486-465&nbsp;BC).

=== GreekSeleucid period ===

[[File:The weddings at Susa, Alexander to Stateira and Hephaistion to Drypetis (late 19th century engraving).jpg|thumb|right|250px|The marriages of [[Stateira II]] to [[Alexander the Great]] of Greek [[Macedon]] and her sister, [[Drypteis]], to [[Hephaestion]] at Susa in 324 BC, as depicted in a late-19th-century engraving.]]

Susa lost much of its importance after the invasion of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander the Great of Macedon]] of Greece in 331&nbsp;BC. In 324&nbsp;BC he met [[Nearchus]] here, who explored the Persian Gulf{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}} as he returned from the Indus River by sea. In that same year Alexander celebrated in Susa with a [[Susa weddings|mass wedding]] between the [[Persians]] and [[Ancient Macedonians|GreeksMacedonians]].<ref>van Oppen de Rutter, Branko F., "THE SUSA MARRIAGES — A HISTORIOGRAPHICAL NOTE", Ancient Society, vol. 44, pp. 25–41, 2014</ref>

The city retained its importance under the Greek [[Seleucid]]s for approximately one century after Alexander, however Susa lost its position of imperial capital to [[Seleucia|Seleucia on the Tigris]] to become the regional capital of the [[satrapy]] of Susiana.<ref>{{cite book |last= Capdetrey |first= Laurent |title= Le Pouvoir Séleucide |location= Rennes |publisher= Presses universitaires de Rennes |year= 2007 | pages= 252 |isbn= 978-2-753505-24-7}}</ref> Nevertheless, Susa retained its economic importance to the empire with its vast assortment of merchants conducting trade in Susa,<ref>{{Citation|last1=Boyce|first1=Mary|date=1 January 1991|work=A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule|pages=35–48|publisher=Brill|language=en|doi=10.1163/9789004293915_004|isbn=9789004293915|last2=Grenet|first2=Frantz|title=On the Western Edge of the Iranian Plateau: Susa and Elymais}}</ref> using [[Charax Spasinu|Charax Spasinou]] as its port.

The city was named '''Seleucia on the Eulaeus''' or '''Seleucia ad Eulaeum'''.

[[Seleucus I Nicator]] minted coins there in substantial quantities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marest-Caffey |first1=Laure |title=Seleukos I's Victory Coinage of Susa Revisited: A Die Study and Commentary |journal=American Journal of Numismatics |date=2016 |volume=28 |pages=1–63}}</ref> Susa is rich in Greek inscriptions,{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}} perhaps indicating a significant number of Greeks living in the city. Especially in the royal city large, well-equipped peristyle houses have been excavated.

=== Parthian period ===