Walter Raleigh: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia
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'''Sir Walter Raleigh{{efn |name=pronunciation}}''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɔː|l|i|,_|ˈ|r|æ|l|i|,_|ˈ|r|ɑː|l|i}}; {{circa|1552}} – 29 October 1618) was an English statesman, soldier, writer and explorer. One of the most notable figures of the [[Elizabethan era]], he played a leading part in [[English colonisation of North America]], suppressed rebellion in [[Ireland]], helped defend [[Kingdom of England|England]] against the [[Spanish Armada]] and held political positions under [[Elizabeth I]].
Raleigh was born to a [[landed gentry]] family of [[Protestant]] faith in [[Devon]], the son of Walter Raleigh and Catherine Champernowne. He was the younger half-brother of Sir [[Humphrey Gilbert]] and a cousin of Sir [[Richard Grenville]]. Little is known of his early life, though in his late teens he spent some time in [[Kingdom of France|France]] taking part in the [[French Wars of Religion|religious civil wars]]. In his 20s he took part in the suppression of rebellion in the [[Plantations of Ireland|colonisation]] of [[Ireland]]; he also participated in the [[siege of Smerwick]]. Later, he became a landlord of property in Ireland and mayor of [[Youghal]] in east [[Munster]], where his house still stands in [[Myrtle Grove, Youghal|Myrtle Grove]].<ref>{{cite web | title=The Church and Town of Sir Walter Raleigh | website=United Diocese of Cork, Cloyne and Ross | date=21 May 2021 | url=http://cork.anglican.org/tourism/historical-interest/the-church-and-town-of-sir-walter-raleigh/ | access-date=15 June 2021 | archive-date=19 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019122216/http://cork.anglican.org/tourism/historical-interest/the-church-and-town-of-sir-walter-raleigh/ | url-status=live }}</ref> He rose rapidly in the favour of Queen [[Elizabeth I]] and was knighted in 1585. He was granted a [[royal patent]] to explore [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia]], paving the way for future English settlements. In 1591, he secretly married [[Elizabeth Throckmorton]], one of the Queen's [[Lady-in-waiting|ladies-in-waiting]], without the Queen's permission, for which he and his wife were sent to the [[Tower of London]]. After his release, they retired to his estate at [[Sherborne]], [[Dorset]].
In 1594, Raleigh heard of a "City of Gold" in [[South America]] and sailed to find it, publishing an exaggerated account of his experiences in a book that contributed to the legend of "[[El Dorado]]". After Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, Raleigh was again imprisoned in the Tower, this time for being involved in the [[Main Plot]] against [[James VI and I|King James I]], who was not favourably disposed towards him. In 1616, he was released to lead a second expedition in search of El Dorado. During the expedition, men led by his top commander ransacked a Spanish outpost, in violation of both the terms of his pardon and the [[Treaty of London (1604)|1604 peace treaty with Spain]]. Raleigh returned to England and, to appease the Spanish, he was arrested and executed in 1618.
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''See [[Plantations of Ireland]]''
From 1579 to late 1580, Raleigh took part in the suppression of the [[Desmond Rebellions]]. He was present at the [[siege of Smerwick]], where he led the party that beheaded some 600 Spanish and Italian soldiers.{{sfn|St. John|1869|pp=52–77}}{{sfn|Nicholls|Williams|2011|p=15}} In September 1584, [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth I]] had the land surveyed to be divided amongst her "Undertakers"(People she appointed to undertake supervision of colonization of the region) to colonize.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Munster Plantation, 1584–98 |url=https://core.ecu.edu/umc/munster/settlement_munster.html |website=ecu.edu |quote="extensive crown-sponsored surveying of his lands began in September, 1584" |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607053833/https://core.ecu.edu/umc/Munster/settlement_munster.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=1584 – the Plantation of Munster |url=https://www.coleslane.com/1584---plantation-of-munster}}</ref>
In 1585, Raleigh received {{cvt|40000|acre}} (approximately 0.2% of Ireland) in the [[Munster Plantation]], including the coastal walled town of [[Youghal]] and, further up the [[Munster Blackwater|Blackwater River]], the village of [[Lismore, County Waterford|Lismore]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
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==New World==
[[File:Sir Walter Raleigh by Simon van de Passe (1617).jpg|thumb|Engraved portrait of Raleigh]]
On March 25, 1584, Queen Elizabeth granted Raleigh [[Royal charter|a royal charter]] authorizing him to explore, colonise and rule any "remote, heathen and barbarous lands, countries and territories, not actually possessed of any Christian Prince or inhabited by Christian People", in return for one-fifth of all the gold and silver that might be mined there.<ref name=yale.edu/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |location=Manteo, North Carolina |title=Amadas and Barlowe – Fort Raleigh National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/fora/learn/education/amadas-and-barlowe.htm |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607122426/https://www.nps.gov/fora/learn/education/amadas-and-barlowe.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> This charter specified that Raleigh had seven years in which to establish a settlement, or else lose his right to do so. Raleigh and Elizabeth intended that the venture should provide riches from the New World and a base from which to send [[privateer]]s on raids against the treasure fleets of [[Spain]]. The charter was originally given to [[Humphrey Gilbert|Sir Humphrey Gilbert]] who pitched the idea to [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth I]] and died at sea while attempting to accomplish it.
On April 27, 1584, the [[Philip Amadas]] and [[Arthur Barlowe]] expedition set sail from England on an exploratory mission to determine what resources were available in North America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Phillip |title=Amadas and Barlowe Expedition |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/amadas-and-barlowe-expedition |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193309/https://www.ncpedia.org/amadas-and-barlowe-expedition |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Roanoke colony timeline |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/Roanoke_Colony/ |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193706/https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/Roanoke_Colony/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They returned with two of the local inhabitants, Manteo and Wanchese, in August 1584, and reported of their findings.<ref name=":4" /> The region (the majority of the east coast) received the name "Virginia" for the Virgin [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth I]], which is the origin of the name of the modern day [[Virginia|state]].<ref name=":3" />
In 1585, he sent a militarized group to North America to set up a fort to raid Spanish ships and become the first English colony in North America. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Walter Raleigh (c. 1552–1618) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/raleigh_walter.shtml |website=BBC |quote="In 1585, he sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island (now North Carolina)." |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/raleigh_walter.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The voyage was led by [[Richard Grenville|Sir Richard Grenville]] and the colony on [[Roanoke Island]] was governed by [[Ralph Lane]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roanoke Island |url=https://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/roanoke-island/ |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193256/https://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/roanoke-island/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The colony ran out of food after clashes with the local inhabitants and eventually left with [[Francis Drake|Sir Francis Drake]] in June 1586 after resupply attempts failed.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Sir Walter Raleigh {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/english-literature-1500-1799-biographies/sir-walter-raleigh |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=www.encyclopedia.com |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606195502/https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/english-literature-1500-1799-biographies/sir-walter-raleigh |url-status=live }}</ref> Sir Richard Grenvile arrived shortly after the Lane colony left with Drake. He left supplies and 15 men on Roanoke Island and returned to England.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Milton |first=Giles |url=https://archive.org/details/bigchiefelizabet00milt_0/page/n7/mode/2up |title=Big Chief Elizabeth |publisher=Sceptre |year=2000|isbn=9780340748824 }}</ref> They were never seen again.
On July 22, 1587, Raleigh attempted a second expedition, again establishing a settlement on Roanoke Island.<ref name=":2" /> This time, [[List of colonists at Roanoke|a more diverse group of settlers]] was sent, including some entire families,<ref name=si.edu/> under the governance of [[John White (colonist and artist)|John White]].{{sfn|Hakluyt|1965|p=522}} After a short while in America, White returned to England to obtain more supplies for the colony, planning to return in a year. Unfortunately for the colonists at Roanoke, one year became three. The first delay came when Queen Elizabeth I ordered all vessels to remain at port for potential use against the [[Spanish Armada]]. After England's 1588 victory over the Spanish Armada, the ships were given permission to sail.{{sfn|Quinn|1985|pp=125–126}}
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Royal favour with Queen Elizabeth had been restored by this time, but his good fortune did not last; the Queen died on 24 March 1603. Raleigh was arrested on 19 July 1603 at what is now the Old Exeter Inn in Ashburton, charged with [[treason]] for his involvement in the [[Main Plot]] against Elizabeth's successor, [[James VI and I|James I]], and imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]].{{sfn|May|1989|p=19}}
Raleigh's trial began on 17 November in the converted [[Great hall|Great Hall]] of [[Winchester Castle]]. Raleigh conducted his own defence. The chief evidence against him was the signed and sworn confession of his friend [[Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham]]. Raleigh repeatedly requested that Cobham be called to testify. "[Let] my acuser come face to face, and be deposed. Were the case but for a small [[copyhold]], you would have witnesses or good proof to lead the jury to a verdict; and I am here for my life!" Raleigh argued that the evidence against him was "[[hearsay]]", but the tribunal refused to allow Cobham to testify and be [[cross-examination|cross-examined]].<ref name=crimtrial/><ref name=uark.edu/> Raleigh's trial has been regularly cited as influential in establishing a [[common law]] right to confront accusers in court.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=Penny J. |title=Rescuing the Confrontation Clause |journal=South Carolina Law Review |date=Spring 2003 |volume=54 |issue=3 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/347466289.pdf |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023844/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/347466289.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Perry |first1=Hadley |title=Virtually Face-to-Face: The Confrontation Clause and the Use of Two-Way Video Testimony |journal=Roger Williams University Law Review |date=Spring 2008 |volume=13 |issue=2 |url=https://docs.rwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1393&context=rwu_LR |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023845/https://docs.rwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1393&context=rwu_LR |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jonakait |first1=Randolph N. |title=The Origins of the Confrontation Clause: An Alternative History |journal=[[Rutgers Law Journal]] |date=Autumn 1995 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=77–168 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230508635.pdf |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023845/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230508635.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shaviro |first1=Daniel N. |title=The Confrontation Clause Today in Light of its Common Law Background |journal=Valparaiso University Law Review |date=1991 |volume=26 |pages=337–366 |url=https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2140&context=vulr |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023845/https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2140&context=vulr |url-status=live }}</ref> Raleigh was convicted, but King James spared his life.{{sfn|Rowse|1962|p=241}}
While imprisoned in the Tower, Raleigh wrote his incomplete ''[[The History of the World (Raleigh)|The History of the World]]''.{{sfn|Raleigh|1677|p=}} Using a wide array of sources in six languages, Raleigh was fully abreast of the latest continental scholarship. He wrote not about England, but of the ancient world with a heavy emphasis on geography. Despite his intention of providing current advice to the King of England, King James I complained that it was "too sawcie in censuring Princes".{{sfn|Popper|2012|p=18}}{{sfn|Racin|1974|p=}} Raleigh remained imprisoned in the Tower until 1616.{{sfn|Wallace|1959|p=256}} His son, Carew, was conceived and born (in 1604 or 1605) while Raleigh was imprisoned in the Tower.{{sfn|Wallace|1959|p=228}}
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In poems such as "What is Our Life" and "[[The Lie (poem)|The Lie]]", Raleigh expresses a ''[[contemptus mundi]]'' (contempt of the world) attitude more characteristic of the [[Middle Ages]] than of the dawning era of humanistic optimism. But his lesser-known long poem "The Ocean's Love to Cynthia" combines this vein with the more elaborate conceits associated with his contemporaries [[Edmund Spenser]] and [[John Donne]], expressing a melancholy sense of history. The poem was written during his imprisonment in the Tower of London.{{sfn|Black et al.|2011|p=724}}
Raleigh wrote a poetic response to [[Christopher Marlowe]]'s "[[The Passionate Shepherd to His Love]]" of 1592, entitled "[[The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd]]". Both were written in the style of traditional [[pastoral poetry]] and follow the structure of six four-line stanzas employing a [[rhyme scheme]] of [[Clerihew|AABB]], with Raleigh's an almost line-for-line refutation of Marlowe's sentiments.<ref name="latech">{{cite web |url=http://www2.latech.edu/~bmagee/201/marlowe/shepherd_&_notes%26_notes.htm |title=Notes for ''The Passionate Shepherd to His Love'' |publisher=Dr. Bruce Magee, [[Louisiana Tech University]] |access-date=29 October 2012 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623164203/http://www2.latech.edu/~bmagee/201/marlowe/shepherd_%26_notes.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Years later, the 20th-century poet [[William Carlos Williams]] would join the poetic "argument" with his "[[Raleigh Was Right]]".
===List of poems===
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In 2002, Raleigh was featured in the BBC poll of the [[100 Greatest Britons]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021204214727/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/|archive-date=4 December 2002|title=BBC – Great Britons – Top 100|work=[[Internet Archive]]|access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref>
A [[galliard]] was composed in honour of Raleigh by either [[Francis Cutting]] or [[Richard Allison (composer)|Richard Allison]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mathew Holmes lute books: Sir Walter Raleigh's galliard|url=http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-DD-00002-00011/154|publisher=Cambridge Digital Library|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-date=13 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213015413/http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-DD-00002-00011/154|url-status=live}}</ref>
The state capital of [[North Carolina]], its second-largest city, was named [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]] in 1792, after Sir Walter, sponsor of the [[Roanoke Colony]]. In the city, a bronze statue, which has been moved around different locations within the city, was cast in honour of the city's namesake. The "Lost Colony" is commemorated at the [[Fort Raleigh National Historic Site]] on [[Roanoke Island]], North Carolina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelostcolony.org/|title=The Lost Colony – #1 OBX Attraction|website=The Lost Colony|access-date=26 April 2019|archive-date=26 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426125758/https://www.thelostcolony.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Raleigh County, West Virginia]], is named after him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wvculture.org/history/counties/raleigh.html|title=Raleigh County history sources|publisher=West Virginia Division of Culture and History|access-date=30 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205903/http://www.wvculture.org/history/counties/raleigh.html|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref>
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Various colourful stories are told about him, such as laying his cloak over a puddle for the Queen, but they are probably apocryphal.<ref name="Fragmenta">[[Robert Naunton|Naunton, Robert]] ''Fragmenta Regalia'' 1694, reprinted 1824.
</ref>{{sfn|Fuller|1684|p=749}}<ref>[http://history.howstuffworks.com/history-vs-myth/10-historical-misconceptions9.htm 10 Historical Misconceptions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112300/http://history.howstuffworks.com/history-vs-myth/10-historical-misconceptions9.htm |date=28 January 2015 }}, [[HowStuffWorks]]</ref> The story of Raleigh's trial is included in [[John George Phillimore]]'s 1850 book ''The History and Principles of Evidence'', and his commentary on the story is included in many law school textbooks on evidence in [[common law]] countries.
In January 2014, the Raleigh Rum Company was founded in Raleigh, North Carolina.
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<ref name=thelostworld.org>{{cite web |url=http://www.thelostworld.org/characters/Character.htm |title=Walter Raleigh – Delusions of Guiana |website=The Lost World: The Gran Sabana, Canaima National Park and Angel Falls – Venezuela |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=9 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209070538/http://www.thelostworld.org/characters/Character.htm}}</ref>
<ref name=yale.edu>{{cite web|title=Charter to Sir Walter Raleigh: 1584|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/16th_century/raleigh.asp|website=The Avalon Project|publisher=Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-date=23 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123233745/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/16th_century/raleigh.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Midddle Temple">{{citation|title=Register of Admissions to the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple|volume= I|page=39}}</ref>
<ref name="Walter Raleigh Biography">{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/people/walter-raleigh-9450901 |title=Walter Raleigh Biography |website=The Biography Channel |access-date=12 March 2014 |archive-date=13 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313145636/http://www.biography.com/people/walter-raleigh-9450901 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=crimtrial>1 Criminal Trials 400, 400–511, 1850.</ref>
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*{{cite book|author1-link=John Lloyd (producer)|last1=Lloyd |first1=J.|author2-link=John Mitchinson (researcher)|last2=Mitchinson|first2= J.|date=2006|title=[[The Book of General Ignorance]] |publisher=Faber and Faber|isbn=0-307-39491-3}}
*{{cite book|last1=May|first1=Steven W.|title=Sir Walter Ralegh|date=1989|publisher=Twayne|location=Boston, MA|isbn=9780805769838}} Raleigh as a writer and poet.
* {{cite ODNB|id=23039|title=Ralegh, Sir Walter (1554–1618)|last=Nicholls|first=Mark|last2=Williams|first2= Penry |date=17 September 2004}}
* {{Cite journal |title = Stratford Si! Essex No! |last = Nelson |first = Alan H. |year = 2004 |journal = Tennessee Law Review |publisher = Tennessee Law Review Association |volume = 72 |issue = 1 |pages = 149–169 |issn = 0040-3288}}
*{{cite book|last1=Nicholls|first1=Mark |last2=Williams|first2=Penry |title=Sir Walter Raleigh: In Life and Legend|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8TOqi0Dd4cC&pg=PA15|year=2011|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1209-5}}
* {{Cite magazine |title = The Sweet Swan |last = Paster |first = Gail Kern |magazine = [[Harper's Magazine]] |date = April 1999 |url = http://www.harpers.org/archive/1999/04/0060465 |access-date = 2 March 2011 |format = subscription required |pages = 38–41 |archive-date = 3 November 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111103140340/http://harpers.org/archive/1999/04/0060465 |url-status = live }}
* {{Cite journal |title = Irvin Matus's ''Shakespeare, In Fact'' |last = Pendleton |first = Thomas A. |journal = Shakespeare Newsletter |publisher = [[University of Illinois at Chicago]] |volume = 44 |issue = Summer |year = 1994 |pages = 21, 26–30 |issn = 0037-3214}}
*{{cite book|last=Popper|first=Nicholas |title=Walter Ralegh's "History of the World" and the Historical Culture of the Late Renaissance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYCk9b8SPA0C|year=2012|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-67502-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Quinn|first=David B. |title=Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies, 1584–1606|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvA0Az4owikC|year=1985|publisher=UNC Press|location=Chapel Hill|isbn=978-0-8078-4123-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Racin|first=John |title=Sir Walter Ralegh as Historian: An Analysis of The History of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWZExwEACAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Inst. f. Engl. Sprache u. Literatur, Univ. Salzburg}}
*{{cite book|last=Ronald|first=Susan |title=The Pirate Queen: Queen Elizabeth I, Her Pirate Adventurers, and the Dawn of Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3Ny_3Gp95kC|year=2007|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-082066-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Rowse|first=Alfred Leslie |author-link=Alfred Leslie Rowse|title=Ralegh and the Throckmortons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lC8zQEACAAJ|year=1962|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=London|isbn=9787800419980 }}
*{{cite book|last1=Salaman|first1=Redcliffe N. |last2=Burton|first2=William Glynn |title=The History and Social Influence of the Potato|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EV4YE_0RsywC&pg=PA148|year=1985|publisher=University Press|location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-31623-1}}
* {{Cite book |title = Shakespeare's Lives |last = Schoenbaum |first = S. |edition = 2nd |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 1991 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0zZc7VFGNtMC |isbn = 978-0-19-818618-2 }}
*{{cite book|last=St. John|first=James Augustus |author-link=James Augustus St. John|title=Life of Sir Walter Raleigh: 1552–1618|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTnSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA52|year=1869|publisher=Chapman & Hall|chapter=Perpetrates the Massacre of Del Oro}}
* {{Cite book |title = Henry V, War Criminal?: and Other Shakespeare Puzzles |last1 = Sutherland |first1 = John |author-link = John Sutherland (author) |last2 = Watts |first2 = Cedric T. |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 2000 |isbn = 978-0-19-283879-7 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=M_QGoTWMmMgC |access-date = 16 February 2011 }}
*{{cite book|last=Trevelyan|first=Raleigh |author-link=Raleigh Trevelyan|title=Sir Walter Raleigh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oBnAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9326-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Vivian|first=John Lambrick |author-link=John Lambrick Vivian|title=The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Herald's Visitations of 1531, 1564, & 1620|url=https://archive.org/details/VisitationOfTheCountyOfDevonInTheYear1620/|year=1895|publisher=H. S. Eland}}
*{{Cite book|last=Wallace|first=Willard Mosher |author-link=Willard M. Wallace|title=Sir Walter Raleigh|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1959|isbn=978-1-4008-7900-7|location=Princeton, N.J.|oclc=927442536}}
*{{Cite web |title=Who Really Wrote Shakespeare's Plays? Sir Walter Raleigh ? |last1=Wallechinsky |first1=David |last2=Wallace |first2=Irving |work=trivia-library.com |date=1981 |access-date=6 September 2020 |url=https://www.trivia-library.com/b/who-really-wrote-shakespeare-plays-sir-walter-raleigh.htm |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126101739/https://www.trivia-library.com/b/who-really-wrote-shakespeare-plays-sir-walter-raleigh.htm |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book|last=Williams|first= Norman Lloyd |date=1988|title=Sir Walter Raleigh|series=Cassell Biographies|url=https://archive.org/details/sirwalterraleigh00will|ol=24939443M|oclc=18325609|isbn=9780304322411}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Raleigh_Sir_Walter_ca_1552-1618|title=Sir Walter Raleigh (ca. 1552–1618)|last=Wolfe|first=Brendan|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Virginia|publisher=Virginia Humanities |access-date=1 March 2020|date= 2018|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030101630/https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Raleigh_Sir_Walter_ca_1552-1618|url-status=live}}
*{{cite ODNB|id=26740|title=Stucley, Sir Lewis|first=Mary|last=Wolffe|date=23 September 2004}}
{{refend}}
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* Hiscock, Andrew. "Walter Ralegh and the Arts of Memory." ''Literature Compass'' 4.4 (2007): 1030–1058.
* Dwyer, Jack. ''Dorset Pioneers'' [[The History Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-7524-5346-0}}
* Gallay, Alan. ''Walter Ralegh: Architect of Empire'' (2019), a major scholarly biography [https://www.amazon.com/Walter-Ralegh-Architect-Alan-Gallay/dp/1541645790/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326210006/https://www.amazon.com/Walter-Ralegh-Architect-Alan-Gallay/dp/1541645790 |date=26 March 2024 }}
* Holmes, John. "The Guiana Projects: Imperial and Colonial Ideologies in Ralegh and Purchas." ''Literature & History'' 14.2 (2005): 1–13.
* Lawson-Peebles, Robert. "The many faces of Sir Walter Ralegh" ''History Today'' 48.3 (1998): 17+.
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* Pemberton, Henry (Author); Carroll Smyth (Editor), Susan L. Pemberton (Contributor) ''Shakespeare And Sir Walter Raleigh: Including Also Several Essays Previously Published In The New Shakspeareana'', Kessinger Publishing, LLC; 264 pages, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0548312483}}
* Ralegh, Sir Walter, and Michael Rudick. "The Poems of Sir Walter Ralegh: A Historical Edition." (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies/Renaissance English Text Society, 1999).
* [[William Stebbing|Stebbing, William]]: ''Sir Walter Ralegh'' Oxford, 1899 [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25029 Project Gutenberg eText] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007202012/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25029 |date=7 October 2019 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Tytler|first=Patrick Fraser|author-link=Patrick Fraser Tytler|year=1848|title=Life of Sir Walter Raleigh, Founded on Authentic and Original Documents|publisher=T. Nelson and Sons|publication-date=1853|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/lifesirwalterra02tytlgoog|access-date=17 August 2008}}
{{refend}}