Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War

Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War within the territory of the former Russian Empire sought the creation of independent nation states that were not aligned with the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution. Many pro-independence movements emerged after the dissolution of the Russian Empire and fought in the Russian Civil War.^[1]

The following list presents some of the pro-independence movements and the conflicts they were involved in during this period.

• •   Siberian regionalism
    •   Siberian Republic
  •   Buryat-Mongolia
  •   Yakutia
  •   Green Ukraine
  •   Tungus Republic
  •   Far Eastern Republic. (De facto independent 1920–1922; merged with the RSFSR)

•   Socialist Soviet Republic of Gilan

•   Basmachi
•   Alash Autonomy
  •   Kazakh Socialist Soviet Republic
•   Confederated Republic of Altai
  •   "second" Confederated Republic of Altai
•   Khiva
•   Emirate of Bukhara
•   Turkestan Autonomy
•   Transcaspian Government
•   Semirechye Cossacks

With the exception of the Baltic states, the pro-independence movements were ultimately unsuccessful in achieving their goals, with most territories succumbing to Soviet rule. Pro-independence sentiment remained in exile, with Prometheism being promoted in interwar Poland. National movements reactivated during Glasnost and Perestroika, leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the independence of all constituent republics. Pro-independence sentiment within the borders of the Russian Federation continued to exist, most notably in Chechnya and Tatarstan, and the issue has regained relevance following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.