Vancouver: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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'''Vancouver''' ({{pron-en|vænˈkuːvər}}) is a coastal city and major seaport located in the [[Lower Mainland]] of southwestern [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]]. It is is named for [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] Captain [[George Vancouver]], who explored the area in the 1790s. The name Vancouver itself originates from the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] "van Coevorden," denoting somebody "from [[Coevorden]]," an olda city in the [[The Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vancouverhistory.ca/archives_coevorden.htm|title=The History of Metropolitan Vancouver|publisher=Chuck Davis|accessdate=2009-02-14}}</ref>

Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area in [[Western Canada]] and the [[List of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in Canada|third largest]] in the country; the city proper, however, is ranked eighth nationally.<ref>

{{cite web |url=http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo05a-eng.htm |title=Population of census metropolitan areas (2006 Census boundaries)|publisher=Statistics Canada |accessdate=2009-11-30}}

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{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/popdwell/Table.cfm?T=301&S=3&O=D |title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses. |publiserpublisher=Statistics Canada |accessdate=2009-07-03}}

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<!--Estimates may be provided as supplementary data, but are not to replace or to be treated as more "official" than the 2006 census. -->

As of the [[Canada 2006 Census|2006 Census]], the city of Vancouver had a population of just over 578,000<ref name=citypop>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=933__&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |title=Census 2006 Community Profiles: Vancouver (City)|publisher=Government of Canada |accessdate=2007-12-01}}</ref> and its [[Census Metropolitan Area]] exceeded 2.1 million people.<ref name=gvrdpop>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=933__&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |title=Census 2006 Community Profiles: Vancouver (Census Metropolitan Area) |publisher=Government of Canada |accessdate=2007-12-01}}</ref> As of July 2009, the city's estimated population surpassedsurpasses 615,000 and that of the metropolitan area exceededexceeds 2.3 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/data/pop/pop/mun/PopulationEstimates_1996-2008.pdf |title=BC Stats: Population Estimates}}

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Vancouver is [[Ethnic groups in Canada|ethnically diverse]], and 52% of city residents have a [[first language]] other than [[English language|English]].<ref>

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The area east of Vancouver was first settled by Europeans in the 1860s as a result of [[Immigration to Canada|immigration]] to the [[Colony of British Columbia]] caused by the [[Fraser Canyon Gold Rush|Fraser]] and [[Cariboo Gold Rush]]es, with only a verythough few settlingsettled in whatthe wouldarea becomeoccupied theby cityVancouver of Vancouvertoday. The city's roots arewere basedinstead in [[logging]] and the founding of a large [[sawmill|lumber mill]], which gave birth to [[Gastown]]. The settlement expanded into a metropolitan centre following the arrival of the [[Canadian Pacific Railway|transcontinental railway]] in 1887. The [[Port of Vancouver]] became internationally significant as a node in the global trade network of the [[British Empire]], with the combined [[steamship]], andalong railway ofwith the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]]railway, shortening shipping times between the [[Orient]] and [[London]].<ref name = Morley>

{{cite book |last=Morley |first=A. |year=1974 |title=Vancouver: From Milltown to Metropolis |location=Vancouver |publisher= Mitchell Press}}

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Prior to the 1980s, the [[economy of Vancouver]] had traditionally relied on British Columbia's resource sectors: [[forestry]], [[mining]], [[fishing]] and [[Agriculture in Canada|agriculture]]. Since then it has further diversified, and; today its second largest industry, after forestry, is [[Tourism in Canada|tourism]], and Vancouverit has becomeis the third-largest [[principal photography|film production]] centre in North America after [[Los Angeles]] and [[New York City]], earning it the nickname [[Hollywood North#Vancouver|Hollywood North]].<ref>

{{cite web |url=http://www.tourismvancouver.com/pdf/research/monthly_overnight_visitors_1994_2005.pdf |title=Overnight visitors to Greater Vancouver by volume, monthly and annual basis |publisher=Vancouver Convention and Visitors Bureau |accessdate=2006-11-16 |format=PDF}}

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Vancouver rankshas ranked as one of the most livable cities in the world, and has done so for more than a decade.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news |title=Vancouver and Melbourne top city league |publisher=BBC News |date=October 4, 2002 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2299119.stm |accessdate=2006-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Vancouver is 'best place to live' | publisher = BBC News | date = 4 October 2005| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4306936.stm | accessdate =2009-11-30}}</ref><ref name="TEL">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/gulliver/2009/06/liveable_vancouver|author=Mark Frary|title=Liveable Vancouver|publisher=[[The Economist]]|date= June 8, 2009|accessdate=2009-11-29}}</ref> It ishas a destination forhosted many international conferences and events, including the 1976 United Nations Conference on Human Settlements in 1976 and the 1986 World Exposition on Transportation and Communication ([[Expo 86]]). The [[2010 Winter Olympics]] and [[2010 Winter Paralympics]] will be held in Vancouver and nearby [[Whistler, British Columbia|Whistler]], a resort community 125&nbsp;km (78 &nbsp;miles) north of the city.<ref>

{{cite web |url=http://www.vancouver2010.com/ |title=Vancouver 2010 |publisher=The Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games |date=2009|accessdate=2009-11-29}}

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{{See|History of Vancouver|Timeline of Vancouver history}}

[[Archaeology|Archaeological]] records indicate the presence of [[First Nations|Aboriginal people]] in the Vancouver area from 8,000–10000&ndash;10,000 years ago.<ref>

{{cite web |last=Thom |first=Brian |year=1996 |url=http://home.istar.ca/~bthom/LONGTERM-FIN.htm |title=Stó:lo Culture - Ideas of Prehistory and Changing Cultural Relationships to the Land and Environment |accessdate =2006-11-23}}

</ref><ref name = Atlas>

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[[File:1898 Van Pan Map.jpg|thumb|left|Panorama of Vancouver, 1898|alt=Black and white illustration of Vancouver. Large ships fill the harbor in the south; the town is bounded by trees on the left and top sides.]]

The first European to explore the coastline of present-day [[West Point Grey|Point Grey]] and partparts of [[Burrard Inlet]] was [[José María Narváez]] of [[Spanish Empire|Spain]], in 1791, although Samuel Bawlf contends that [[Francis Drake]] may have visited the area in 1579.<ref>^ R. Samuel Bawlf, The Secret Voyage of Sir Francis Drake: 1577-1580 (Walker Publishing) 2003.</ref> [[George Vancouver]] explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] names.<ref>{{cite book| last = Davis| first = Chuck | coauthors = W. Kaye Lamb | title = Greater Vancouver Book: An Urban Encyclopaedia | publisher = Linkman Press| year = 1997 | location = Surrey, BC| pages = 34–36| url = http://www.discovervancouver.com/GVB/captain-george-vancouver.asp | isbn = 978-1896846002}}</ref>

The explorer and [[North West Company]] trader [[Simon Fraser (explorer)|Simon Fraser]] and his crew were the first known Europeans known to have set foot on the site of the present-day city. In 1808, they traveled from the east, down the [[Fraser River]], perhaps as far as Point Grey, near the [[University of British Columbia]].<ref>{{cite web| title = History of City of Vancouver| publisher = Caroun.com| url = http://www.caroun.com/Countries/America/Canada/Vancouver/2-VancouverHistory.html | accessdate =2007-01-17}}</ref>

The [[Fraser Gold Rush]] of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from [[California]], up the Fraser River, most bypassing what would become Vancouver.<ref name="Vancouver's past">{{cite book| last = Hull| first = Raymond| title = Vancouver's Past| publisher = University of Washington Press| year = 1974| location = Seattle|coauthors=Soules, Gordon, Soules, Christine| isbn = 978-0295953649}}</ref><ref>''McGowan's War'', Donald J. Hauka</ref><ref>''Early Vancouver'', Maj. J.S. "Skit" Mathews</ref> Vancouver Theis among British Columbia's youngest cities;<ref name="Horizons">{{cite book | last = Cranny| first = Michael| coauthors = Jarvis, Moles, Seney| title = Horizons: Canada Moves West| publisher = Prentice Hall Ginn Canada| year = 1999| location = Scarborough, ON| isbn = 9780130123671}}</ref> the first European settlement was innot until 1862 at McLeery's Farm on the Fraser River, just east of the ancient village of [[Musqueam]] in what is now [[Marpole]]. A sawmill established at Moodyville (now the [[North Vancouver, British Columbia (city)|City of North Vancouver]]) in 1863, began the city's long relationship with [[logging|lumbering]]. It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the south shore of the inlet. Stamp, who had begun lumbering in the [[Port Alberni, British Columbia|Port Alberni]] area, first attempted to run a mill at [[Brockton Point]], but difficult currents and reefs forced the relocation of the operation to a point near the foot of Gore Street. This mill, known as the [[Hastings Mill]]. This, became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed. The mill's central role in the city waned after the arrival of the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] (CPR) in the 1880s. It nevertheless remained important to the local economy until it closed in the 1920s.<ref name="GVB">{{cite book | last = Davis| first = Chuck| title = The Greater Vancouver Book: An Urban Encyclopaedia | publisher = Linkman Press| year = 1997| location = Surrey, British Columbia | pages = 39–47| url = http://www.discovervancouver.com/gvb/history-of-vancouver.asp|accessdate =|isbn = 978-1896846002}}</ref>

VancouverThe issettlement amongwhich Britishcame Columbia'sto youngestbe cities.<refcalled name="Horizons">{{cite book | last = Cranny| first = Michael| coauthors = Jarvis, Moles, Seney| title = Horizons: Canada Moves West| publisher = Prentice Hall Ginn Canada| year = 1999| location = Scarborough, ON| isbn = 9780130123671}}</ref> The settlement of [[Gastown]] grew up quickly around the original makeshift [[tavern]] established by "Gassy" [[John Deighton|Jack Deighton]] in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property.<ref name="Horizons"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Gastown.org - History|url=http://www.gastown.org/history/index.html|accessdate=2006-10-05}}</ref> In 1870, the [[Colony of British Columbia|colonial government]] surveyed the settlement and laid out a townsite, renamed "Granville" in honour of the then-British [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]], [[Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville|Lord Granville]]. This site, with its natural harbour, was eventually selected as the terminus for the Canadian Pacific Railway to the disappointment of [[Port Moody]], [[New Westminster]] and [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], all of which had vied to be the railhead. A railway was among the inducements for British Columbia to join the [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]] in 1871, but the [[Pacific Scandal]] and arguments over the use of Chinese labour delayed construction until the 1880s.<ref>James Morton. ''In the Sea of Sterile Mountains: The Chinese in British Columbia''. Vancouver, BC: J.J. Douglas, 1974. (A thorough discussion of Chinese immigration and associated issues in British Columbia politics)</ref>

[[File:First Vancouver Council Meeting after fire.jpg|thumb|right|A staged portrait of the first Vancouver City Council meeting after the 1886 fire. The tent shown was on the east side of the 100 block Carrall.<ref>{{cite news| last = Smedman| first = Lisa| title = History of Naming Vancouver's Streets: Hamilton's Legacy| publisher = Vancouver Courier| date = March, 03, 2006 | url = http://www.lestwarog.com/newsArticle-1945.html | accessdate =2007-08-05}}</ref>|alt=Men standing and sitting around two tables, facing the camera. A large tent behind them has a wooden sign that reads "City Hall".]]

The City of Vancouver was incorporated on 6 April 1886, the same year that the first transcontinental train arrived. The name, honouring George Vancouver, was chosen by CPR president [[William Van Horne]], who arrived in Port Moody to establish the CPR terminus recommended by [[Henry John Cambie]], and gave the city its name in honour of George Vancouver.<ref name="Horizons"/> The [[Great Vancouver Fire]] on 13 June 1886, razed the entire city. The [[Vancouver Fire and Rescue Services|Vancouver Fire Department]] was established that year and the city quickly rebuilt.<ref name="GVB"/> Vancouver's population grew from a settlement of 1,000 people in 1881 to over 20,000 by the turn of the century and 100,000 by 1911.<ref>{{cite book| last = Davis| first = Chuck | coauthors = Richard von Kleist | title = Greater Vancouver Book: An Urban Encyclopaedia | publisher = Linkman Press| year = 1997 | location = Surrey, BC| page = 780 | isbn = 978-1896846002}}</ref>

Vancouver merchants outfitted prospectors bound for the [[Klondike Gold Rush]] in 1898.<ref name="Vancouver's past"/> One of those merchants, Charles Woodward, had opened the first [[Woodward's]] store at what is now Georgia and Main Streets in 1892 and, along with [[Spencer's (department store)|Spencer's]] and the [[Hudson's Bay Company|Hudson's Bay]] department stores, formed the core of the city's retail sector for decades.<ref>{{cite web | title = Our History: Acquisitions, Retail, Woodward's Stores Limited| publisher = Hudson's Bay Company| url = http://www.hbc.com/hbcheritage/history/acquisitions/retail/woodwards.asp| accessdate =2007-01-23}}</ref>

The economy of early Vancouver was dominated by large companies such as the CPR, which provided capital for the rapid development of the new city. While some manufacturing did develop, [[natural resources]] became the basis for Vancouver's economy. The resource sector was initially based on logging and later on exports moving through the [[Port of Vancouver|seaport]], where commercial traffic constituted the largest economic sector in Vancouver by the 1930s.<ref>{{cite journal| last = McCandless | first = R. C.| title = Vancouver's 'Red Menace' of 1935: The Waterfront Situation| journal = BC Studies | issue = 22| page = 68| year = 1974 }}</ref>

The dominance of the economy by big business was accompanied by an often militant [[Trades and Labour Congress of Canada|labour movement]]. The first major sympathy [[strike action|strike]] was in 1903 when railway employees struck against the CPR for union recognition. Labour leader Frank Rogers was killed while picketing at the docks by CPR police during that strike, becoming the British Columbia movement's first martyr in British Columbia.<ref>{{cite book| last = Phillips| first = Paul A.| title = No Power Greater: A Century of Labour in British Columbia| publisher = BC Federation of Labour/Boag Foundation| year = 1967| location = Vancouver| pages = 39–41 }}</ref> The rise of industrial tensions throughout the province led to Canada's first general strike in 1918, at the [[Cumberland, British Columbia|Cumberland]] coal mines on [[Vancouver Island]].<ref>{{cite book| last = Phillips| first = Paul A.| title = No Power Greater: A Century of Labour in British Columbia| publisher = BC Federation of Labour/Boag Foundation| year = 1967| location = Vancouver| pages = 71–74 }}</ref> Following a lull in the 1920s, the strike wave peaked in 1935 when unemployed men flooded the city to protest conditions in the relief camps run by the military in remote areas throughout the province.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Manley| first = John | title = Canadian Communists, Revolutionary Unionism, and the 'Third Period': The Workers' Unity League,| journal = Journal of the Canadian Historical Association, New Series| volume = 5| pages = 167–194| year = 1994| url = http://www.erudit.org/revue/jcha/1994/v5/n1/031078ar.pdf | accessdate =|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="Brown 1987">{{cite book| last = Brown| first = Lorne| title = When Freedom was Lost: The Unemployed, the Agitator, and the State| publisher = Black Rose Books| year = 1987| location = Montreal| isbn = 978-0920057773}}</ref> After two tense months of daily and disruptive protesting, the [[Relief Camp Workers' Union|relief camp strikers]] decided to take their grievances to the federal government and embarked on the [[On-to-Ottawa Trek]],<ref name="Brown 1987"/> but their protest was put down by force. The workers were arrested near [[Mission, British Columbia|Mission]] and interned in work camps for the duration of the Depression.<ref>''Carved From Wood: A History of Mission 1861-1992'', Andreas Schroeder, publ. Mission Foundation (1991), 227 pp., ASIN: B000WB9TWM</ref>

Other social movements, such as the [[first-wave feminism|first-wave feminist]], moral reform, and [[temperance movement]]s were also influential in Vancouver's development. [[Mary Ellen Smith]], a Vancouver [[women's suffrage|suffragist]] and [[Prohibition in Canada|prohibitionist]], became the first woman elected to a [[Legislative Assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories|provincial legislature]] in Canada in 1918.<ref>{{cite book| last = Robin| first = Martin| title = The Rush for Spoils: The Company Province,| publisher = McClelland and Stewart| year = 1972| location = Toronto| page = 172| isbn = 0771076754}}</ref> Alcohol prohibition began in the [[World War I|First World War]] and lasted until 1921, when the provincial government established control over alcohol sales, a practice still in place today.<ref>{{cite book| last = Robin| first = Martin| title = The Rush for Spoils: The Company Province,| publisher = McClelland and Stewart| year = 1972| location = Toronto| pages = 187–188| isbn = 0771076754}}</ref> Canada's first [[prohibition (drugs)|drug law]] came about following an inquiry conducted by the federal [[Minister of Labour (Canada)|Minister of Labour]] and future [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]], [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]]. King was sent to investigate damages claims resulting from a riot when the [[Asiatic Exclusion League]] led a rampage through [[Chinatown, Vancouver|Chinatown]] and [[Japantown, Vancouver|Japantown]]. Two of the claimants were [[opium]] manufacturers, and after further investigation, King found that white women were reportedly frequenting [[opium den]]s as well as [[Chinese Canadian|Chinese]] men. A federal law banning the manufacture, sale, and importation of opium for non-medicinal purposes was soon passed based on these revelations.<ref>{{cite paper| author =Catherine Carstairs|title = 'Hop Heads' and 'Hypes':Drug Use, Regulation and Resistance in Canada, | publisher = University of Toronto | year = 2000| url =http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ53757.pdf| format = PDF| accessdate =}}</ref>

[[Amalgamation (politics)|Amalgamation]] with Point Grey and South Vancouver gave the city its final contours not long before takingit its place asbecame the third largest metropolis in the country. As of 1 January 1929, the population of the enlarged Vancouver was 228,193 and it filled the entire peninsula between the [[Burrard Inlet]] and the Fraser River.<ref>{{cite book| last = Francis| first = Daniel| title = L.D.:Mayor Louis Taylor and the Rise of Vancouver| publisher = [[Arsenal Pulp Press]]| year = 2004| location = Vancouver| page = 135| isbn = 1-55152-156-3}}</ref>

==Geography==