Ulysses (novel): Difference between revisions - Wikipedia
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Ulysses was ranked Number 1 in Modern Library's 100 Best Novels of the 20th Century.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ulysses – Modern Library Top 100|url=https://sites.prh.com/modern-library-top-100}}</ref>
==Publication history==
[[File:Paris Rue de l Odeon 12 plaque retouched.jpg|thumb|Memorial plaque, at 12 [[Rue de l'Odéon]], [[6th arrondissement of Paris|Paris]] (the original location of [[Shakespeare and Company (1919–1941)|Shakespeare and Company]]): "In 1922, in this house, [[Sylvia Beach]] published ''Ulysses'' by James Joyce. J.J.S.S.F." (James Joyce Society of Sweden and Finland)<ref name="jstor/26283610">{{cite journal |last1=Goodwin |first1=Will |title=Annual James Joyce Checklist: 1991 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/26283610 |journal=Joyce Studies Annual |access-date=12 September 2022 |pages=180–227 |date=1992 |volume=3 |jstor=26283610 |quote=The unveiling of the plaque at 12 rue de l'Odeon, Paris, took place on 20 Apr. 1990. ... JJSSF" (James Joyce Society of Sweden and Finland), A commemorative brochure.}}</ref>]]
[[File:James Joyce Ulysses 1st Edition 1922 GB.jpg|thumb|''Ulysses'' by James Joyce, Paris : Shakespeare, 1922]]
The publication history of ''Ulysses'' is complex. There have been at least 18 editions, and variations among different impressions of each edition.
According to Joyce scholar Jack Dalton, the first edition of ''Ulysses'' contained over 2,000 errors.<ref>Dalton, pp. 102, 113</ref> As subsequent editions attempted to correct these mistakes, they would often add more, due in part to the difficulty of separating non-authorial errors from Joyce's deliberate "errors" devised to challenge the reader.<ref name="mac"/>
Notable editions include:{{efn|Where the title is omitted the edition is titled ''Ulysses''.}}
* Paris: Shakespeare and Company, 1922: The private,<ref name="bbc/m001bvp2"/> first edition published in Paris on 2 February 1922 (Joyce's 40th birthday) by Sylvia Beach's [[Shakespeare and Company (1919–1941)|Shakespeare and Company]]. Beach commissioned [[:fr:Maurice Darantière|Darantiere]] in [[Dijon]] to print 1,000 numbered copies consisting of 100 signed copies on Dutch handmade paper (350 [[Franc#French franc|francs]]), 150 numbered copies on [[Arches paper|vergé d'Arches paper]] (250 francs), and 750 copies on handmade paper (150 francs),<ref name="bbc/m001bvp2"/><ref>{{cite web|title=The Novel of the Century. James Joyce's Ulysses on the anniversary of Bloomsday. Ulysses – Early Editions |date=6 December 2013 |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/joyce/early.html |publisher=Lilly Library, Indiana University|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref> plus an extra 20 unnumbered copies on mixed paper for libraries and press.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gilbert |editor1-first=Stuart |date= 1957 |title=Letters of James Joyce |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.225574 |location=New York |publisher=The Viking Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.225574/page/n181 189] |lccn=57-5129 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gilbert |editor1-first=Stuart |date= 1957 |title=Letters of James Joyce |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.225574 |location=New York |publisher=The Viking Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.225574/page/n154 162] |lccn=57-5129 }}</ref><ref name="The National Library of Ireland">{{Citation |author-last=Slote |author-first=Sam |editor1-last= Crispi |editor1-first=Luca |editor2-last=Fahy |editor2-first=Catherine |title=Ulysses in the Plural: The Variable Editions of Joyce's Novel | series=The National Library of Ireland Joyce Studies 2004| publisher=The National Library of Ireland| date=2004|page=47|url=https://www.academia.edu/2531525}}</ref>
* London: [[The Egoist (periodical)|Egoist Press]], 1922: The first English edition published by [[Harriet Shaw Weaver]]'s Egoist Press in October 1922. For [[#Censorship|legal reasons]] the book was printed on behalf of Egoist Press by [[John Rodker]] using the same printer, [[:fr:Maurice Darantière|Darantiere]], and plates as the first edition. This edition consisted of 2,000 numbered copies on handmade paper for sale<ref>{{cite web|title=UWM Libraries Special Collections:Ulysses. Egoist Press, 1922|url=http://liblamp.uwm.edu/omeka/SPC2/exhibits/show/classictext/joyce/joyce1922|publisher=University of Wisconsin Milwaukee library|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref> plus 100 unnumbered copies for press, publicity and [[Legal deposit#United Kingdom|legal deposit]] libraries.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Houston |first=Lloyd |date=1 June 2017|title=(Il)legal Deposits: Ulysses and the Copyright Libraries |journal=The Library |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=131–151 |doi=10.1093/library/18.2.131|doi-access=free}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=On this day...12 October|url=http://jamesjoyce.ie/day-12-october/|publisher=The James Joyce Centre, Dublin|access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="The National Library of Ireland"/><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gilbert |editor1-first=Stuart |date= 1957 |title=Letters of James Joyce |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.225574 |location=New York |publisher=The Viking Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.225574/page/n185 194] |lccn=57-5129 }}</ref> A seven-page [[Erratum|errata]] list compiled by Joyce, Weaver and Rodker was loosely inserted and contained 201 corrections.<ref>{{cite book|last=James|first=Joyce|date=1922|title=Ulysses|url=https://archive.org/stream/ulysses00joyc_1#page/n13/mode/2up|publisher=Egoist Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Centennial Bloomsday at Buffalo – Exhibition organised and compiled by Sam Slote, et al. in 2004|url=http://www.ricorso.net/rx/az-data/authors/j/Joyce_JA/apx/off-line/Buffalo.htm|publisher=Buffalo University|access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref> The [[U.S. Post Office]] reportedly burned up to 500 copies,<ref>{{cite book |last=Brooker |first=Joseph |editor-last=Latham |editor-first=Sean |title=The Cambridge Companion to Ulysses |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2014 |page=20 |chapter=Chapter 2: Reception History |isbn=978-1107423909}}</ref> as noted in later Shakespeare and Company editions.<ref>Slocum (1953), pp. 26–27.</ref>
* New York: Two Worlds Publishing Company, 1929: The first U.S. edition of the novel was pirated by [[Samuel Roth]] without Joyce's authorisation, and first published serially in Roth's ''Two Worlds Monthly'', then later in a single volume in 1929. It was designed to closely mimic the 1927 Shakespeare and Company 9th printing but many errors and corruptions occurred during reproduction.<ref>{{Citation |author-last=Slote |author-first=Sam |editor1-last= Crispi |editor1-first=Luca |editor2-last=Fahy |editor2-first=Catherine |title=Ulysses in the Plural: The Variable Editions of Joyce's Novel | series=The National Library of Ireland Joyce Studies 2004| publisher=The National Library of Ireland| date=2004|page=48|url=https://www.academia.edu/2531525}}</ref><ref name = JJC>{{cite web|title= 75 years since first authorized American Ulysses!|url=https://jamesjoyce.ie/75-years-authorised-american-ulysses/|publisher=The James Joyce Centre|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> Reportedly 2,000–3,000 copies were printed but the majority were seized and destroyed by the [[New York Society for the Suppression of Vice]] after a raid on Roth's offices on 4 October 1929<ref>Slocum (1953), pp. 28–29.</ref>
* Hamburg: Odyssey Press, 1932: In two volumes. The title page of this edition states "The present edition may be regarded as the definitive standard edition, as it has been specially revised, at the author's request, by [[Stuart Gilbert]]." This edition still contained errors but by its fourth revised printing (April 1939) it was considered the most accurate offering of the text and subsequently used as the basis for many later editions of the novel.<ref name = later>{{cite web|title=The Novel of the Century. James Joyce's Ulysses on the anniversary of Bloomsday. Ulysses – Later Editions|date=6 December 2013 |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/joyce/later.html|publisher=Lilly Library, Indiana University|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
|jstor=24293831|title=The Reputation of the 1932 Odyssey Press Edition of "Ulysses"|author=McCleery, Alistair|journal=The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America|year=2006|volume=100|issue=1|pages=89–103|publisher=The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Bibliographical Society of America|doi=10.1086/pbsa.100.1.24293831|s2cid=159872244}}</ref><ref name = JJC/>
* New York: Random House, 1934: The first authorised U.S. edition,<ref>{{cite web|title=The James Joyce Centre : On This Day...1 December |url=http://jamesjoyce.ie/on-this-day-1-december/ |publisher=The James Joyce Centre|access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref> published after the decision in ''[[United States v. One Book Called Ulysses]]'' finding that the book was not obscene.<ref name = later/> Random House's founder [[Bennett Cerf]] chose to base this edition on a copy of the pirated Samuel Roth edition of 1929, which led it to reproduce many of that edition's errors.<ref>{{cite web|title=The James Joyce Collection: Archiving The Ephemeral An Exhibit in Occasion of NEMLA 2000 at Buffalo|url=https://library.buffalo.edu/pl/collections/jamesjoyce/collection/ephemeral.php|publisher=University of Buffalo Library|access-date=19 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519204918/https://library.buffalo.edu/pl/collections/jamesjoyce/collection/ephemeral.php|archive-date=19 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Slocum (1954), p. 29.</ref>
* London: Bodley Head, 1936: The first edition printed and published in England. Set from the second impression of Odyssey Press's edition and purportedly proofed by Joyce.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kiberd |first1=Declan |title=Ulysses |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin |pages=lxxi-lxxxix |chapter=A Short History of the Text}}</ref><ref name="later"/>
* Bodley Head, 1960: Newly reset corrected edition based on the 1958 impression of the earlier Bodley Head edition.<ref name="OUP22">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Jeri |title=Ulysses |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-953567-5 |page=743 |chapter=Apendix B: Ulysses: Serializations and Editions}}</ref> The source for many later editions by other publishers.
* Random House, 1961: Reset from the 1960 Bodley Head edition.
* ''Ulysses: A Critical and Synoptic Edition''. Garland, 1984: Edited by Hans Walter Gabler.
* ''Ulysses: A Reader's Edition''. Lilliput Press, 1997: Edited by Danis Rose.
==="Joyce Wars"===
Hans Walter Gabler's 1984 edition was the most sustained attempt to produce a corrected text, but it has received much criticism, most notably from John Kidd. Kidd's main theoretical criticism is of Gabler's choice of a patchwork of manuscripts as his [[Textual criticism#Copy-text editing|copy-text]] (the base edition with which the editor compares each variant), but this fault stems from an assumption of the Anglo-American tradition of scholarly editing rather than the blend of French and German editorial theories that actually lay behind Gabler's reasoning.<ref name="Kidd">{{cite journal
| last = Kidd
| first = John
| title = The Scandal of ''Ulysses''
| journal = [[The New York Review of Books]]
| date = June 1988
| volume = 35
| issue = 11
| url = http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1988/jun/30/the-scandal-of-ulysses-2/
| access-date = 13 July 2010 }}</ref> The choice of a composite copy-text is seen to be problematic in the eyes of some American editors, who generally favour the first edition of any particular work as copy-text.<ref name="Kidd"/>
Less subject to differing national editorial theories, however, is the claim that for hundreds of pages—about half the episodes of ''Ulysses''—the extant manuscript is purported to be a "[[fair copy]]" that Joyce made for sale to a potential patron. (As it turned out, [[John Quinn (collector)|John Quinn]], the Irish-American lawyer and collector, purchased the manuscript.) Diluting this charge somewhat is the fact that the theory of (now lost) final working drafts is Gabler's own. For the suspect episodes, the existing typescript is the last witness. Gabler attempted to reconstruct what he called "the continuous manuscript text", which had never physically existed, by adding together all of Joyce's accretions from the various sources. This allowed Gabler to produce a "synoptic text" indicating the stage at which each addition was inserted. Kidd and even some of Gabler's own advisers believe this method meant losing Joyce's final changes in about two thousand places.<ref name="Kidd"/> Far from being "continuous", the manuscripts seem to be opposite. [[Jerome McGann]] describes in detail the editorial principles of Gabler in his article for the journal ''Criticism'', issue 27, 1985.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McGann|first=Jerome|date=2012-08-02|title=Ulysses as a Postmodem Text: The Gabler Edition|url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/criticism/vol27/iss3/4|journal=Criticism|volume=27|issue=3|issn=0011-1589}}</ref> In the wake of the controversy, still other commentators charged that Gabler's changes were motivated by a desire to secure a fresh copyright and another seventy-five years of royalties beyond a looming expiration date.
In June 1988 John Kidd published "The Scandal of ''Ulysses''" in ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'',<ref name="Kidd"/> charging that not only did Gabler's changes overturn Joyce's last revisions, but in another four hundred places Gabler failed to follow any manuscript whatever, making nonsense of his own premises. Kidd accused Gabler of unnecessarily changing Joyce's spelling, punctuation, use of accents, and all the small details he claimed to have been restoring. Instead, Gabler was actually following printed editions such as that of 1932, not the manuscripts. Gabler was found to have made genuine blunders, such as his changing the name of the real-life Dubliner Harry Thrift to 'Shrift' and cricketer Captain Buller to 'Culler' on the basis of handwriting irregularities in the extant manuscript. (These "corrections" were undone by Gabler in 1986.) Kidd stated that many of Gabler's errors resulted from Gabler's use of facsimiles rather than original manuscripts.
In December 1988, Charles Rossman's "The New ''Ulysses:'' The Hidden Controversy" for ''The New York Review'' revealed that some of Gabler's own advisers felt too many changes were being made, but that the publishers were pushing for as many alterations as possible. Then Kidd produced a 174-page critique that filled an entire issue of the ''[[Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America]]'', dated the same month. This "Inquiry into ''Ulysses'': The Corrected Text" was published the next year in book format and on [[floppy disk]] by Kidd's James Joyce Research Center at [[Boston University]].
Gabler and others, including Michael Groden, have rejected Kidd's critique. In his 1993 afterword to the Gabler edition, Groden writes that Kidd's lists of supposed errors were constructed "with so little demonstrated understanding of Gabler's theoretical assumptions and procedures ... that they can point to errors or misjudgments only by accident". The scholarly community remains divided.
<!-- The problem is that WE are coming up with examples. Cite is needed that SAYS this.
To this day, many European critics<ref>Examples: TCD (Ireland)[http://www.tcd.ie/OWC/courses/irish/joyce.php], UCD (Ireland)[http://www.ucd.ie/englishanddrama/undergraduatestudies/english/modulereadinglists/leveltworeadinglists1011/eng20440readingthestoryofireland/]</ref> teach the Gabler edition while their counterparts in the U.S. tend to shy away from it.
-->
===Gabler edition replaced===
In 1990, Gabler's American publisher Random House, after consulting a committee of scholars,<ref>McDowell, Edwin, [https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/01/09/specials/joyce-corrected.html "Corrected 'Ulysses' Sparks Scholarly Attack"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 15 June 1988</ref> replaced the Gabler edition with its 1961 version, and in the United Kingdom the Bodley Head press revived its 1960 version (upon which Random House's 1961 version is based). In both the UK and US, [[Everyman's Library]] also republished the 1960 ''Ulysses''. In 1992, [[Penguin Books|Penguin]] dropped Gabler and reprinted the 1960 text. The Gabler version remained available from Vintage International. Reprints of the 1922 first edition have also become widely available since 1 January 2012, when this edition entered the [[public domain]] under [[Copyright law of the United States|U.S. copyright law]].<ref>[https://www.theverge.com/2012/1/1/2674790/james-joyce-enters-the-public-domain-but-the-auteurs-of-1955-must-wait "James Joyce enters the public domain, but the auteurs of 1955 must wait"], ''[[The Verge]]''</ref>
In 1992, W. W. Norton announced that it would publish Kidd's much-anticipated edition of ''Ulysses'' as part of "The Dublin Edition of the Works of James Joyce" series. This book had to be withdrawn when the Joyce estate objected. For a period thereafter the estate refused to authorise any further editions of Joyce's work. This ended when it agreed to allow Wordsworth Editions to bring out a bargain version of the novel (a reprint of the 1932 Odyssey Press edition) in January 2010, ahead of copyright expiration in 2012.<ref>{{cite magazine | last = Max | first = D. T. | title = The Injustice Collector |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] | date = 19 June 2006 | url = http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/06/19/060619fa_fact | access-date = 26 March 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Battles | first = Jan | title = Budget Ulysses to flood the market | work = [[The Sunday Times]] | date = 9 August 2009 | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article6788825.ece | access-date = 30 November 2009 | location = London | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100606050426/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article6788825.ece | archive-date = 6 June 2010 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
==Media adaptations==