Texas: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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| motto = Friendship

| anthem = "[[Texas, Our Texas]]"

| population_demonym = [[Texan]] [[Texian]] (archaic) [[Tejano]] (usually only used for Hispanics)

| seat = [[Austin, Texas|Austin]]

| LargestCity = [[Houston]]

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| Judiciary = [[Supreme Court of Texas]] (Civil) [[Texas Court of Criminal Appeals]] (Criminal)

| Senators = {{nowrap|[[John Cornyn]] (R)}} {{nowrap|[[Ted Cruz]] (R)}}

| Representative = 25 [[Republican Party of Texas|Republicans]] 12 [[Democratic Party of Texas|Democrats]] 1 vacant

| postal_code = TX

| TradAbbreviation = Tex.

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| population_as_of = 2023

| 2020Pop = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 30,503,301<ref name="Historical Population Change Data">{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

| population_density_rank = ~~26th~~23rd

| 2000DensityUS = 114

| 2000Density = 42.9

| MedianHouseholdIncome = $66,963<ref>{{cite web |title=Texas |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Texas?g=040XX00US48 |website=U.S. Census Bureau |date=2021|access-date=May 17, 2023}}</ref>

| IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|~~22nd~~23rd]]

| AdmittanceOrder = 28th

| AdmittanceDate = December 29, 1845

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| length_mi = 801<ref name="Texas Almanac-2008" />

| length_km = 1,289

| elevation_max_point = [[Guadalupe Peak]]<ref>{{cite ngs |id=CD0994 |designation=El Capitan |access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=https://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=October 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722022527/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=July 22, 2012}}</ref>{{efn|Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].}}

| elevation_max_ft = 8,751

| elevation_max_m = 2667.4

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}}

'''Texas''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɛ|k|s|ə|s|audio=En-us-Texas.ogg}} {{respell|TEK|səss}}, {{IPAc-en|local|also|ˈ|t|ɛ|k|s|ᵻ|z}} {{respell|TEK|siz}};<ref>{{Accents of English|551|hide1=y|hide2=y}}</ref> {{lang-es|Texas}} or {{lang|es|Tejas}},{{efn|In [[Peninsular Spanish]], the spelling variant {{lang|es|Tejas}} is also used alongside {{lang|es|Texas}}. According to the {{lang|es|[[Diccionario panhispánico de dudas]]}} by the [[Royal Spanish Academy]] and the [[Association of Academies of the Spanish Language]], the spelling version with {{angbr|j}} aligns with modern-day orthographic conventions and is correct; however, the spelling with {{angbr|x}} is recommended, as it is the one that is used in [[Mexican Spanish]].<ref>"Texas" in ''[[iarchive:diccionariopanhi0000unse|Diccionario panhispánico de dudas]]'' by [[Royal Spanish Academy]] and [[Association of Academies of the Spanish Language]], Madrid: Santillana. 2005. ISBN 978-8-429-40623-8.</ref> See {{section link|Spanish orthography|History}}.}} {{IPA|es|ˈtexas|pron}}) is the most populous [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[South Central United States|South Central]] region of the [[United States]]. It borders [[Louisiana]] to the east, [[Arkansas]] to the northeast, [[Oklahoma]] to the north, [[New Mexico]] to the west, and ~~the~~ [[Mexico-United States ~~of Mexico~~border|an international border]] with the [[Mexican states]] of [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], [[Coahuila]], [[Nuevo León]], and [[Tamaulipas]] to the south and southwest. Texas has a coastline on the [[Gulf of Mexico]] to the southeast. Covering {{convert|268,596|mi2|km2}}, and with over 30 million residents as of 2023,<ref>Carlson, Kara. [https://www.statesman.com/story/business/2022/12/23/texas-populaton-boom-30-million-people-according-us-census-bureau/69752038007/ More than 30 million people now call Texas home as state leads US population gains], ''[[Austin American-Statesman]]'', December 23, 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/TX/PST045223 QuickFacts, Population Estimates], ''[[U.S. Census Bureau]]'', July 1, 2023.</ref><ref>Press Release. [https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2022/2022-population-estimates.html Growth in U.S. Population Shows Early Indication of Recovery Amid COVID-19 Pandemic], ''[[U.S. Census Bureau]]'', December 22, 2022.</ref> it is the second-largest state by both [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|area]] and [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|population]].

Texas is nicknamed the '''''Lone Star State''''' for its former status as an independent republic. The ''Lone Star'' can be found on the Texas state flag and the Texas state seal.<ref>{{cite web |title=The State of Texas |url=https://www.netstate.com/states/intro/tx_intro.htm |access-date=April 11, 2010 |website=Netstate.com}}</ref> [[Spain]] was the [[Spanish Texas|first European country]] to claim and control the area of Texas. Following [[French colonization of Texas|a short-lived colony]] controlled by France, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming the [[Republic of Texas]]. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Twenty-ninth Congress: Resolutions |url=http://legisworks.org/sal/9/stats/STATUTE-9-Pg108a.pdf |url-status=dead |date=1845 |access-date=May 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525081934/http://legisworks.org/sal/9/stats/STATUTE-9-Pg108a.pdf |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |website=legisworks.org}}</ref> The [[Texas annexation|state's annexation]] set off a chain of events that led to the [[Mexican–American War]] in 1846. Following victory by the United States, Texas remained a [[slave state]] until the [[American Civil War]], when it declared its secession from [[Union (American Civil War)|the Union]] in early 1861 before officially joining the [[Confederate States of America]] on March{{nbsp}}2. After the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation.

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Historically, five major industries shaped the [[Texas economy]] prior to [[World War II]]: cattle, bison, cotton, timber, and oil.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramos |first1=Mary G. |last2=Reavis |first2=Dick J. |title=Texas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgCE8AHvYUQC&pg=PA125 |publisher=Fodor's Travel Publications |year=2004 |page=125 |isbn=978-0-676-90502-1}}</ref> Before and after the Civil War, the cattle industry—which Texas came to dominate—was a major economic driver and created the traditional image of the Texas cowboy. In the later 19th century, cotton and lumber grew to be major industries as the cattle industry became less lucrative. Ultimately, the discovery of major [[petroleum]] deposits ([[Spindletop]] in particular) initiated [[Texas oil boom|an economic boom]] that became the driving force behind the economy for much of the 20th century. Texas developed a diversified economy and [[high tech]] industry during the mid-20th century. {{As of|2022}}, it has the most [[Fortune 500|''Fortune'' 500]] company headquarters (53) in the United States.<ref name="Austin 2022">{{cite web | title=Texas leads nation as home to the most Fortune 500 companies | website=FOX 7 Austin | date=May 24, 2022 | url=https://www.fox7austin.com/news/texas-home-to-most-fortune-500-companies | access-date=October 31, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Miranda 2022">{{cite web | last=Miranda | first=Cynthia | title=Texas houses the most Fortune 500 companies in the nation | website=KETK.com | date=May 25, 2022 | url=https://www.ketk.com/news/local-news/texas-houses-the-most-fortune-500-companies-in-the-nation/ | access-date=October 31, 2022 | archive-date=March 26, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326035403/https://www.ketk.com/news/local-news/texas-houses-the-most-fortune-500-companies-in-the-nation/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> With a growing base of industry, the state leads in many industries, including [[tourism]], [[Agriculture in Texas|agriculture]], [[petrochemicals]], [[Energy in Texas|energy]], [[Computer industry|computers]] and [[Consumer electronics|electronics]], [[aerospace]], and [[biomedical sciences]]. Texas has led the U.S. in [[List of U.S. states and territories by exports|state export revenue]] since 2002 and has the [[List of U.S. states by GDP|second-highest]] [[gross state product]].

The [[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex]] and [[Greater Houston]] areas are the nation's fourth and fifth-most populous [[Metropolitan statistical area|urban regions]] respectively. Its capital city is [[Austin, Texas|Austin]]. Due to its size and geologic features such as the [[Balcones Fault]], Texas contains diverse [[Geography of Texas|landscapes]] common to both the U.S. [[Southern United States|Southern]] and the [[Southwestern United States|Southwestern regions]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sansom |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LEHH7ovVVDgC&pg=PA25 |title=Water in Texas: An Introduction |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-292-71809-8 |page=25}}</ref> Most population centers are in areas of former [[prairie]]s, [[grassland]]s, forests, and the [[coastline]]. Traveling from east to west, terrain ranges from coastal [[swamp]]s and [[piney woods]], to rolling plains and rugged hills, to the desert and mountains of the [[Big Bend (Texas)|Big Bend]].

==Etymology==

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[[File:Early indian west.jpg|thumb|Early Native American tribal territories]]Texas lies between two major cultural spheres of [[Pre-Columbian North America]]: the [[Southwestern tribes|Southwestern]] and the [[Plains Indians|Plains]] areas. [[Archaeologists]] have found that three major Indigenous cultures lived in this territory, and reached their developmental peak before the first European contact. These were:{{sfn|Richardson|Wintz|Boswell|Anderson|2021|p=9}} the [[Ancestral Puebloans]] from the upper [[Rio Grande]] region, centered west of Texas; the [[Mississippian culture]], also known as [[Mound Builders]], which extended along the [[Mississippi River Valley]] east of Texas; and the civilizations of [[Mesoamerica]], which were centered south of Texas. Influence of [[Teotihuacan]] in northern Mexico peaked around AD 500 and declined between the 8th and 10th centuries.

When Europeans arrived in the Texas region, the language families present in the state were Caddoan, [[Atakapa]]n, Athabaskan, [[Coahuiltecan]], and Uto-Aztecan, in addition to several language isolates such as [[Tonkawa language|Tonkawa]]. Uto-Aztecan Puebloan and [[Jumanos|Jumano]] peoples lived neared the Rio Grande in the western portion of the state and the Athabaskan-speaking Apache tribes lived throughout the interior. The agricultural, mound-building Caddo controlled much of the northeastern part of the state, along the [[Red River of the South|Red]], [[Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana)|Sabine]], [[Neches River|and Neches River]] basins.<ref name="Carter 1995">{{Cite book |last=Carter |first=Cecile Elkins |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1253386080 |title=Caddo Indians where we come from |date=1995 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=0-585-17049-5 |oclc=1253386080}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7560/711501 |title="The Caddo Nation" |date=1993 |publisher=University of Texas Press |doi=10.7560/711501 |isbn=978-0-292-79978-3}}</ref> Atakapan peoples such as the [[Akokisa]] and [[Bidai]] lived along the northeastern Gulf Coast; the [[Karankawa people|Karankawa]] lived along the central coast.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aten |first=Lawrence E. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/254092448 |title=Indians of the upper Texas coast |date=1983 |publisher=Academic Pr |isbn=0-12-065740-6 |oclc=254092448}}</ref> At least one tribe of [[Coahuiltecan|Coahuiltecans]], the [[Aranama people|Aranama]], lived in southern Texas. This entire culture group, primarily centered in northeastern [[Mexico]], is now extinct.

No culture was dominant across all of present-day Texas, and many peoples inhabited the area.{{sfn|Richardson|Wintz|Boswell|Anderson|2021|p=10}} Native American tribes who have lived inside the boundaries of present-day Texas include the [[Alabama people|Alabama]], [[Apache]], [[Atakapa|Atakapan]], [[Bidai]], [[Caddo]], [[Aranama people|Aranama]], [[Comanche]], [[Choctaw]], [[Coushatta]], [[Hasinai]], [[Jumano people|Jumano]], [[Karankawa people|Karankawa]], [[Kickapoo people|Kickapoo]], [[Kiowa]], [[Tonkawa]], and [[Wichita people|Wichita]].{{sfn|Richardson|Wintz|Boswell|Anderson|2021|p=12}}<ref>{{cite Handbook of Texas|id=bzi04|title=Indians|first=George |last=Klos|date=June 15, 2010}}</ref> Many of these peoples migrated from the north or east during the colonial period, such as the [[Choctaw]], Alabama-Coushatta, and [[Lenape|Delaware]].<ref name="Carter 1995"/>

The region was primarily controlled by the Spanish until the [[Texas Revolution]]. They were most interested in relationships with the Caddo, who were—like the Spanish—a settled, agricultural people. Several Spanish missions were opened in Caddo territory, but a lack of interest in Christianity among the Caddo meant that few were converted. Positioned between French Louisiana and Spanish Texas, the Caddo maintained relations with both, but were closer with the French.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barr |first=Juliana |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1148108904 |title=Peace Came in the Form of a Woman : Indians and Spaniards in the Texas Borderlands. |date=November 2009 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-4696-0470-1 |oclc=1148108904}}</ref> After Spain took control of Louisiana, most of the missions in eastern Texas were closed and abandoned.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Galán |first=Francis X. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1128731300 |title=Los Adaes : the first capital of Spanish Texas |year=2020 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=978-1-62349-878-8 |oclc=1128731300}}</ref> The United States obtained Louisiana following the 1803 [[Louisiana Purchase]] and began convincing tribes to self-segregate from whites by moving west; facing an overflow of native peoples in Missouri and Arkansas, they were able to negotiate with the Caddo to allow several displaced peoples to settle on unused lands in eastern Texas. These included the [[Muscogee]], [[Houma people|Houma Choctaw]], [[Lenape]] and [[Mingo|Mingo Seneca]], among others, who came to view the Caddoans as saviors.<ref name="Glover">Glover, William B. "A History of the Caddo Indians". Reprinted from 'The Louisiana Historical Quarterly'; Vol. 18, No. 4. October 1935</ref><ref>Swanton, John R. Indians of the Southeastern United States (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1946) p. 139</ref>

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==Economy==

{{See also|Texas locations by per capita income|Texas Stock Exchange}}

[[File:Geo Map of Income by Location in Texas (2014).png|thumb|upright=1.35|A geomap depicting income by county as of 2014]]

[[File:Texas counties by GDP 2021.png|thumb|Texas counties by GDP (2021)]]

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As of May 2020, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Texas|COVID-19 pandemic]], the state's unemployment rate was 13 percent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Local Area Unemployment Statistics |url=http://www.bls.gov/web/laus/laumstrk.htm |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics |access-date=July 3, 2020}}</ref>

In 2010, ''Site Selection Magazine'' ranked Texas as the most business-friendly state, in part because of the state's three-billion-dollar [[Texas Enterprise Fund]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Site Selection Rankings |url=http://greyhill.com/site-selection-rankings/ |access-date=October 10, 2011}}</ref> Texas has the highest number of [[Fortune 500]] company headquarters in the United States as of 2022.<ref name="Austin 2022"/><ref name="Miranda 2022"/> In 2010, there were 346,000 millionaires in Texas, the second-largest population of millionaires in the nation.{{efn|Second to [[California]].}}<ref>{{cite news |first=Walter |last=Scott |title=Personality Parade |work=Parade Magazine |page=2 |date=May 2, 2010}}</ref> In 2018, the number of millionaire households increased to 566,578.<ref>{{cite web|title=Texas has an eye-popping number of millionaire households|url=https://dallas.culturemap.com/news/city-life/02-19-18-texas-number-of-millionaire-households-phoenix-marketing-international/|access-date=April 27, 2021|website=CultureMap Dallas|date=February 19, 2018 }}</ref>

===Taxation===

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Students in Texas take the [[State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness]] (STAAR) in primary and secondary school. STAAR assess students' attainment of [[reading (activity)|reading]], writing, [[mathematics]], science, and [[social studies]] skills required under Texas education standards and the [[No Child Left Behind Act]]. The test replaced the [[Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills]] (TAKS) test in the 2011–2012 school year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/admin/eoc/index.html |title=End-of-Course (EOC) Assessments: Implementation |last=Texas Education Agency |work=Assessment Division |date=October 22, 2007 |access-date=October 22, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120064701/http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/admin/eoc/index.html |archive-date=November 20, 2007 }}</ref>

Generally prohibited in the [[Western world]], [[school corporal punishment]] is not unusual in the more conservative, rural areas of the state,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Salhotra |first1=Pooja |title=Proposed ban on corporal punishment in Texas schools fails again |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2023/04/26/texas-house-corporal-punishment-public-schools/ |access-date=17 January 2024 |work=The Texas Tribune |date=27 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Frosch |first1=Dan |title=Schools Under Pressure to Spare the Rod Forever |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/education/30paddle.html |access-date=17 January 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=29 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gershoff |first1=Elizabeth T. |last2=Font |first2=Sarah A. |title=Corporal Punishment in U.S. Public Schools: Prevalence, Disparitiesin Use, and Status in State and Federal Policy |journal=Social Policy Report |date=2016 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1002/j.2379-3988.2016.tb00086.x |pmid=29333055 |pmc=5766273 |issn=1075-7031}}</ref> with 28,569 public school students [[paddle (spanking)|paddled]] at least one time,{{efn|This figure refers to only the number of students paddled, regardless of whether a student was spanked multiple times in a year, and does not refer to the number of instances of corporal punishment, which would be substantially higher.}} according to government data for the 2011–2012 school year.<ref name="CORPUN_US_SCHOOL" /> The rate of school corporal punishment in Texas is surpassed only by [[Mississippi]], [[Alabama]], and [[Arkansas]].<ref name="CORPUN_US_SCHOOL">{{cite web|url=http://corpun.com/counuss.htm |title= Corporal punishment in US schools |publisher=World Corporal Punishment Research | last = Farrell | first = Colin | date=February 2016|access-date=April 4, 2016}}</ref>

===Higher education===

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===Medical research===

[[File:Texas medical center sundown.jpg|thumb|The [[Texas Medical Center]] in Houston]]

Texas has many elite research medical centers. The state has 15 [[List of colleges and universities in Texas#Health science|medical schools]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-08-03|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=List of colleges and universities in Texas#Health science|reason= The anchor (Health science) [[Special:Diff/1226307735|has been deleted]].}},<ref>{{cite web |title=Texas Medical Schools and Hospitals |publisher=Texas Medical Association |date=August 3, 2006 |url=http://www.texmed.org/Template.aspx?id=86 |access-date=April 28, 2008}}</ref> four dental schools,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dentist.net/dentalschools.asp |title=Dental Schools in the United States |access-date=October 31, 2008 |newspaper=Dentist.net|last1=Net |first1=Dentist }}</ref> and two [[optometry]] schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aoa.org/x12702.xml |title=Accreditation Council on Optometric Education |access-date=December 26, 2011 |publisher=American Optometric Association |archive-date=January 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105005827/http://www.aoa.org/x12702.xml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Texas has two [[Biosafety Level 4]] (BSL-4) laboratories: one at [[The University of Texas Medical Branch]] (UTMB) in Galveston,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bioscrypt.com/news/press/item-728/ |date=October 14, 2004 |title=University Selects Bioscrypt for Biosafety Level 4 Lab |publisher=Bioscrypt |access-date=April 29, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117074008/http://www.bioscrypt.com/news/press/item-728/ |archive-date=November 17, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the other at the [[Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research]] in San Antonio—the first privately owned BSL-4 lab in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfbr.org/pages/about_resources2.php |title=Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) Laboratory |publisher=Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research |access-date=April 29, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629233704/http://www.sfbr.org/pages/about_resources2.php |archive-date=June 29, 2007 }}</ref>

The [[Texas Medical Center]] in Houston holds the world's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions, with over 50 member institutions.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Texas Medical Center |publisher=The Texas Medical Center |access-date=April 11, 2009 |url=http://www.texmedctr.tmc.edu/root/en/GetToKnow/AboutTMC/About+the+TMC.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810221035/http://www.texmedctr.tmc.edu/root/en/GetToKnow/AboutTMC/About+the+TMC.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 10, 2007 }}</ref> Texas Medical Center performs the most heart transplants in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Background Statistics > People and Politics (most recent) by state |publisher=State Master |date=May 8, 2008 |url=http://www.statemaster.com/graph/bac_bac-background-people-and-politics |access-date=May 8, 2008 |archive-date=May 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503125428/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/bac_bac-background-people-and-politics |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center]] in Houston is a highly regarded academic institution that centers around cancer patient care, research, education and prevention.<ref>{{cite web |title=About MD Anderson |publisher=[[The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center]] |url=http://www.mdanderson.org/about_mda/ |access-date=April 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424201445/http://www.mdanderson.org/about_mda/ |archive-date=April 24, 2008 }}</ref>

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[[File:Bush terminal E.jpg|thumb|Terminal E at [[George Bush Intercontinental Airport]] in Houston]]Texas has 730 airports, second-most of any state in the nation. Largest in Texas by size and passengers served, [[Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport]] (DFW) is the second-largest by area in the United States, and fourth in the world with {{convert|18076|acre|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfwairport.com/visitor/index.php?ctnid=24254 |title=Facts about DFW |access-date=October 14, 2008 |website=Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912234631/http://www.dfwairport.com/visitor/index.php?ctnid=24254 |archive-date=September 12, 2008}}</ref> In traffic, DFW airport is the busiest in the state, the fourth busiest in the United States,<ref>{{cite web |title=10 Great Places for Aviation and Aerospace |author=Jennifer LeClaire |website=Southern Business and Development |url=http://www.sb-d.com/archivesite/www.sb-d.com/issues/spring2007/features/10GreatPlacesForAviationAndAerospace.html |access-date=April 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716012226/http://www.sb-d.com/archivesite/www.sb-d.com/issues/spring2007/features/10GreatPlacesForAviationAndAerospace.html |archive-date=July 16, 2011}}</ref> and sixth worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport |work=[[USA Today]]|url=http://destinations.usatoday.com/dallas/ |access-date=April 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630002132/http://destinations.usatoday.com/dallas/ |archive-date=June 30, 2007}}</ref> [[Southwest Airlines]], headquartered in Dallas, has its operations at [[Dallas Love Field]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southwest.com/about_swa/airborne.html |title=We Weren't Just Airborne Yesterday |date=May 2, 2007 |publisher=Southwest Airlines |access-date=June 9, 2007}}</ref> [[American Airlines Group]]'s [[American Airlines|American]] / [[American Eagle Airlines|American Eagle]], the world's largest airline in total passengers-miles transported and passenger fleet size,<ref>{{cite web |author=Investor Relations |url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=117098&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1921786&highlight== |title=American Airlines | Investor Relations | News Release |website=Phx.corporate-ir.net |access-date=August 2, 2014}}</ref> uses DFW as its largest and main [[Airline hub|hub]].

Texas's second-largest air facility is Houston's [[George Bush Intercontinental Airport]] (IAH). It serves as the largest hub for [[United Airlines]], the world's third-largest airline, by passenger-miles flown.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ir.unitedcontinentalholdings.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=83680&p=irol-newsArticle&id=1889262 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140318221457/http://ir.unitedcontinentalholdings.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=83680&p=irol-newsArticle&id=1889262 |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 18, 2014 |title=United Continental Holdings, Inc.—Investor Relations—News |website=Ir.unitedcontinentalholdings.com |date=January 8, 2014 |access-date=August 2, 2014 }}</ref>{{efn|Based on the industry-standard measure of revenue passenger-kilometers/miles flown.}} IAH offers service to the most Mexican destinations of any U.S. airport.<ref>{{cite web |title=About George Bush Intercontinental Airport |publisher=Houston Airport System |url=http://www.houstonairportsystem.org/iahAbout |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013160110/http://www.houstonairportsystem.org/iahAbout |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |access-date=June 28, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Houston Emerges As The Premier Gateway In The U.S. For Travelers To Mexico |publisher=Houston Airport System |date=April 12, 2005 |url=http://www.fly2houston.com/0/8178/0/1906D1940/ |access-date=December 30, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928091617/http://www.fly2houston.com/0/8178/0/1906D1940/ |archive-date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref> The next five largest airports in the state all serve more than three million passengers annually; they include [[Austin-Bergstrom International Airport]], [[William P. Hobby Airport]], [[San Antonio International Airport]], [[Dallas Love Field]] and [[El Paso International Airport]]. The smallest airport in the state to be designated an international airport is [[Del Rio International Airport]].

===Ports===

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===Railroads===

[[File:Westmoreland Station August 2019 5.jpg|thumb|[[DART ~~Light~~light ~~Rail~~rail]] in Dallas]]

[[File:METRO Light Rail3.jpg|thumb|[[METRORail]] in Houston]]

{{See also|List of Texas railroads}}Part of the state's [[Cowboy#Texas tradition|tradition]] of cowboys is derived from the massive [[Cattle drives in the United States|cattle drives]] which its ranchers organized in the nineteenth century to [[Cattle drives in the United States|drive]] livestock to railroads and markets.

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Texas has a reputation of very harsh criminal punishment for criminal offenses. It is one of the 32 states that practice [[capital punishment in Texas|capital punishment]], and since the [[US Supreme Court]] allowed capital punishment to resume in 1976, 40% of all U.S. executions have taken place in Texas.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-23075873 |title=Texas executes 500th person since resuming death penalty |work=[[BBC News]]|date=June 27, 2013 |access-date=July 8, 2013}}</ref> As of 2018, Texas had the 8th highest [[List of U.S. states and territories by incarceration and correctional supervision rate|incarceration rate]] in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |author=Laura M. Maruschak |author2=Todd D. Minton |title=Appendix Table 1 |work=Correctional Populations in the United States, 2017–2018 |publisher=[[Bureau of Justice Statistics]], United States Department of Justice |year=2020 |url=https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus1718.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2021}}</ref> Texas also has strong [[right of self-defense]] and [[Self-defense|self defense]] laws, allowing citizens to use lethal force to defend themselves, their families, or their property.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/txstatutes/PE/2/9/D/9.42 |title=Tex Pe. Code Ann. § 9.42: Texas Statutes—Section 9.42: Deadly Force to Protect Property |website=Codes.lp.findlaw.com |access-date=July 8, 2013}}</ref> Texas has one of the ~~most restrictive~~strictest [[abortion in Texas|abortion]] bans in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Texas |url=https://reproductiverights.org/maps/state/texas/ |website=Center for Reproductive Rights |access-date=22 June 2024}}</ref>

==See also==