Takeda Shingen: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{nihongo|'''Takeda Shingen'''|{{linktext|武田}} {{linktext|信玄}}||extra=December 1, 1521 – May 13, 1573}} was ''[[daimyō|daimyo]]'' of [[Kai Province]] during the [[Sengoku period]] of Japan. Known as the '''"Tiger of Kai"''', he was one of the most powerful daimyo of the late [[Sengoku period]], and credited with exceptional military prestige.<ref name=Turnbull>{{Cite book |last=Turnbull |first=Stephen |title=Battles of the Samurai |publisher=Arms and Armour Press |year=1987 |~~ISBN~~isbn=0853688265 |pages=41–44}}</ref> Shingen was based in a poor area with little arable land and no access to the sea, but he became one of Japan's leading ''daimyo''. His skills are highly esteemed and on par with [[Mōri Motonari]].

==Name==

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Shingen was called "Tarō" (a commonly used pet name for the eldest son of a Japanese family) or '''Katsuchiyo''' (勝千代) during his childhood. After his ''[[genpuku]]'' (coming of age ceremony), he was given the formal name '''Harunobu''' (晴信), which included a character from the name of [[Ashikaga Yoshiharu]], the 12th [[shogun]] of the [[Ashikaga shogunate]]. It was a common practice in feudal Japan for a higher-ranked samurai to bestow a character from his own name to his inferiors as a symbol of recognition. From the local [[lord]]'s perspective, it was an honour to receive a character from the [[shogunate]], although the authority of the latter had greatly degenerated in the mid-16th century.

Both the [[Ashikaga clan|Ashikaga]] and the [[Takeda clan|Takeda]] clans descended from the [[Minamoto clan]]. Technically, Harunobu, as well as his forefathers, had borne the surname of Minamoto. Therefore, Harunobu would be referred to as "Minamoto no Harunobu" (源晴信) in official records kept by the [[Imperial House of Japan|Imperial Court]] when he was conferred the official title of ''Daizen Daibu'' (大膳大夫, Master of the Palace Table). The Imperial Court had maintained a system of ''[[ritsuryō]]'' that was parallel to the shogunate apparatus.

In February 1559 Harunobu chose to live a ''[[pabbajja]]'' life as a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] novitiate and received a [[dharma name]], Shingen (信玄), from his [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] master.<ref name=Turnbull3>{{Cite book |last=Turnbull |first=Stephen |title=The Samurai, A Military History |publisher=MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. |year=1977 |~~ISBN~~isbn=0026205408 |page=123}}</ref> The [[kanji]] of "Shingen" can also be pronounced as "Nobuharu", which is the inversion of his official name, Harunobu. In ancient times, such religious names of recognized Japanese [[aristocracy|aristocrats]] used the ''[[on'yomi]]'' [[Chinese language|Chinese]]-style pronunciation, instead of ''[[kun'yomi]]'', the indigenous [[Japanese language|Japanese]] pronunciation. Although widely known by the dharma name, Takeda Shingen's formal name remained Harunobu throughout the rest of his life.

Shingen is sometimes referred to as "The Tiger of [[Kai Province|Kai]]" (甲斐の虎) for his martial prowess on the battlefield. His primary rival, [[Uesugi Kenshin]] (上杉謙信), was often called "The Dragon of [[Echigo Province|Echigo]]" (越後の龍) or also "The Tiger of Echigo" (越後の虎).

"''These two seemed to have enjoyed meeting in battle.''" They fought several times at [[Battles of Kawanakajima|Kawanakajima]].<ref name=Sansom2>{{Cite book |last=Sansom |first=George |title=A History of Japan, 1334–1615 |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1961 |~~ISBN~~isbn=0804705259 |page=246}}</ref>

==Early life and rise==

[[File:Takeda Daizen no tayū Harunobu Nyūdō Shingen.jpg|thumb|Takeda Shingen by [[Tsukioka Yoshitoshi]]]]

Takeda Shingen was the first-born son of [[Takeda Nobutora]] (武田信虎), leader of the [[Takeda clan]], and ''[[daimyō]]'' of the [[Old provinces of Japan|province]] of [[Kai province|Kai]]. He had been an accomplished poet in his youth. He assisted his father with the older relatives and vassals of the Takeda clan, and became quite a valuable addition to the clan at a fairly young age. In 1536, at the age of 15, he was instrumental in helping his father win the [[Battle of Un no Kuchi]].<ref name=Turnbull2>{{Cite book |last=Turnbull |first=Stephen |title=The Samurai Sourcebook |publisher=Cassell & Co. |year=1998 |~~ISBN~~isbn=1854095234 |pages=209–13}}</ref><ref name=Sato>{{Cite book |last=Sato |author-link=Hiroaki Sato (translator) |first=Hiroaki |title=Legends of the Samurai |publisher=Overlook Duckworth |year=1995 |~~ISBN~~isbn=9781590207307 |pages=206–07}}</ref>

At some point in his life after his "coming of age" ceremony, the young man decided to rebel against his father, [[Takeda Nobutora]]. He finally succeeded in 1540, successfully taking control of the clan. Events regarding this change of leadership are not entirely clear, but it is thought that Nobutora had planned to name the second son, [[Takeda Nobushige|Nobushige]], as his heir instead of Shingen. The ~~end~~ result was a miserable retirement that was forced upon him by Shingen and his supporters: he was sent to [[Suruga Province]], on the southern border of Kai, to be kept in custody under the scrutiny of the [[Imagawa clan]], led by his son-in-law [[Imagawa Yoshimoto]] (今川義元), the ''daimyō'' of Suruga. For their help in this bloodless coup, an alliance was formed between the Imagawa and the Takeda clans.<ref name=Turnbull/>

==Takeda campaign==

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===Shinano campaign===

Shingen's first act was to gain a hold of the area around him. His goal was to conquer [[Shinano Province]]. A number of the major warlords in the Shinano region marched on the border of [[Kai Province]], hoping to neutralize the power of the still-young Shingen before he had a chance to expand into their lands. However, planning to beat him down at [[Fuchū, Tokyo|Fuchu]] (where word had it Shingen was gathering his forces for a stand), they were unprepared when [[Takeda clan|Takeda]] forces suddenly came down upon them at the [[Battle of Sezawa]]. Taking advantage of their confusion, Shingen was able to win a quick victory, which set the stage for his drive into Shinano lands that same year and his successful [[Siege of Uehara]]. The young warlord made considerable advances into the region, conquering the [[Suwa clan|Suwa clan's]] headquarters in the [[Siege of Kuwabara]], before moving into central Shinano with the defeat of both [[Tozawa Yorichika]] and [[Takato Yoritsugu]] in the [[Siege of Fukuyo]] and [[Battle of Ankokuji]]. In 1543, he captured [[Siege of Nagakubo|Nagakubo Castle]], [[Siege of Kojinyama|Kojinyama Castle]] in 1544, and then [[Siege of Takatō (1545)|Takatō Castle]] and [[Siege of Ryūgasaki|Ryūgasaki Castle]] in 1545. In 1546 he took [[Siege of Uchiyama|Uchiyama Castle]] and won the [[Battle of Odaihara]]. In 1547, he took [[Siege of Shika Castle|Shika Castle]].

In 1548, Shingen defeated [[Ogasawara Nagatoki]] in the [[Battle of Shiojiritoge]] and then took [[Siege of Fukashi|Fukashi Castle]] in 1550.<ref name=Turnbull2/> However, the warlord was [[Battle of Uedahara|checked at Uedahara]] by [[Murakami Yoshikiyo]], losing two of his generals in a heated battle which Murakami won. Shingen managed to avenge this loss and the [[Murakami Castle|Murakami clan]] was eventually defeated in the [[sieges of Toishi]]. Murakami fled the region, eventually coming to plead for help from the [[Echigo Province|Province of Echigo]].

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These battles were generally confined to controlled skirmishes, neither ''[[Daimyo|daimyō]]'' willing to devote himself entirely to a single all-out attempt. The conflict between the two that had the fiercest fighting, and might have decided victory or defeat for one side or the other, was the fourth battle, during which the famous tale arose of [[Uesugi Kenshin]]'s forces clearing a path through the [[Takeda clan|Takeda]] troops and Kenshin engaging Shingen in single combat. The tale has Kenshin attacking Shingen with his sword while Shingen defends with his iron war fan or [[tessen]]. Both lords lost many men in this fight, and Shingen in particular lost two of his main generals, [[Yamamoto Kansuke (general)|Yamamoto Kansuke]] and his younger brother [[Takeda Nobushige]].<ref name=Turnbull2/>{{rp|269–72}}

After the fourth battle of Kawanakajima, the Takeda clan suffered two internal setbacks. Shingen uncovered two plots on his life, the first from his cousin [[Suwa Shigemasa]] (whom he ordered to commit [[seppuku]]), and the second, a few years later, from his own son [[Takeda Yoshinobu]] (武田義信). His son was confined to the Toko-ji temple, where he died two years later; it is not known whether his death was natural or ordered by his father. After this incident, Shingen designated his fourth son, [[Takeda Katsuyori]] (武田勝頼), as the acting leader of the clan after himself until Katsuyori's son came of age.

===Kōzuke campaign===

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===Suruga campaign===

The death of [[Takeda Yoshinobu]] is believed to have much to do with the change in Shingen's policy towards the [[Imagawa clan]]. After [[Imagawa Yoshimoto]]'s death in a [[Battle of Okehazama]] against [[Oda Nobunaga]] in 1560, Shingen made an alliance with the [[Oda clan|Oda]] and [[Tokugawa clan]], and started to plan an invasion of [[Suruga Province]], a territory now controlled by Yoshimoto's son, [[Imagawa Ujizane|Ujizane]]. Yoshinobu, however, had strongly opposed such a plan because his wife was the daughter of Yoshimoto. By 1567, nonetheless, after Shingen had successfully kept the forces led by [[Uesugi Kenshin]] out of the northern boundaries of [[Shinano Province]], taken over a strategically important castle in western [[Kōzuke Province|Kōzuke]], and suppressed internal objection to his plans to take advantage of the weakened [[Imagawa clan]], he was ready to carry out his planned Suruga invasion. Shingen and [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] "came to terms" and occupied the "former Imagawa territory."<ref name=Sansom2/>{{rp|279}} They both fought against Yoshimoto's heir, [[Imagawa Ujizane]].

During this time Shingen also ordered the damming project of the [[Fuji River]], which was one of the major domestic activities of the time.

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===Conflict with Hojo===

{{Main|Siege of Hachigata (1568)|Siege of Odawara (1569)|Battle of Mimasetoge}}

In 1568, as a response to [[~~Later_Hōjō_clan~~Later Hōjō clan|Hōjō clan]] intervention in his invasion of [[Suruga Province]], Shingen broke the alliance with the Hōjō, and came into [[Musashi Province]] from his home [[Kai Province|province of Kai]], attacking [[Takiyama Castle (Tokyo)|Takiyama Castle]]. He then moved against the Hojo by attacking [[Siege of Hachigata (1568)|Hachigata Castle]], then engaged in the [[Siege of Odawara (1569)]]. He burned [[Odawara Castle]] town, then successfully withdrew after [[Hōjō Ujiteru]] and [[Hōjō Ujikuni]] failed to stop him in the [[Battle of Mimasetoge]].<ref name=Turnbull2/>{{rp|216–18}}

After defeating the intervention forces commanded by [[Hōjō Ujimasa]] of [[Sagami Province]], Shingen finally secured the [[Suruga Province]], formerly base of the prestigious [[Imagawa clan]], as a [[Takeda clan|Takeda]] asset in 1569.

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By the time Takeda Shingen was 49 years old, he was the only ''daimyō'' with the necessary power and tactical skill to stop [[Oda Nobunaga]]'s rush to rule [[Japan]].

In 1572, upon securing [[Takeda clan|Takeda]] control over [[Suruga Province|Suruga]], northern [[Shinano Province|Shinano]], and western [[Kōzuke Kokubun-ji|Kōzuke]], Shingen ~~advance~~advanced to [[Totomi Province]], and took Oda's [[Siege of Iwamura Castle|Iwamura Castle]], which caused the [[Takeda clan|Takeda]]–[[Oda clan|Oda]] relationship to decline. Later, Shingen engaged [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]]'s forces and captured Tokugawa's [[Siege of Futamata|Futamata Castle]].

In early 1573, Shingen decided to make a drive for [[Kyoto]] at the urgings of the shōgun [[Ashikaga Yoshiaki]]. While seeking a route from [[Kōfu]] to [[Kyoto]], Shingen moved to challenge the [[Oda clan|Oda]]–[[Tokugawa clan|Tokugawa]] alliance in the [[Battle of Mikatagahara]], one of the most famous battles of Takeda Shingen's campaigns, and one of the best demonstrations of his cavalry-based tactics. It was also one of [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]]'s worst defeats, and complete disaster was only narrowly averted. Shingen stopped his advance temporarily due to outside influences, which allowed the [[Tokugawa clan]] to prepare for battle again. In mid 1573, he led a formidable force of over 30,000 into [[Tokugawa clan|Tokugawa]] territories in [[Tōtōmi Province|Tōtōmi]], [[Mikawa Province|Mikawa]], and [[Mino Province|Mino]] provinces.

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==Legacy==

Upon Takeda Shingen's death, [[Uesugi Kenshin]] reportedly wept at the loss of one of his strongest and most deeply-respected rivals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Satō |first=Hiroaki |author-link=Hiroaki Sato (translator) |title=Legends of the samurai |publisher=Overlook Press |year=1995 |isbn=0879516194 |location=Woodstock |pages=225 |language=En}}</ref> However, historian Kazuto Hongō viewed that despite the advantage of advanced military doctrines and administration systems established by Shingen, his efforts ~~was~~ failed to prosper the Takeda clan themselves. Hongō stressed the failure of Takeda clan during Shingen period to ~~built~~build a [[war economy]], as he examines that the 20 years effort of Shingen conquest to subjugate Shinano province, in complement with his series of exhausting engagements against his rival Kenshin, he only manage to secure the territories which only yield gross annual rice production of 600,000 [[koku]] as revenue at most, which translates this means the optimal military mobilization of Takeda clan were at ~~maxium~~maximum only 20,000 soldiers for each campaign. In contrast with Oda Nobunaga provinces, where his possession of Mino province was already could produce at least 650,000 Koku annually, which combined with his later territories of Mino also viewed as rich province that the gross estimation of Nobunaga koku production could mean he can always utilize the rations to mobilize army more or less twice than Shingen could afford. Furthermore, the condition of Takeda clan which only manage to control landlocked provinces also contrasted with Nobunaga access for the rich and prosperous [[Sakai]] port city, which means Nobunaga could ~~affort~~afford military technologies and exotic supplies for his war machine that far better than Shingen.<ref>{{cite web |website=PRESIDENT Online（プレジデントオンライン） | author1=Kazuto Hongō (本郷和人) |title=｢軍事とは経済である｣武田信玄がどんなに"優れた戦国大名"でも､信長には絶対に勝てなかったシンプルな理由 |trans-title="Military is economics": No matter how "excellent a Sengoku lord" Takeda Shingen was, the simple reason he could never defeat Nobunaga |date=2022 |publisher=PRESIDENT Inc. |pages=~~1-4~~1–4 |url=https://president.jp/articles/-/55947?page=1 |access-date=5 June 2024 |language=Ja}}</ref>

One of the most lasting tributes to Shingen's prowess was that of [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] himself, who is known to have borrowed heavily from the old Takeda leader's governmental and military innovations after he had taken leadership of [[Kai Province]] during [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]'s rise to power. There are two most notable moments of the incorporation of the Takeda clan elements into the Tokugawa clan regime. The first was during the [[~~Tokugawa_Ieyasu~~Tokugawa Ieyasu#Tenshō-~~Jingo_war~~Jingo war|Tenshō-Jingo War]] between Ieyasu against the [[Hōjō clan]] on the aftermath of the death of Oda Nobunaga. During that moment, Ieyasu has hid many of Takeda clan followers from Nobunaga's wrath who declared the massacre against them. Those Takeda clan vassals immediately declared their allegiance to Ieyasu when the Hōjō and Uesugi clan invaded Kai and Shinano, where at least 800 of former Takeda clan retainers joined the ranks of Tokugawa army during the war and fought the Hōjō.<ref name="Wakamikobattle">{{cite book |author1=Sakamoto Masahito |author2=hotta masaatsu |author3=Ryōshō Hayashi |title=干城錄 Volume 13 |date=1997 |publisher=人間舎 |isbn=978-4-931408-01-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74IzAQAAIAAJ |access-date=21 May 2024 |language=Ja}}</ref> Then furthermore, on the aftermath of the war, Ieyasu immediately organized a [[:jp:天正壬午起請文|kishōmon(blood oath)]] ceremony with the former vassals of Takeda clan to declare their loyalty to the Tokugawa clan, which resulted in:<ref name="Tsuchiya clan; Naomasa">{{cite book |last=丸島|first=和洋|editor1-last=柴辻|editor1-first=俊六|editor2-last=平山|editor2-first=優|editor3-last=黒田|editor3-first=基樹|editor4-last=丸島|editor4-first=和洋|page=505|chapter=土屋昌恒|date=2015|title=武田氏家臣団人名辞典|publisher=東京堂出版|isbn=9784490108606}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Toshikazu Komiyama |title=戦国大名家臣の徳川家臣化について |trans-title=Regarding the transformation of Sengoku daimyo vassals into Tokugawa vassals |journal=--戦国大名武田家家臣を事例として =A case study of Sengoku daimyo Takeda family vassals |date=1981 |url=https://www.meicho.co.jp/?pid=1047105 |access-date=23 May 2024 |language=Ja}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Toshikazu Komiyama |title=戦国大名家臣の徳川家臣化について戦国大名武田家家臣を事例として」|trans-title=About turning Sengoku daimyo vassals into Tokugawa vassals: Using the Sengoku daimyo Takeda family vassals as an example |journal=Collection of Essays |date=2004 |volume=1 |issue=26 |url=https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000016-I2008882746 |access-date=23 May 2024 |language=Ja}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=山梨県史の刊行・訂正・補足情報 |trans-title=Yamanashi Prefectural History Materials 6 Medieval Period 3 Lower Prefectural Records |url=https://www.pref.yamanashi.jp/bunka/kikaku/kenshi.html |access-date=23 May 2024 |language=Ja}}</ref>

* 70 former Takeda samurai from [[Tsuchiya clan]] under the command of Ii Naomasa (another source mentioned that total of 120 Takeda samurai warriors.<ref name=hikae>{{harvtxt|山本博文監修|2007|p=23}}</ref>

* 11 former Takeda samurai from Komai clan led by [[:jp:駒井政直|Komai Masanao]] under the command of [[Sakakibara Yasumasa]].

* 60 former Takeda samurai of Asari clan led by Asari Masatane under the command of [[Honda Tadakatsu]].

* Huge portions of Takeda clans vassals under the direct control of Ieyasu himself, including clans which led by Yoda Nobushige. Among those who were assigend as Hatamoto, or direct vassal of Ieyasu, they were allowed to retain their positions, and even increased the domains revenue they controlled particularly from the new territories which the Tokugawa clan conquered. This apparent from the Saegusa clan, where his the son of the clan leader, Saegusa Masayoshi, retain his,<ref>{{harvtxt|Kazuhiro Marushima (丸島和洋)|2015|p=331}}</ref> while his father Saegusa Torayoshi appointed as one of four magistrate in the Tokugawa clan.<ref>{{harvtxt|Kazuhiro Marushima (丸島和洋)|2015|pp=~~329 - 332~~329–332}}</ref>

Historian Masaru Hirayama argued, the outcome of this war which involved the absorption of Takeda retainers into Tokugawa ranks was not only just factional conflict in the eastern province, but it determined the unification of Japan in the future, as it pushed Tokugawa Ieyasu into the key position of Toyotomi government.<ref>{{cite book |author1= Democratic Scientists Association (Japan). History Section, Council on Historical Science |title=歴史評論, Volumes 711-716 |trans-title=Historical Criticism, Volumes 711-716 |date=2009 |publisher=丹波書林 |pages=67, 75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-MyAQAAIAAJ |access-date=10 June 2024 |language=Ja}}</ref>

The second occasion of the further incorporation of Takeda clan's vassals was occured in November 13, 1585, [[Ishikawa Kazumasa]] defected from Ieyasu to Hideyoshi.{{sfn|Tanaka|2007|p=14}} This accident caused Ieyasu to undergone massive reforms of the structures of Tokugawa clan military government and chose the bureaucratic administrations and military doctrines which practiced by Shingen as his core for his statecrafting.<ref name="Shogun and Samurai Tales of Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Ieyasu" />. At first, Ieyasu ordered Torii Mototada, who served as the county magistrate of Kai, to collect military laws, weapons, and military equipment from the time of Takeda Shingen and bring them to Hamamatsu Castle. Later, he also appointed two former Takeda vassals, Naruse Masakazu and Okabe Masatsuna, as magistrates under authority of Ii Naomasa and Honda Tadakatsu, while he also ordered all of former Takeda vassals who now serve him to impart any military doctrines and structures they knew during their service under Takeda clan.<ref name="Shogun and Samurai Tales of Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Ieyasu">{{cite book |author1=Okanoya Shigezane |translator=Andrew and Yoshiko Dykstra |title=Shogun and Samurai Tales of Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Ieyasu |date=2007 |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi; Japanese Literature Translations by Yoshiko K. Dykstra |location=Mānoa |page=147 |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/0d434090-1065-4bc9-ab1f-31611d094ba2/content |access-date=2 June 2024 |language=En}}</ref>, and lastly, he ordered the three of his prime generals, the so-called "[[Shitennō (Tokugawa clan)|Tokugawa Four Heavenly Kings]]," Ii Naomasa, Honda Tadakatsu, and Sakakibara Yasumasa, to serve as supreme commander of this new military regiments.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Watanabe Daimon |title=家臣が出奔するというピンチをチャンスに変えた、徳川家康の先見性とは |publisher=渡邊大門無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation |website=yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ |url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/a826d1080466b78200a81bb25683c64862298924 |access-date=2 June 2024 |language=Ja}}</ref>▼

▲The second occasion of the further incorporation of Takeda clan's vassals ~~was occured~~occurred in November 13, 1585, when [[Ishikawa Kazumasa]] defected from Ieyasu to Hideyoshi.{{sfn|Tanaka|2007|p=14}} This ~~accident~~ caused Ieyasu to ~~undergone~~undertake ~~massive~~major reforms of the structures of Tokugawa clan military government and chose the bureaucratic administrations and military doctrines ~~which~~ practiced by Shingen as his core for his ~~statecrafting~~statecraft.<ref name="Shogun and Samurai Tales of Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Ieyasu" />. At first, Ieyasu ordered Torii Mototada, who served as the county magistrate of Kai, to collect military laws, weapons, and military equipment from the time of Takeda Shingen and bring them to Hamamatsu Castle. Later, he also appointed two former Takeda vassals, Naruse Masakazu and Okabe Masatsuna, as magistrates under authority of Ii Naomasa and Honda Tadakatsu, while he also ordered all of former Takeda vassals who now serve him to impart any military doctrines and structures they knew during their service under Takeda clan.,<ref name="Shogun and Samurai Tales of Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Ieyasu">{{cite book |author1=Okanoya Shigezane |translator=Andrew and Yoshiko Dykstra |title=Shogun and Samurai Tales of Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Ieyasu |date=2007 |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi; Japanese Literature Translations by Yoshiko K. Dykstra |location=Mānoa |page=147 |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/0d434090-1065-4bc9-ab1f-31611d094ba2/content |access-date=2 June 2024 |language=En}}</ref>, and lastly, he ordered the three of his prime generals, the so-called "[[Shitennō (Tokugawa clan)|Tokugawa Four Heavenly Kings]]," Ii Naomasa, Honda Tadakatsu, and Sakakibara Yasumasa, to serve as supreme commander of this new military regiments.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Watanabe Daimon |title=家臣が出奔するというピンチをチャンスに変えた、徳川家康の先見性とは |publisher=渡邊大門無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation |website=yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ |url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/a826d1080466b78200a81bb25683c64862298924 |access-date=2 June 2024 |language=Ja}}</ref>

Those statecrafting doctrine which Ieyasu practiced and learned from Shingen's former vassals greatly benefitted him in the long run, as being proven on the future, such as when Ieyasu transferring his powerbase to [[Kantō region]] in 1590, as he established new offices such as the '''Hachiōji sen'nin-dōshin''', which formed from patchwork memberships from 9 small clans of Takeda retainers. This group will continue to serve the Tokugawa clan faithfully as defender of Kai province during this period in service of Ieyasu. The Hachiōji sen'nin-dōshin served the Tokugawa clan even after Ieyasu's death, until their disbandment during [[Meiji Restoration]] in 1868.{{efn|At first, their members were 250 men. Then further expanded to 500 after Ieyasu transferred into [[Kantō region]]. later appointed as guardian of Hachiōji castle, and their memberships expanded from 500 to 1,000, thus became the reason that they were called "Hachiōji sen'nin-dōshin" (Hachiōji's 1,000 officers.<ref name=":Hachioji gang; Tokugawa">{{Cite journal|author=高橋磌一|date=July 1936 |title=八王子千人同心について|url=https://koara.lib.keio.ac.jp/xoonips/modules/xoonips/detail.php?koara_id=AN00100104-19360700-0129|journal=史学|volume=15|issue=2|pages=129–161|publisher=三田史学会}}</ref>}}

In conclusion, Historian such as Michifumi Isoda opined that one factor why the Tokugawa clan's could conquer Japan was due to the incorporation of former Takeda clan's vassals into the service of Ieyasu's military regime particularly under the command of his general [[Ii Naomasa]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Michifumi Isoda |title=家康の誤算: 「神君の仕組み」の創造と崩壊 |date=2023 |publisher=株式会社ＰＨＰ研究所 |url=https://bookmeter.com/books/21647184 |access-date=17 May 2024 |language=Ja}}</ref> While professor Watanabe Daimon also similarly stated that The Kai province samurai greatly influenced Ieyasu's domination of Japan.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Watanabe Daimon |title=「甲斐」が家康の天下取りを支えた? 戦国最強・武田軍と徳川の深い関係 |trans-title=Did "Kai" support Ieyasu's conquest of the country? The deep relationship between the Takeda army, the most powerful army in the Sengoku period, and the Tokugawa |url=https://rekishikaido.php.co.jp/detail/10456?p=2 |website=Rekishin Kaido |publisher=PHP研究所 |access-date=8 June 2024 |language=Ja |~~page~~pages=~~1-3~~1–3|date=2023}}</ref> According to an anecdote from “Meisho Genkoroku” (''Collection of words and deeds of great commanders in Japanese history''), when Nobunaga sent a head of Takeda Katsuyori to Ieyasu, Ieyasu remarked in the front of the former Takeda clan followers his head that although Katsuyori was a biological son of Shingen, but that he was the "spiritual successor" of Shingen.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Kozo Kaku (信彦·逢河) |title=だから家康はすごかった…自分を苦しめてきた難敵･武田勝頼の首を前に徳川家康が放ったひと言【2023上半期BEST5】 |url=https://president.jp/articles/-/72655?page=5 |website=President Online（プレジデントオンライン） |access-date=8 June 2024 |page=6 |language=Ja |date=2023 |quote=各々方は、わしを信玄公の子と思って奉公せよ。わしもまた、各々方を大切に思って召し使おう」}}</ref>

=== Retainers ===

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[[File:Takeda24syou.jpg|thumb|upright|Takeda Shingen's 24 generals]]

Of his retainers, [[Kōsaka Masanobu]] stands out as being one of Shingen's better known beloveds, in the style of the Japanese [[shudō]] tradition. The two entered into the relationship when Shingen was 22 and Masanobu 16. The love pact signed by the two, in [[Tokyo University]]'s Historical Archive, documents Shingen's pledge that he was not involved in, nor had any intentions of entering into, a sexual relationship with a certain other retainer, and asserts that "since I want to be intimate with you" he will in no way harm the boy, and calls upon the gods to be his guarantors. (Leupp, pp.  53–54)

[[Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen]]

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[[File:Shingen-ko_Festival_201904b.jpg|thumb|Shingen-ko Festival – The army corps in front of [[Maizuru Castle Park]] (2019)]]

Lasting three days, the {{nihongo|[[Shingen-ko Festival]]|信玄公祭り|Shingen-ko Matsuri}} is held annually on the first or second weekend of April in [[Kōfu]], [[Yamanashi Prefecture]] to celebrate the legacy of [[daimyō]] Takeda Shingen. In the lunar calendar, Shingen died on the 12th day of the 4th month, and so April ~~12th~~12 is celebrated as the anniversary of his death (despite it being May ~~13th~~13 in the Gregorian calendar). Usually, a famous Japanese celebrity plays the part of Takeda Shingen. There are several parades going between the [[Takeda Shrine]] and [[Maizuru Castle Park|Kofu Castle]] reflecting the various comings and goings of Takeda Shingen during his life.

The parades are very theatrical, involving serious re-enactors who practice all year for this one weekend.<ref name="Shingen-Ko-2019">{{cite web|title=Shingen-ko Festival|publisher= "Shingen-ko Festival" Executive Planning Committee|date=February 1, 2019|language=en|url=https://www.yamanashi-kankou.jp/shingen/english/about.html|access-date= June 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331014958/https://www.yamanashi-kankou.jp/shingen/english/about.html|archive-date=March 31, 2019}}</ref>

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=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |last=Fujino |first=Tamotsu |title=徳川家康事典 |trans-title=Tokugawa Ieyasu |date=1990 |publisher=Shinbutsu Orai Company/新人人往来社 |isbn=9784404017192 |language=ja}}

* {{Cite journal|author=Kazuhiro Marushima (丸島和洋) |title=北条・徳川間外交の意思伝達構造 |trans-title=The structure of communication in diplomacy between the Hojo and Tokugawa |journal=国文学研究資料館紀要 |issn=1880-2249 |publisher=国文学研究資料館 |date=2015 |volume=11 |issue=11 |doi=10.24619/00001469 |url=https://doi.org/10.24619/00001469}}

* {{Cite book|last=Tanaka |first=Kaoru|title=松本藩 |publisher=現代書館 |series=シリーズ藩物語 |date=2007 |isbn=978-4-7684-7108-1 }}

==External links==

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* [http://www.yamanashi-kankou.jp/shingen/english2009.pdf "Legendary Takeda's 24 Generals" at Yamanashi-kankou.jp]

* [http://wiki.samurai-archives.com/index.php?title=Takeda_Shingen Samurai archives – Takeda Shingen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806072953/http://wiki.samurai-archives.com/index.php?title=Takeda_Shingen |date=2016-08-06 }}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090406054442/http://www002.upp.so-net.ne.jp/dsmsh/shakhoshokabuto.html Suwako Museum] – (Japanese) – helmet of Suwa Hossyou (Shingen's Legendary Helmet)

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{{Suwa Faith}}▼

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[[Category:Daimyo]]

[[Category:Takeda clan]]

[[Category:16th-century Japanese ~~LGBT~~LGBTQ people]]

[[Category:16th-century Buddhist monks]]

[[Category:Japanese Buddhist clergy]]

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[[Category:Japanese gay men]]

[[Category:People from Yamanashi Prefecture]]

▲{{Suwa Faith}}