Transcendental Meditation: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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===Mental function===

A 2010 review by the [[Cochrane collaboration]] was unable to draw any conclusions regarding the effectiveness of meditation therapy ( including TM ) for ADHD due to the lack of suitable evidence.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Krisanaprakornkit T, Ngamjarus C, Witoonchart C, Piyavhatkul N |title=Meditation therapies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=6 |issue= |pages=CD006507 |year=2010 |pmid=20556767 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006507.pub2 |url=}}</ref> A 2006 review by the Cochrane collabortion found that there was insufficient evidence to draw conclusions regarding the effectiveness of meditation for anxiety disorders. The review found that, as of 2006, two randomized controlled trials had been done on this topic, one of which was on TM, and concluded that meditation is equivalent to relaxation therapy.<ref name=Cochrane06>{{cite journal |author=Krisanaprakornkit T, Krisanaprakornkit W, Piyavhatkul N, Laopaiboon M |title=Meditation therapy for anxiety disorders |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume= |issue=1 |pages=CD004998 |year=2006 |pmid=16437509 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004998.pub2 |ref=harv}}</ref>

A 2003 review by Peter Canter and [[Edzard Ernst]] concluded that evidence does not support a specific or cumulative effect from TM on [[cognitive function]]. The review did find positive results in studies that recruited people with favorable opinions of TM, and used passive control procedures.<ref name="Wien Klin Wochenschr.">{{cite journal |author=Canter PH, Ernst E |title=The cumulative effects of Transcendental Meditation on cognitive function--a systematic review of randomised controlled trials |journal=Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. |volume=115 |issue=21-22 |pages=758–66 |year=2003 |month=November |pmid=14743579 |doi= 10.1007/BF03040500|url= |ref=harv}}</ref> Edzard Ernst, professor of complementary medicine at the Peninsula Medical School in Exeter, was quoted in ''The Guardian'' newspaper as saying that "there is no good evidence that TM has positive effects on children. The data that exist are all deeply flawed."<ref name="guardian.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2009/apr/14/transcendental-meditation-in-schools | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Should our schools teach children to 'dive within'? | date=April 14, 2009 | accessdate=March 28, 2010}}</ref>

A 2003 research review looked at "well-designed studies" and discussed three randomized controlled trials on students that suggested that TM improves cognitive performance. A study of 154 Chinese high school students found increased practical intelligence, creativity, and speed of information processing. A study of 118 junior high school students replicated the finding, as did a study of 99 vocational school students in Taiwan.<ref name="The Humanistic Psychologist 2003">The Humanistic Psychologist, 2003, 31(2-3) 86–113</ref><ref name="brittonlab.com">Shauna L. Shapiro1, Roger Walsh2, & Willoughby B. Britton3, [http://www.brittonlab.com/publications/Shapiro,%20Walsh,%20Britton%2003.pdf "An Analysis of Recent Meditation Research and Suggestions for Future Directions,"] Journal for Meditation and Meditation Research, 2003, Vol. 3, 69-90</ref>

A 2006 systematic review by the [[Cochrane collaboration]] found that there was insufficient evidence to draw conclusions regarding the effectiveness of meditation for anxiety disorders. The review found that, as of 2006, two randomized controlled trials had been done on this topic, one of which was on TM, and concluded that meditation is equivalent to relaxation therapy.<ref name=Cochrane06>{{cite journal |author=Krisanaprakornkit T, Krisanaprakornkit W, Piyavhatkul N, Laopaiboon M |title=Meditation therapy for anxiety disorders |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume= |issue=1 |pages=CD004998 |year=2006 |pmid=16437509 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004998.pub2 |ref=harv}}</ref> Other research reviews cite a 1989 meta-analysis of 146 studies that found that relaxation techniques for anxiety had a medium effect size and that Transcendental Meditation had a significantly larger effect.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Manzoni GM, Pagnini F, Castelnuovo G, Molinari E |title=Relaxation training for anxiety: a ten-years systematic review with meta-analysis |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=8 |issue= |page=41 |year=2008 |pmid=18518981 |pmc=2427027 |doi=10.1186/1471-244X-8-41 |ref=harv}}</ref><ref>Yin Paradies, "A Review of Psychosocial Stress and Chronic Disease for 4th World Indigenous Peoples and African Americans," Ethnicity & Disease, Volume 16, Winter 2006, p. 305</ref>

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