List of cities by sunshine duration


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The following is a list of cities by sunshine duration. Sunshine duration is a climatological indicator, measuring duration of sunshine in given period (usually, a day or a year) for a given location on Earth, typically expressed as an averaged value over several years. It is a general indicator of cloudiness of a location, and thus differs from insolation, which measures the total energy delivered by sunlight over a given period.

Sunshine duration is usually expressed in hours per year, or in (average) hours per day. The first measure indicates the general sunniness of a location compared with other places, while the latter allows for comparison of sunshine in various seasons in the same location.[1] Another often-used measure is percentage ratio of recorded bright sunshine duration and daylight duration in the observed period.

  1. ^ "8. Measurement of Sunshine Duration" (PDF), Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation, WMO, 2008, archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2012
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Étude méthodologique pour l'utilisation des données climatologiques de l'Afrique tropicale" (PDF). Horizon Documentation. Comité Interafricain d'Etudes Hydrauliques. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  3. ^ "Odienné–Aero Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  4. ^ "Cotonou, Benin Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  5. ^ "KANDI Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  6. ^ "Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Lome, Togo". Climatemps. Archived from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  7. ^ "Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Accra, Ghana". Clima Temps. Archived from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  8. ^ "Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Tamale, Ghana". Clima Temps. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  9. ^ "Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Kumasi, Ghana". Clima Temps. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  10. ^ "Garoua Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  11. ^ "Ngaoundéré Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  12. ^ "Libreville Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  13. ^ "Port-Gentil Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  14. ^ "Climatological Information for Lagos, Nigeria". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
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  16. ^ "Khartoum Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  17. ^ "Sunshine guide to Asmara and the Eritrea, Highlands, Eritrea" (PDF). short.climates.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  18. ^ "Klimatafel von Ouagadougou / Burkina Faso (Obervolta)" (PDF). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  19. ^ "Klimatafel von Ouahigouya / Burkina Faso (Obervolta)" (PDF). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  20. ^ "Climatological Normals of Niamey". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  21. ^ "ND'Jamena Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  22. ^ "Abeche Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  23. ^ "Average Conditions Banjul, Gambia". BBC Weather. Archived from the original on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
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  25. ^ "Djibouti Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  26. ^ a b "Mean monthly sunshine duration (in/month, 1961–1970) in Mali (Direction Nationale de la Meteorologie, Bamako, Mali)". Humanity Development Library. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  27. ^ "BKO–s (Bamako) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  28. ^ "Algeriet – Alger/Dar-El-Beida" (PDF). Danish Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  29. ^ J. L. Cloudsley-Thompson (1984). Sahara Desert. Published in collaboration with the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources by Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0-08-028869-7.
  30. ^ "Climatological Information for Tunis, Tunisia". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  31. ^ "Gabès Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  32. ^ "Climatological Information for Rabat, Morocco". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  33. ^ "Marrakech (Marrakesh) Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  34. ^ "Ouarzazate Climate Normals 1961–1990"". WMO. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  35. ^ a b c d e M.M.A. Shahin (1985). Hydrology of the Nile Basin. Elsevier. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-08-088756-2.
  36. ^ "Marsa Alam, Egypt: Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data". Weather2Travel. Archived from the original on 31 December 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  37. ^ "Libyen – Tripoli" (PDF). Danish Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  38. ^ "Wetter im Detail: Klimadaten". WetterKontor, via Spiegel Online. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  39. ^ "Climatological Information for Mombase, Kenya". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  40. ^ "WMO Climate Normals for DAGORETTI 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  41. ^ "Garissa Climate Normals 1961–1990". WMO. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
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  43. ^ "Klimatafel von Dodoma / Tansania" (PDF). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  44. ^ "Surface Waters Potential of the Hantebet Basin, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia" (PDF). Ecommons. Nata Tadesse. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 February 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  45. ^ "Average Conditions Kinshasa, Congo Democratic Republic". BBC. Archived from the original on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  46. ^ "Climate Statistics for Pretoria, South Africa". The Weather Network. Archived from the original on 17 February 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  47. ^ "Cape Town Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  48. ^ "Johannesburg Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  49. ^ "Bloemfontein Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  50. ^ "Upington Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  51. ^ "Durban Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  52. ^ "Sunshine guide to the Gaborone area, Botswana" (PDF). short.climates.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  53. ^ "Ndola MET Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  54. ^ "LUSAKA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Archived from the original on 20 May 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  55. ^ "Livingstone MET Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  56. ^ "Harare Kutsaga Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  57. ^ "Bulawayo Airport Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  58. ^ "Karonga Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  59. ^ "Chileka Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  60. ^ "Climatological Information for Mzuzu, Malawi". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  61. ^ "Fianarantsoa Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  62. ^ "Tamatave/Toamasina Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  63. ^ "Antananarivo Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  64. ^ "Diego–Suarez/Antsir (Antsiranana) Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  65. ^ "Majunga/Mahajanga Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  66. ^ "Average Conditions Maputo, Mozambique". BBC Weather. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  67. ^ "BBC Weather - Bangui". BBC Weather. BBC Weather. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  68. ^ "Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Birao, Central African Republic". Climatemps. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  69. ^ "Klimatafel von Bujumbura (Usambara) / Burundi" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  70. ^ "Conakry Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  71. ^ "Kankan Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  72. ^ "Bissau Climate Guide". Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas. Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  73. ^ "Klimatafel von Bata / Insel Mbini / Äquatorial-Guinea" (PDF). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  74. ^ "Malabo, Equatorial Guinea". Climate & Temperature. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  75. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1961-1990: Kabul" (TXT). ncei.noaa.gov. National Centers for Environmental Information. Archived from the original on 4 May 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2024. WMO Station Number: 40948
  76. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1964-1983: Faiz abad" (TXT). ncei.noaa.gov. National Centers for Environmental Information. Archived from the original on 7 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024. WMO Station Number: 40904
  77. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1964-1983: Kandahar" (TXT). ncei.noaa.gov. National Centers for Environmental Information. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2024. WMO Station Number: 40990
  78. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1968-1983: Kunduz" (TXT). ncei.noaa.gov. National Centers for Environmental Information. Archived from the original on 7 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024. WMO Station Number: 40913
  79. ^ Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens. "Libanon – Beyrouth" (PDF). Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. p. 167. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  80. ^ "Station 41923 Dhaka". Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration. Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
  81. ^ "Monthly Meteorological Normals for Hong Kong". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  82. ^ 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年） (in Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  83. ^ a b "Macao Climate: 30-year Statistics of some meteorological elements". Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  84. ^ China Meteorological Administration Archived 2013-09-21 at the Wayback Machine
  85. ^ "Average Sunshine a Year in India, 1961–1990". Current Results. Archived from the original on 26 October 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  86. ^ "Weatherbase entry for Kolkata". Canty and Associates LLC. Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2006.
  87. ^ "Mumbai Climate and Weather Averages, India". Weather2Travel. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  88. ^ "Average Sunshine a Year in India, 1961–1990". Current Results. Archived from the original on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  89. ^ "Weather Averages for Jakarta, Java, Indonesia Climate.htm". climatemps.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
  90. ^ "Form 42: MONTHLY TOTAL OF SUNSHINE HOURS Station: Bandar Abbas(40875)". Chaharmahalmet. IRIMO. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  91. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Gorgan-40738" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov (Excel). National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Archived from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  92. ^ *"Monthly total sunshine hours in Esfahan by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on April 14, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  93. ^ "Monthly total sunshine hours in Mashhad by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  94. ^ Climatological Norms of Iran synoptic stations Archived 18 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on: September 12, 2011.
  95. ^ "Monthly total sunshine hours in Tabriz by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  96. ^ I.R. OF IRAN SHAHREKORD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (IN PERSIAN) Archived 2016-02-17 at the Wayback Machine. 1988–2010
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  98. ^ 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  99. ^ 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値). Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  100. ^ 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  101. ^ "Climate and Agricultural Information – Amman". Horizon Documentation. Jordan Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  102. ^ "Almaty Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  103. ^ "Akmola (Astana) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  104. ^ "Ulaanbaatar Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  105. ^ "PYONGYANG SUN 1961–1990". DWD. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  106. ^ "Seeb Climate Normals". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  107. ^ "Islamabad Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  108. ^ "Climatological Information for Quetta, Pakistan". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  109. ^ "Climatological Information for Dikson, Russia". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
  110. ^ "Irkutsk Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  111. ^ "Omsk Climate Normals 1961–1990". Clima Temps. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  112. ^ Climatological Norms of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky [1] Archived 10 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on: 7 February 2016.
  113. ^ "Vladivostok Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  114. ^ "Climatological Normals of Jakutsk". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  115. ^ "Klimatafel von Abha, Saudi-Arabien" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  116. ^ "Surface annual climatological report". PME. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  117. ^ "평년값자료(1981–2010) 부산(159)" (in Korean). Korea Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  118. ^ "기상청". www.kma.go.kr. Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  119. ^ "Colombo Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  120. ^ "Sunshine Duration Taiwan". Central Weather Administration. 19 July 2022. Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  121. ^ "Climate Normals for Bangkok". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
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