Zimbabwe: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

Article Images

Line 194:

===Declaration of independence and civil war (1965–1980)===

{{Main|Rhodesia|~~Rhodesian Bush~~Zimbabwean War of Independence|Zimbabwe Rhodesia|Lancaster House Agreement}}

[[File:Udi2-rho.jpg|thumb|[[Ian Smith]] signing the [[Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)|Unilateral Declaration of Independence]] on 11 November 1965 with his cabinet in audience]]

Line 240:

In 2018, President Mnangagwa announced that his government would seek to rejoin [[the Commonwealth]], which is as of 2023 conducting a fact-finding mission prior to asking the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]] to issue a recommendation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Canada and others debate Zimbabwe's bid to rejoin Commonwealth|journal=[[The Globe and Mail]]|page=A4|date=7 Feb 2023|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-canada-zimbabwe-commonwealth-membership-bid/}}</ref>

In August 2023, President Emmerson Mnangagwa won a second term in an outcome of the [[2023 Zimbabwean general election|election]] rejected by the opposition and questioned by observers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe's President Mnangagwa wins second term, opposition rejects result |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/27/zimbabwes-president-mnangagwa-wins-second-term-opposition-rejects-result |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> In September 2023, Zimbabwe signed control over almost 20% of the country's land to the [[carbon credit|carbon offset]] company [[Blue Carbon (company)|Blue Carbon]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/nov/30/the-new-scramble-for-africa-how-a-uae-sheikh-quietly-made-carbon-deals-for-forests-bigger-than-uk|title=The new ~~‘scramble~~'scramble for ~~Africa’~~Africa': how a UAE sheikh quietly made carbon deals for forests bigger than UK|author=Patrick Greenfield|journal=The Guardian|date=30 November 2023|access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref>

==Geography==

Line 375:

=== Minerals ===

The mining sector is lucrative, with some of the world's largest [[platinum]] reserves being mined by [[Anglo American plc]], Zimplats, and Impala Platinum.<ref name="nofix" /> Zimplats, the nation's largest platinum company, has proceeded with US$500 million in expansions, and is also continuing a separate US$2 billion project, despite threats by Mugabe to nationalise the company.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dube |first=Jennifer |date=3 April 2011 |title=Zimplats ignores seizure threat |newspaper=The Standard |location=Harare, Zimbabwe |url=http://www.thestandard.co.zw/business/29142-zimplats-ignores-seizure-threat.html |access-date=4 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511145956/http://www.thestandard.co.zw/business/29142-zimplats-ignores-seizure-threat.html |archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref>

Line 384 ⟶ 385:

===Agriculture===

[[File:Shona farms Zimbabwe.jpg|thumb|[[Shona people|Shona]] farms in Zimbabwe]]

Zimbabwe's commercial farming sector was traditionally a source of exports and foreign exchange and provided 400,000 jobs. However, the government's land reform program badly damaged the sector, turning Zimbabwe into a net importer of food products.<ref name="CIA-WF"/> For example, between 2000 and 2016, annual wheat production fell from 250,000 tons to 60,000 tons, maize was reduced from two million tons to 500,000 tons and cattle slaughtered for beef fell from 605,000 head to 244,000 head.<ref name="Out of House" /> Coffee production, once a prized export commodity, came to a virtual halt after seizure or expropriation of white-owned coffee farms in 2000 and has never recovered.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsofthesouth.com/zimbabwes-coffee-production-declines/ |title=Zimbabwe's Coffee Production Declines |last=Mumera |first=Wisdom |date=9 January 2016 |website=newsofhesouth.com}}</ref>

Line 395 ⟶ 397:

Several airlines pulled out of Zimbabwe between 2000 and 2007. Australia's [[Qantas]], Germany's [[Lufthansa]], and [[Austrian Airlines]] were among the first to pull out and in 2007 [[British Airways]] suspended all direct flights to Harare.<ref name="tourism">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1220218.stm|title=Sun sets on Zimbabwe tourism|author=Machipisa, Lewis|access-date=16 November 2007|work=BBC News|date=14 March 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/10/29/wairways129.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130233121/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F10%2F29%2Fwairways129.xml |archive-date=30 November 2007 |title=British Airways abandons flights to Zimbabwe |author=Berger, Sebastien |access-date=16 November 2007 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London, UK |date=29 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The country's flagship airline, [[Air Zimbabwe]], which operated flights throughout Africa and a few destinations in Europe and Asia, ceased operations in February 2012.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sibanda|first=Tichaona|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201202231437.html|title=Zimbabwe: Air Zimbabwe Vanishes From the Skies Indefinitely|website=allAfrica.com|date=23 February 2012|access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref>{{update inline|date=August 2017}} As of 2017, several major commercial airlines had resumed flights to Zimbabwe.

Zimbabwe has several major tourist attractions. Victoria Falls on the Zambezi, which are shared with Zambia, are located in the north-west of Zimbabwe. Victoria Falls is considered to be the largest waterfall in the world.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe geography, maps, climate, environment and terrain from Zimbabwe {{!}} - CountryReports |url=https://www.countryreports.org/country/Zimbabwe/geography.htm |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=www.countryreports.org}}</ref> Before the economic changes, much of the tourism for these locations came to the Zimbabwe side, but now Zambia is the main beneficiary. The [[Victoria Falls National Park]] is also in this area and is one of the eight main national parks in Zimbabwe,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zimbabwetourism.net/index.php/where-to-go/destinations/hwange-national-park|title=Zimbabwe Tourism Authority|website=zimbabwetourism.net|access-date=16 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203100122/http://www.zimbabwetourism.net/index.php/where-to-go/destinations/hwange-national-park|archive-date=3 December 2007}}</ref> the largest of which is [[Hwange National Park]]. [[Lake Kariba]], another site for tourism, is the largest reservoir in the world.<ref name=":5" />

The Eastern Highlands are a series of mountainous areas near the border with Mozambique. The highest peak in Zimbabwe, [[Mount Nyangani]] at {{convert|2,593|m|ft|abbr=on}} is located there as well as the [[Bvumba Mountains]] and the [[Nyanga National Park]]. [[World's View, Nyanga|World's View]] is in these mountains, and it is from here that places as far away as {{convert|60|–|70|km|mi|abbr=on}} are visible and, on clear days, the town of [[Rusape]] can be seen.

Line 408 ⟶ 410:

[[File:Life sciences and geosciences dominate, Cumulative totals by field, 2008–2014.svg|thumb|Scientific research output in terms of publications in Southern Africa, cumulative totals by field, 2008–2014. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), figure 20.6.]]

Zimbabwe has relatively well-developed national infrastructure and a long-standing tradition of promoting research and development, as evidenced by the levy imposed on tobacco-growers since the 1930s to promote market research.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002288/228806e.pdf|title=Mapping Research and Innovation in the Republic of Zimbabwe|editor-last=Lemarchand|editor-first=Guillermo A.|editor-last2=Schneegans|editor-first2=Susan|publisher=UNESCO|year=2014|isbn=978-92-3-100034-8|location=Paris|pages=Volume 2. GO–SPIN Profiles in Science, Technology and Innovation}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|title=UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030|publisher=UNESCO|year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100129-1|location=Paris|pages=535–555}}</ref> The country has a well-developed education system, with one in 11 adults holding a tertiary degree. Given the country's solid knowledge base and abundant natural resources, Zimbabwe has great growth potential.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Zimbabwe was ranked 117th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023, down from rank 107 in 2022.<ref>{{Cite ~~journal~~book |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=www.wipo.int |date=2022 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |isbn=978-92-805-3432-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref>

To achieve its growth potential, Zimbabwe will need to correct several structural weaknesses. For instance, it lacks the critical mass of researchers needed to trigger innovation. Although the infrastructure is in place to harness research and development to Zimbabwe's socio-economic development, universities and research institutions lack the financial and human resources to conduct research and the regulatory environment hampers the transfer of new technologies to the business sector. The economic crisis has precipitated an exodus of university students and professionals in key areas of expertise (medicine, engineering, etc.) that is of growing concern. More than 22% of Zimbabwean tertiary students were completing their degrees abroad in 2012, compared to a 4% average for sub-Saharan Africa as a whole. In 2012, there were 200 researchers (head count) employed in the public sector, one-quarter of whom were women. This is double the continental average (91 in 2013) but only one-quarter the researcher density of South Africa (818 per million inhabitants). The government has created the Zimbabwe Human Capital Website to provide information for the diaspora on job and investment opportunities in Zimbabwe.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Line 417 ⟶ 419:

In 2014, Zimbabwe counted 21 publications per million inhabitants in internationally cataloged journals, according to Thomson Reuters' Web of Science (Science Citation Index Expanded). This placed Zimbabwe sixth out of the 15 SADC countries, behind Namibia (59), Mauritius (71), Botswana (103) and, above all, South Africa (175) and the Seychelles (364). The average for sub-Saharan Africa was 20 scientific publications per million inhabitants, compared to a global average of 176 per million.<ref name=":1" />

===Transportation===▼

*[[National Railways of Zimbabwe]]▼

*[[Robert Gabriel Mugabe International Airport]]▼

==Demographics==

Line 476 ⟶ 483:

At the end of November 2008, some operations at three of Zimbabwe's four major referral hospitals had shut down, along with the Zimbabwe Medical School, and the fourth major hospital had two wards and no operating theatres working.<ref name="hospitalsprnid">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7714892.stm|title=The death throes of Harare's hospitals|date=7 November 2008|publisher=BBC |access-date=3 December 2008 | first=Brian | last=Hungwe}}</ref> Those hospitals still open were not able to obtain basic drugs and medicines.<ref name="coping">{{cite news|url=http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/zimbabwe-feature-261108?opendocument|title=Zimbabwe: coping with the cholera outbreak|date=26 November 2008|access-date=3 December 2008|archive-date=6 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506063438/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/zimbabwe-feature-261108?opendocument|url-status=dead}}</ref> The situation changed drastically after the Unity Government and the introduction of the multi-currency system in February 2009 although the political and economic crisis also contributed to the emigration of the doctors and people with medical knowledge.<ref name="Zimbabwe cholera deaths near 500">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7760088.stm|title=Zimbabwe cholera deaths near 500|date=2 December 2008|publisher=BBC|access-date=2 December 2008}}</ref>

[[File:2008 Zimbabwe Cholera Outbreak Combined.svg|thumb|Map showing the spread of [[cholera]] in and around Zimbabwe put together from several sources]]

In August 2008 large areas of Zimbabwe were struck by the ongoing cholera epidemic. By December 2008 more than 10,000 people had been infected in all but one of Zimbabwe's provinces, and the outbreak had spread to Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa and Zambia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7768740.stm |title=PM urges Zimbabwe cholera action |work=BBC News |date=6 December 2008 |access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Milliband">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100525140942/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5294534.ece "Miliband backs African calls for end of Mugabe"], ''[[The Times]]'', 5 December 2008.</ref> On 4 December 2008 the Zimbabwe government declared the outbreak to be a national emergency and asked for international aid.<ref name="Zimbabwe declares national emergency over cholera">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE4B31T420081204?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews&rpc=69&pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0|title=Zimbabwe declares national emergency over cholera|date=4 December 2008|work=Reuters|access-date=4 December 2008}}</ref><ref name="emergency">{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hsW9YNn1roEp0rzjeGSJo0pKcj2A|title=Zimbabwe declares cholera outbreak a national emergency|date=4 December 2008|agency=Agence France-Presse |access-date=4 December 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927163223/http://www.undp.org.zw/component/docman/doc_download/230-zimbabwe-poverty-report-2011-april-17-2013 |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref> By 9 March 2009 The World Health Organization estimated that 4,011 people had succumbed to the waterborne disease since the outbreak began, and the total number of cases recorded had reached 89,018.<ref name="On the cholera frontline">[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=83378 On the cholera frontline]. [[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]. 9 March 2009</ref> In Harare, the city council offered free graves to cholera victims.<ref name="rain">{{cite news|url=http://africa.reuters.com/top/news/usnJOE4AT06A.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206151846/http://africa.reuters.com/top/news/usnJOE4AT06A.html|archive-date=6 December 2008|title=Zimbabwe says cholera epidemic may spread with rain|date=30 November 2008|work=Reuters|url-status=dead|access-date=3 December 2008}}</ref>

===Education===

Line 496 ⟶ 503:

Women are often seen as inferior, treated as objects, and viewed in subordinate roles in history and philosophy.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Manyonganise |first=Molly |date=2015 |title=Oppressive and liberative: A Zimbabwean woman's reflections on ubuntu |journal=Verbum et Ecclesia |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.4102/VE.V36I2.1438 |issn=2074-7705 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Ubuntu philosophy|Ubuntu]], an African philosophy's spiritual aspect, instills the belief that boys should be more valued than girls as boys pass on lineage, and the belief system places high value in respecting one's ancestors.<ref name=":10" /> A common expression used in court, "''vakadzi ngavanyarare''", translates to "''women should keep quiet,''" and as a result women are not consulted in decision-making; they must implement the men's wishes.<ref name=":10" /> The subordination of women in Zimbabwe, and the cultural forces which dictate what they must be, have led to deaths and the sacrifice of professional advancement in order for them to fulfill their roles as wives, mothers, and subordinates.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Chabaya|first1=O.|last2=Rembe|first2=S.|last3=Wadesango|first3=N.|date=1 January 2009|title=The persistence of gender inequality in Zimbabwe: factors that impede the advancement of women into leadership positions in primary schools|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/saje/article/view/44152|journal=South African Journal of Education|language=en|volume=29|issue=2|pages=235–251|doi=10.15700/saje.v29n2a259|issn=2076-3433|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":10" /> Women are taught that they must never refuse their husband's sexual advances, even if they know they are infected with HIV from being unfaithful.<ref name=":10" /> As a result of this practice, Zimbabwean women aged 15–49 have an HIV prevalence rate of 16.1% and make up 62% of the total population infected with HIV in that age group.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zimbabwe |url=http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/zimbabwe |access-date=4 December 2018 |website=www.unaids.org |language=en}}</ref>

▲==Transportation==

▲*[[National Railways of Zimbabwe]]

▲*[[Robert Gabriel Mugabe International Airport]]

==Culture==

Line 546 ⟶ 549:

Other sports played in Zimbabwe are basketball, volleyball, [[netball]], and [[water polo]], as well as [[Squash (sport)|squash]], [[motorsport]], martial arts, [[chess]], cycling, [[polocrosse]], [[kayaking]] and [[horse racing]]. However, most of these sports do not have international representatives but instead stay at a junior or national level.

Zimbabwean professional [[rugby league]] players playing overseas are [[Masimbaashe Motongo]] and [[Judah Mazive]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/hull-fc-masimbaashe-matongo-s-dream-journey-just/story-28185324-detail/story.html|title=From Zimbabwe to Hull FC: Masimbaashe Matongo's 'dream' journey is just beginning|date=17 November 2015|newspaper=Hull Daily Mail|access-date=18 February 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225200610/http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Hull-FC-Masimbaashe-Matongo-s-dream-journey-just/story-28185324-detail/story.html|archive-date=25 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://zimbabwe-today.com/2016/10/sports/zimbabwe-teenager-judah-mazive-signs-contract-play-rugby-england/|title=Zimbabwe teenager Judah Mazive signs contract to play rugby in England|newspaper=Zimbabwe Today|access-date=18 February 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113154539/http://zimbabwe-today.com/2016/10/sports/zimbabwe-teenager-judah-mazive-signs-contract-play-rugby-england/|archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> Former players include now [[SANZAAR]] CEO [[Andy Marinos]] who made an appearance for [[South Africa national rugby league team|South Africa]] at the [[Super League World Nines]] and featured for the [[Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs|Sydney Bulldogs]] as well as Zimbabwe-born former [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland rugby union international]] [[Scott Gray (rugby union)|Scott Gray]], who spent time at the [[Brisbane Broncos]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.superxv.com/south-africas-marinos-appointed-new-sanzar-ceo/|title=South Africa's Marinos appointed new SANZAR CEO – Super Rugby – Super 18 Rugby and Rugby Championship News, Results and Fixtures from Super XV Rugby|date=23 November 2015|access-date=18 February 2017|archive-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113121525/http://www.superxv.com/south-africas-marinos-appointed-new-sanzar-ceo/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Zimbabwe has had success in karate as Zimbabwe's [[Samson Muripo]] became [[Kyokushin]] world champion in Osaka, Japan in 2009. Muripo is a two-time World Kyokushi Karate Champion and was the first black African to become the World Kyokushin Karate Champion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The making of Samson Muripo {{!}} The Standard|date=22 October 2017|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2017/10/22/making-samson-muripo/|access-date=2021-07-21|language=en-US}}</ref>

Line 553 ⟶ 556:

The [[Mass media in Zimbabwe|media of Zimbabwe]] is now once again diverse, having come under tight restriction between 2002 and 2008 by the government during the economic and political crisis. The Zimbabwean constitution promises freedom of the media and expression. Since the appointment of a new media and information minister in 2013 the media is facing less political interference, and the supreme court has ruled some sections of the strict media laws as unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite web|title=Supreme Court strikes down repressive media legislation|url=http://cpj.org/2003/05/supreme-court-strikes-down-repressive-media-legisl.php|website=Committee to Protect Journalist|date=7 May 2003}}</ref> In July 2009 the BBC and CNN were able to resume operations and report legally and openly from Zimbabwe. The Zimbabwe Ministry of Media, Information and Publicity stated that, "the Zimbabwe government never banned the BBC from carrying out lawful activities inside Zimbabwe".<ref name="Telegraph" /><ref name="BBC1">{{cite web|author=Williams, Jon |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/theeditors/2009/07/resuming_operations_in_zimbabw.html |title=Resuming operations in Zimbabwe |publisher=BBC |date= 29 July 2009}}</ref>

In 2010 the Zimbabwe Media Commission was established by the inclusive, power-sharing government. In May 2010 the commission licensed three privately owned newspapers, including the previously banned ''[[Daily News (Harare)|Daily News]]'', for publication.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE64P5NX20100526 |title=Zimbabwe licenses new private newspapers |work=Reuters |date=26 May 2010|author=Banya, Nelson }}</ref> [[Reporters Without Borders]] described the decisions as a "major advance".<ref name="IFEX">[http://www.ifex.org/zimbabwe/2010/05/28/licences_granted/ "independent dailies allowed to resume publishing"], ''[[International Freedom of Expression Exchange]]'', 28 May 2010.</ref> In June 2010 ''[[NewsDay (Zimbabwean newspaper)|NewsDay]]'' became the first independent daily newspaper to be published in Zimbabwe in seven years.<ref name="Reuter">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE65312720100604 |title=Zimbabwe gets first private daily newspaper in years |work=Reuters |date=4 June 2010|author=Chinaka, Cris }}</ref> The [[~~ZBC~~Zimbabwe Broadcasting ~~TV|ZBC~~Corporation]]'s monopoly in the broadcasting sector was ended with the licensing of two private radio stations in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Finally, Zimbabwe's 'private' radio station goes on air |url=http://www.zimeye.org/finally-zimbabwes-private-radio-station-goes-on-air/ |publisher=zimeye.org |date=26 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725060843/http://www.zimeye.org/finally-zimbabwes-private-radio-station-goes-on-air/ |archive-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> The main published newspapers are [[The Herald (Zimbabwe)|''The Herald'']] and [[The Chronicle (Zimbabwe)|''The Chronicle'']] which are printed in Harare and Bulawayo respectively.

Since the [[Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act (Zimbabwe)|2002 Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act]] was passed, a number of privately owned news outlets were shut down by the government, including ''Daily News'' whose managing director Wilf Mbanga went on to form the influential ''[[The Zimbabwean]]''.<ref name="rwb" /><ref name="cgmg">Ruzengwe, Blessing (17 March 2005) [https://web.archive.org/web/20060301060504/http://cgmg.jour.city.ac.uk/news.php?story=249 "The nine lives of Wilf Mbanga"], ''The London Globe'' via ''[[Metrovox]]''.</ref> As a result, many press organisations have been set up in both neighbouring and Western countries by exiled Zimbabweans. Because the internet is unrestricted, many Zimbabweans are allowed to access online news sites set up by exiled journalists.<ref name="fh">{{cite web |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2007 |title=Freedom House 2007 Map of Press Freedom: Zimbabwe |publisher=Freedomhouse.org |access-date=6 June 2012 |archive-date=27 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227144203/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Reporters Without Borders claims the media environment in Zimbabwe involves "surveillance, threats, imprisonment, censorship, blackmail, abuse of power and denial of justice are all brought to bear to keep firm control over the news."<ref name="rwb" /> In its 2021 report, Reporters Without Borders ranked the Zimbabwean media as 130th out of 180, noting that "access to information has improved and self-censorship has declined, but journalists are still often attacked or arrested".<ref name="rwb">{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/zimbabwe |title=Reporters without Borders Press Freedom Index |publisher=Reports Without Borders |access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref> The government also bans many foreign broadcasting stations from Zimbabwe, including the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]], Sky News, [[Channel 4]], [[American Broadcasting Company]], [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]], and [[Fox News]]. News agencies and newspapers from other Western countries and South Africa have also been banned from the country.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}