Walter Raleigh: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

m

Line 79:

In 1585, Raleigh received {{cvt|40000|acre}} (approximately 0.2% of Ireland) in the [[Munster Plantation]], including the coastal walled town of [[Youghal]] and, further up the [[Munster Blackwater|Blackwater River]], the village of [[Lismore, County Waterford|Lismore]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Raleigh made the town of [[Youghal]] in Ireland his occasional home during his 17 years as an Irish landlord, frequently being domiciled at [[Killua Castle]], [[Clonmellon]], [[County Westmeath]]. He was mayor there from 1588 to 1589.<ref name=":1" /> Raleigh encouraged veterans of the earlier attempts of the [[Roanoke Colony]] settle in Ireland, including [[Thomas Harriot|Thomas Hariot]] and [[John White (colonist and artist)|John White]] from the 1585 trip. (He was the governor of the 1587 trip, but returned with the delivery ship to acquire additional supplies.) Raleigh is credited with introducing potatoes to England and Ireland.<ref name=":3" /> Potatoesthough wouldpotatoes inare timemore havelikely anto outsizedhave rolearrived inthrough the Irish farmingtrade andwith cultureSpain;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thecolumbianexchange.weebly.com/potato.html | title=Potato }}</ref> they were known as ''An Spáinneach Geal'' (the bright Spaniard) before his time, A potato crop failure in the 1800s would lead to the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]] when they were the only crop not exported in bulk to Britain from 1840 to 1852, a time when potatoes across the continent were destroyed by a gigantic outbreak of blight known as the European Potato Failure.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24624391 | jstor=24624391 | title=Remembering and Forgetting the Great Famine in France and Ireland | last1=Neville | first1=Grace | journal=New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua | date=2012 | volume=16 | issue=4 | pages=80–94 | doi=10.1353/nhr.2012.0051 }}</ref>

Amongst Raleigh's acquaintances in Munster was another Englishman who had been granted land in the Irish colonies, poet [[Edmund Spenser]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Raleigh's management of his Irish estates ran into difficulties which contributed to a decline in his fortunes. In 1602, he sold the lands to [[Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork]], who subsequently prospered under kings [[James VI and I|James I]] and [[Charles I of England|Charles I]].{{sfn|Laughton|Lee|1896}}

Line 85:

==New World==

[[File:Sir Walter Raleigh by Simon van de Passe (1617).jpg|thumb|Engraved portrait of Raleigh]]

On March 25, 1584, Queen Elizabeth granted Raleigh [[Royal charter|a royal charter]] authorizingauthorising him to explore, colonise and rule any "remote, heathen and barbarous lands, countries and territories, not actually possessed of any Christian Prince or inhabited by Christian People", in return for one-fifth of all the gold and silver that might be mined there.<ref name=yale.edu/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |location=Manteo, North Carolina |title=Amadas and Barlowe – Fort Raleigh National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/fora/learn/education/amadas-and-barlowe.htm |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607122426/https://www.nps.gov/fora/learn/education/amadas-and-barlowe.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> This charter specified that Raleigh had seven years in which to establish a settlement, or else lose his right to do so. Raleigh and Elizabeth intended that the venture should provide riches from the New World and a base from which to send [[privateer]]s on raids against the treasure fleets of [[Spain]]. The charter was originally given to [[Humphrey Gilbert|Sir Humphrey Gilbert]] who pitched the idea to [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth I]] and died at sea while attempting to accomplish it.

On April 27, 1584, the [[Philip Amadas]] and [[Arthur Barlowe]] expedition set sail from England on an exploratory mission to determine what resources were available in North America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Phillip |title=Amadas and Barlowe Expedition |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/amadas-and-barlowe-expedition |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193309/https://www.ncpedia.org/amadas-and-barlowe-expedition |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Roanoke colony timeline |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/Roanoke_Colony/ |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193706/https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/Roanoke_Colony/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They returned with two of the local inhabitants, Manteo and Wanchese, in August 1584, and reported of their findings.<ref name=":4" /> The region (the majority of the east coast) received the name "Virginia" for the Virgin [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth I]], which is the origin of the name of the modern day [[Virginia|state]].<ref name=":3" />

Line 144:

==Trial and imprisonment==

[[File:Bloodytower interior.jpg|left|thumb|Raleigh's cell, Bloody Tower, Tower of London]]

Royal favour with Queen Elizabeth had been restored by this time, but his good fortune did not last; the Queen died on 24 March 1603. Raleigh was arrested on 19 July 1603 at what is now the Old Exeter Inn in [[Ashburton, Devon|Ashburton]], charged with [[treason]] for his involvement in the [[Main Plot]] against Elizabeth's successor, [[James VI and I|James I]], and imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]].{{sfn|May|1989|p=19}}

Raleigh's trial began on 17 November in the converted [[Great hall|Great Hall]] of [[Winchester Castle]]. Raleigh conducted his own defence. The chief evidence against him was the signed and sworn confession of his friend [[Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham]]. Raleigh repeatedly requested that Cobham be called to testify. "[Let] my acuser come face to face, and be deposed. Were the case but for a small [[copyhold]], you would have witnesses or good proof to lead the jury to a verdict; and I am here for my life!" Raleigh argued that the evidence against him was "[[hearsay]]", but the tribunal refused to allow Cobham to testify and be [[cross-examination|cross-examined]].<ref name=crimtrial/><ref name=uark.edu/> Raleigh's trial has been regularly cited as influential in establishing a [[common law]] right to confront accusers in court.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=Penny J. |title=Rescuing the Confrontation Clause |journal=South Carolina Law Review |date=Spring 2003 |volume=54 |issue=3 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/347466289.pdf |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023844/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/347466289.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Perry |first1=Hadley |title=Virtually Face-to-Face: The Confrontation Clause and the Use of Two-Way Video Testimony |journal=Roger Williams University Law Review |date=Spring 2008 |volume=13 |issue=2 |url=https://docs.rwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1393&context=rwu_LR |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023845/https://docs.rwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1393&context=rwu_LR |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jonakait |first1=Randolph N. |title=The Origins of the Confrontation Clause: An Alternative History |journal=[[Rutgers Law Journal]] |date=Autumn 1995 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=77–168 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230508635.pdf |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023845/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230508635.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shaviro |first1=Daniel N. |title=The Confrontation Clause Today in Light of its Common Law Background |journal=Valparaiso University Law Review |date=1991 |volume=26 |pages=337–366 |url=https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2140&context=vulr |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023845/https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2140&context=vulr |url-status=live }}</ref> Raleigh was convicted, but King James spared his life.{{sfn|Rowse|1962|p=241}}

Line 158:

Raleigh was beheaded in the [[Old Palace Yard]] at the [[Palace of Westminster]] on 29 October 1618. "Let us dispatch", he said to his executioner. "At this hour my [[Fever|ague]] comes upon me. I would not have my enemies think I quaked from fear." After he was allowed to see the axe that would be used to behead him, he mused: "This is a sharp Medicine, but it is a Physician for all diseases and miseries." According to biographers, Raleigh's last words, spoken to the hesitating executioner, were: "What dost thou fear? Strike, man, strike!"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Forbes |first1=Malcolm |title=They Went That-a-way |date=1988 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=New York |isbn=0-671-65709-7 |page=250}}</ref>{{sfn|Trevelyan|2002|p=552}}

[[Thomas Hariot]] may have introduced him to [[tobacco]].{{Sfn|Ley|1965|p=88}} Having been one of the people to popularise tobacco smoking in England, he left a small [[tobacco pouch]], found in his cell shortly after his execution. Engraved upon the pouch was a [[Latin]] inscription: ''Comes meus fuit in illo miserrimo tempore'' ("It was my companion at that most miserable time").{{sfn|Borio|2007}}<ref name=wallacecollection.org/>

Raleigh's head was embalmed and presented to his wife. His body was to be buried in the local church in [[Beddington]], [[Surrey]], the home of Lady Raleigh, but was finally laid to rest in [[St. Margaret's, Westminster]], where his tomb is located.{{sfn|Williams|1988|p=}} "The Lords", she wrote, "have given me his dead body, though they have denied me his life. God hold me in my wits."{{sfn|Durant|Durant|1961|p=158|loc=Chap. VI}} It has been said that Lady Raleigh kept her husband's head in a velvet bag until her death.{{sfn|Brushfield|1896|p=}} After Raleigh's wife's death 29 years later, his head was removed to his tomb and interred at St. Margaret's Church.{{sfn|Lloyd|Mitchinson|2006|p=}} Although Raleigh's popularity had waned considerably since his Elizabethan heyday, his execution was seen by many, both at the time and since, as unnecessary and unjust, as for many years his involvement in the Main Plot seemed to have been limited to a meeting with [[Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham|Lord Cobham]].{{sfn|Christenson|1991|pp=385–387}} One of the judges at his trial later said: "The justice of England has never been so degraded and injured as by the condemnation of the honourable Sir Walter Raleigh."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://federalevidence.com/pdf/2007/13-SCt/Crawford_v._Washington.pdf|title=Crawford v. Washington|page=44|access-date=25 April 2017|archive-date=10 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710234318/http://federalevidence.com/pdf/2007/13-SCt/Crawford_v._Washington.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Line 168:

==Poetry==

[[File:Raleigh OfFardell ArmsRaleighArms.svgJPG|thumb|180px|Arms of Sir Walter Raleigh: ''Gules, five fusils conjoined in bend argent''<ref>[[William Pole (antiquary)|Pole, Sir William]] (d.1635), Collections Towards a Description of the County of Devon, [[Sir John de la Pole, 6th Baronet|Sir John-William de la Pole]] (ed.), London, 1791, p. 499</ref>]]

Raleigh's poetry is written in the relatively straightforward, unornamented mode known as the plain style. [[C. S. Lewis]] considered Raleigh one of the era's "silver poets", a group of writers who resisted the [[Italian Renaissance]] influence of dense classical reference and elaborate poetic devices. His writing contains strong personal treatments of themes such as love, loss, beauty, and time. Most of his poems are short lyrics that were inspired by actual events.{{sfn|Black et al.|2011|p=724}}

Line 232:

Raleigh has been widely speculated to be responsible for introducing the [[potato]] to Europe, and was a key figure in bringing it to Ireland. However, modern historians dispute this claim, suggesting it would have been impossible for Raleigh to have discovered the potato in the places he visited.{{sfn|Salaman|Burton|1985|p=148}}

Due to Raleigh's role in the popularisation of [[smoking]], [[John Lennon]] humorously referred to him as "such a stupid [[Git (slang)|gitget]]"<!--"gitget" is correct, as Liverpudlian - see Talk#Raleigh in pop culture--> in the song "[[I'm So Tired]]" on the "White Album" ''[[The Beatles (album)|The Beatles]]'' (1968).<ref>[http://www.thebeatles.com/song/im-so-tired ''The Beatles'' (''The White Album'') "I'm So Tired" website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924033759/https://www.thebeatles.com/song/im-so-tired |date=24 September 2018 }}. Retrieved 11 December 2014</ref>

Various colourful stories are told about him, such as laying his cloak over a puddle for the Queen, but they are probably apocryphal.<ref name="Fragmenta">[[Robert Naunton|Naunton, Robert]] ''Fragmenta Regalia'' 1694, reprinted 1824.

</ref>{{sfn|Fuller|1684|p=749}}<ref>[http://history.howstuffworks.com/history-vs-myth/10-historical-misconceptions9.htm 10 Historical Misconceptions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112300/http://history.howstuffworks.com/history-vs-myth/10-historical-misconceptions9.htm |date=28 January 2015 }}, [[HowStuffWorks]]</ref> The story of Raleigh's trial is included in [[John George Phillimore]]'s 1850 book ''The History and Principles of Evidence'', and his commentary on the story is included in many law school textbooks on evidence in [[common law]] countries.

In January 2014, the Raleigh Rum Company was founded in Raleigh, North Carolina.

The author [[George Garrett (poet)|George Garrett]]'s historical fiction novel ''[[Death of the Fox]]'' explores Raleigh's relationships with Elizabeth I and her successor James I.

Line 440 ⟶ 438:

[[Category:Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms]]

[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]

[[Category:Lord-Lieutenantslieutenants of Cornwall]]

[[Category:Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Cornwall]]

[[Category:Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Devon]]