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Line 50: | 2000Density = 42.9 | MedianHouseholdIncome = $66,963<ref>{{cite web |title=Texas |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Texas?g=040XX00US48 |website=U.S. Census Bureau |date=2021|access-date=May 17, 2023}}</ref> | IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income| | AdmittanceOrder = 28th | AdmittanceDate = December 29, 1845 Line 662: ==Economy== {{Main|Economy of Texas}} {{See also|Texas locations by per capita income|Texas Stock Exchange}} [[File:Geo Map of Income by Location in Texas (2014).png|thumb|upright=1.35|A geomap depicting income by county as of 2014]] [[File:Texas counties by GDP 2021.png|thumb|Texas counties by GDP (2021)]] Line 780: Students in Texas take the [[State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness]] (STAAR) in primary and secondary school. STAAR assess students' attainment of [[reading (activity)|reading]], writing, [[mathematics]], science, and [[social studies]] skills required under Texas education standards and the [[No Child Left Behind Act]]. The test replaced the [[Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills]] (TAKS) test in the 2011–2012 school year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/admin/eoc/index.html |title=End-of-Course (EOC) Assessments: Implementation |last=Texas Education Agency |work=Assessment Division |date=October 22, 2007 |access-date=October 22, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120064701/http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/admin/eoc/index.html |archive-date=November 20, 2007 }}</ref> Generally prohibited in the [[Western world]], [[school corporal punishment]] is not unusual in the more conservative, rural areas of the state,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Salhotra |first1=Pooja |title=Proposed ban on corporal punishment in Texas schools fails again |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2023/04/26/texas-house-corporal-punishment-public-schools/ |access-date=17 January 2024 |work=The Texas Tribune |date=27 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Frosch |first1=Dan |title=Schools Under Pressure to Spare the Rod Forever |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/education/30paddle.html |access-date=17 January 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=29 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gershoff |first1=Elizabeth T. |last2=Font |first2=Sarah A. |title=Corporal Punishment in U.S. Public Schools: Prevalence, Disparitiesin Use, and Status in State and Federal Policy |journal=Social Policy Report |date=2016 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1002/j.2379-3988.2016.tb00086.x |pmid=29333055 |pmc=5766273 |issn=1075-7031}}</ref> with 28,569 public school students [[paddle (spanking)|paddled]] at least one time,{{efn|This figure refers to only the number of students paddled, regardless of whether a student was spanked multiple times in a year, and does not refer to the number of instances of corporal punishment, which would be substantially higher.}} according to government data for the 2011–2012 school year.<ref name="CORPUN_US_SCHOOL" /> The rate of school corporal punishment in Texas is surpassed only by [[Mississippi]], [[Alabama]], and [[Arkansas]].<ref name="CORPUN_US_SCHOOL">{{cite web|url=http://corpun.com/counuss.htm |title= Corporal punishment in US schools |publisher=World Corporal Punishment Research | last = Farrell | first = Colin | date=February 2016|access-date=April 4, 2016}}</ref> ===Higher education=== Line 830: ===Medical research=== [[File:Texas medical center sundown.jpg|thumb|The [[Texas Medical Center]] in Houston]] Texas has many elite research medical centers. The state has 15 [[List of colleges and universities in Texas#Health science|medical schools]] The [[Texas Medical Center]] in Houston holds the world's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions, with over 50 member institutions.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Texas Medical Center |publisher=The Texas Medical Center |access-date=April 11, 2009 |url=http://www.texmedctr.tmc.edu/root/en/GetToKnow/AboutTMC/About+the+TMC.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810221035/http://www.texmedctr.tmc.edu/root/en/GetToKnow/AboutTMC/About+the+TMC.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 10, 2007 }}</ref> Texas Medical Center performs the most heart transplants in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Background Statistics > People and Politics (most recent) by state |publisher=State Master |date=May 8, 2008 |url=http://www.statemaster.com/graph/bac_bac-background-people-and-politics |access-date=May 8, 2008 |archive-date=May 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503125428/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/bac_bac-background-people-and-politics |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center]] in Houston is a highly regarded academic institution that centers around cancer patient care, research, education and prevention.<ref>{{cite web |title=About MD Anderson |publisher=[[The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center]] |url=http://www.mdanderson.org/about_mda/ |access-date=April 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424201445/http://www.mdanderson.org/about_mda/ |archive-date=April 24, 2008 }}</ref> Line 864: ===Railroads=== [[File:Westmoreland Station August 2019 5.jpg|thumb|[[DART [[File:METRO Light Rail3.jpg|thumb|[[METRORail]] in Houston]] {{See also|List of Texas railroads}}Part of the state's [[Cowboy#Texas tradition|tradition]] of cowboys is derived from the massive [[Cattle drives in the United States|cattle drives]] which its ranchers organized in the nineteenth century to [[Cattle drives in the United States|drive]] livestock to railroads and markets. Line 920: {{main|Crime in Texas}} {{see also|List of law enforcement agencies in Texas}} Texas has a reputation of very harsh criminal punishment for criminal offenses. It is one of the 32 states that practice [[capital punishment in Texas|capital punishment]], and since the [[US Supreme Court]] allowed capital punishment to resume in 1976, 40% of all U.S. executions have taken place in Texas.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-23075873 |title=Texas executes 500th person since resuming death penalty |work=[[BBC News]]|date=June 27, 2013 |access-date=July 8, 2013}}</ref> As of 2018, Texas had the 8th highest [[List of U.S. states and territories by incarceration and correctional supervision rate|incarceration rate]] in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |author=Laura M. Maruschak |author2=Todd D. Minton |title=Appendix Table 1 |work=Correctional Populations in the United States, 2017–2018 |publisher=[[Bureau of Justice Statistics]], United States Department of Justice |year=2020 |url=https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus1718.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2021}}</ref> Texas also has strong [[right of self-defense]] and [[Self-defense|self defense]] laws, allowing citizens to use lethal force to defend themselves, their families, or their property.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/txstatutes/PE/2/9/D/9.42 |title=Tex Pe. Code Ann. § 9.42: Texas Statutes—Section 9.42: Deadly Force to Protect Property |website=Codes.lp.findlaw.com |access-date=July 8, 2013}}</ref> Texas has one of the ==See also== | |||