Turnstone: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

Line 1:

{{shortShort description|Genus of birds}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Arenaria interpres.jpg

Line 5:

| image2 = Arenaria melanocephala.jpg

| image2_caption = Black turnstone in winter plumage

| taxon = Arenaria (bird)

| synonyms = {{Species list

|Arenarius|Dumont, 1805

Line 24:

}}

'''Turnstones''' are two [[bird]] [[species]] that compriseconstitute the [[genus]] '''''Arenaria''''' in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Scolopacidae]]. They are closely related to [[calidrid]] sandpipers and might be considered members of the [[tribe (biology)|tribe]] Calidriini<!-- subfamilies Calidriinae, Eroliinae, etc? -->.<ref name = thomasetal2004/>

The [[genus]] ''Arenaria'' was introduced by the French zoologist [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]] in 1760 with the [[ruddy turnstone]] (''Arenaria interpres'') as the [[type species]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés | language=French, Latin | at=[https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36010447 Vol. 1, p. 48], [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36294414 Vol. 5, p. 132] | place=Paris | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1934 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=Volume 2 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=271 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483084 }}</ref> The genus name ''arenaria'' is from [[Latin]] ''arenarius'', "inhabiting sand", from ''arena'', "sand".<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n54 54]}}</ref>

The genus contains two species: the [[ruddy turnstone]] (''Arenaria interpres'') and the [[black turnstone]] (''Arenaria melanocephala'').<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2019 | title=Buttonquail, plovers, seedsnipe, sandpipers | work=World Bird List Version 9.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/buttonquail/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdateaccess-date=2 April 2019 }}</ref> Both birds are distinctive medium-sized [[wader]]s. Their length is typically between 20 and 25&nbsp;cm, with a wingspan between 50 and 60&nbsp;cm and a body mass between 110 and 130gm130g. For waders their build is stocky, with short, slightly upturned, wedge shaped bills. They have white patches on the back, wings and tail. They are high [[Arctic]] breeders, and are [[bird migration|migratory]]. Their strong necks and powerful, slightly upturned bills are adapted to their feeding technique. As the name implies, these species overturn stones, seaweed, and similar items in search of [[invertebrate]] prey.<ref name= "ColinsBG">Svensson, Lars et al. Collins Bird Guide 2nd ed. Publisher: Collins 2010. {{ISBN|978-0007268146}}</ref> They are strictly coastal, prefer stony beaches to sand, and often share beach space with other species of waders such as [[purple sandpiper]]s.

==Species==

Their appearance in flight is striking, with white patches on the back, wings and tail.

[[File:Arenaria interpres (habitus).jpg|thumb|left|Ruddy turnstone in breeding plumage.]]▼

===Ruddy turnstone===

▲[[File:Arenaria interpres (habitus).jpg|thumb|left|Ruddy turnstone in breeding plumage.]]

The [[ruddy turnstone]] (or just '''turnstone''' in [[Europe]]), ''Arenaria interpres'', has a circumpolar distribution, and is a very long distance migrant, wintering on coasts as far south as [[South Africa]] and [[Australia]]. It is thus a common sight on coasts almost everywhere in the world. It is one of the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' ([[AEWA]]) applies.▼

[[File:Arenaria melanocephala1.jpg|thumb|left|Black turnstone in summer plumage.]]▼

▲The [[ruddy turnstone]] (or just '''turnstone''' in [[Europe]]), ''Arenaria interpres'', has a circumpolar distribution, and is a very long distance migrant, wintering on coasts as far south as [[South Africa]] and [[Australia]]. It is thus a common sight on coasts almost everywhere in the world.

In breeding [[plumage]], this is a showy bird, with a black-and-white head, chestnut back, white underparts and red legs. The drabber winter plumage is basically brown above and white below. This is a generally tame bird and is an opportunist feeder. Unlike most waders, it will scavenge, and has a phenomenal list of recorded food items, including human corpses and [[coconut]]. The call is a staccato ''tuck- tuck- tuck''.

===Black turnstone===

This is a generally tame bird and is an opportunist feeder. Unlike most waders, it will scavenge, and has a phenomenal list of recorded food items, including human corpses and [[coconut]].

▲[[File:Arenaria melanocephala1.jpg|thumb|left|Black turnstone in summer plumage.]]

The call is a staccato ''tuck- tuck- tuck''.

The ruddy turnstone is one of the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' ([[AEWA]]) applies.

The [[black turnstone]] (''Arenaria melanocephala'') has a similar structure to its widespread relative, but has black upperparts and chest, and white below. It has a much more restricted range than the ruddy turnstone, breeding in western [[Alaska]], and wintering mainly on the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] coast of the [[United States]].

Line 50 ⟶ 47:

==References==

{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=thomasetal2004>{{cite journal|author1=Thomas, Gavin H. |author2=Wills, Matthew A. |author3=Székely, Tamás |lastauthorampname-list-style=yesamp |year=2004|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-4-28|pmid=15329156|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=4|pages=28|title=A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny|pmc=515296 |doi-access=free }} [http://www.pubmedcentral.org/articlerender.fcgi?artid=515296#supplementary-material-sec Supplementary Material] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.istoday/20130802041856/http://www.pubmedcentral.org/articlerender.fcgi?artid=515296%23supplementary-material-sec#supplementary-material-sec |date=2013-08-02 }}</ref>

<ref name=Wetmore>{{cite journal|author=Wetmore, Alexander|year=1937|title= The Eared Grebe and other Birds from the Pliocene of Kansas|journal=[[Condor (journal)|Condor]]|volume=39|issue=1|pages= 40|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v039n01/p0040-p0040.pdf|doi=10.2307/1363487|jstor=1363487 }}</ref>

}}

==External links==

{{Commons category}}

{{Commonscat}}

{{Wikispecies|Corvus capensis}}

* Ruddy turnstone = turnstone - [http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/262.pdf Species text in ''The Atlas of Southern African Birds'']

* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Ruddy_Turnstone.html Ruddy turnstone] – Cornell Lab of Ornithology

* [http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i2830id.html Ruddy turnstone ''Arenaria interpres''] – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbBzJ8xLpSY Turnstones feeding and bathing]

{{Scolopacidae|1}}

{{Charadriiformes|S.|state=collapsed}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q4865776}}

[[Category:ScolopacidaeSandpipers]]

[[Category:Birds of the Arctic| ]]

[[Category:Native birds of Alaska| ]]