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'Accumulation by dispossession'

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'{{more citations needed|date=February 2023}} {{Short description|Policies to centralize wealth and power}} {{use mdy dates|date=September 2021}} {{use American English|date=March 2019}} '''Accumulation by dispossession''' is a concept presented by the [[Marxist geography|Marxist geographer]] [[David Harvey]]. It defines [[neoliberal]] capitalist policies that result in a centralization of wealth and power in the hands of a few by dispossessing the public and private entities of their wealth or land. Such policies are visible in many western nations from the 1970s and to the present day.<ref>Harvey, D. 2004. [http://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/5811#.Ut2eEvszHIV The 'new' imperialism: accumulation by dispossession]. ''Socialist Register'' 40: 63-87.</ref> Harvey argues these policies are guided mainly by four practices: [[privatization]], [[financialization]], management and manipulation of crises, and state redistributions. ==Practices== ===Privatization=== [[Privatization]] and [[commodification]] of public assets have been among the most criticized and disputed aspects of [[neoliberalism]]. Summed up, they could be characterized by the process of transferring [[property]] from public ownership to private ownership. According to [[Marxist theory]], this serves the interests of the [[Bourgeoisie|capitalist class]], or [[bourgeoisie]], as it moves power from the nation's governments to private parties. At the same time, privatization generates a means for profit for the capitalist class; after a transaction they can then sell or rent to the public what used to be commonly owned, or use it as [[capital (economics)|capital]] through the capitalist [[mode of production]] to generate more capital. ===Financialization=== The wave of financialization that set in the 1980s is facilitated by governmental deregulation which has made the financial system one of the main centers of redistributive activity. Stock promotions, [[Ponzi scheme]]s, structured [[asset]] destruction through [[inflation]], [[asset stripping]] through [[mergers and acquisitions]], dispossession of assets (raiding of pension funds and their decimation by stock and corporate collapses) by credit and stock manipulations, are, according to Harvey, central features of the post-1970s capitalist financial system.<ref>{{Cite book |author=David Harvey |year=2003 |title=The New Imperialism |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-926431-7}}</ref> That aspect relies entirely on the fact that the [[Money supply|quantity of money in circulation]] and therefore demand levels and price levels are controlled by the boards of directors of privately owned banks. Those boards of directors are also on boards of corporations and any number of other legal vehicles who are also profiting from asset price swings. At the heart of accumulation by dispossession is the private control of the quantity of money supply that can be manipulated for private gain, which includes creating unemployment or restive conditions in the population. This process is well documented in English history as far back as prior to the founding of the Bank of England and before that in the Netherlands. The process works well with or without a central bank and with or without gold backing. The details are also manipulated from time to time as needed to satisfy popular rage or apathy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Two Nations: A Financial Analysis of English History |first=Christopher |last=Hollis |authorlink=Christopher Hollis (politician) |publisher=George Routledge and Sons |location=London |year=1935}}</ref> ===Management and manipulation of crises=== By creating and manipulating [[financial crisis|crises]], such as by suddenly raising [[interest rate]]s, poorer nations can be forced into [[bankruptcy]], and agreeing to such deals like that of the [[structural adjustment programs]] can yield more damages to those nations. Harvey reasoned that this is authorized by parties such as the [[U.S. Treasury]], [[World Bank]] and the [[International Monetary Fund]]. ===State redistributions=== The [[neoliberal]] nation-state is one of the most important agents of [[Redistribution of income and wealth|redistributive policies]]. Even when privatization or commodification appear to be profitable to the lower class, in the long run it can affect the economy negatively. The state seeks redistributions through a variety of things, like changing the tax code to profit returns on investment rather than incomes and wages (of the lower classes). ==Examples== [[Margaret Thatcher]]'s program for the privatization of [[social housing]] in Britain was initially seen as beneficial for the lower classes which could now move from rental to ownership at a relatively low cost, gain control over assets and increase their [[wealth]]. However, housing speculation took over following the transfers (particularly in the prime central locations), and low-income populations were forced out to the periphery.<ref>{{cite book |title=The New Imperialism |url=https://archive.org/details/newimperialism00harv_0 |url-access=registration |first=David |last=Harvey |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newimperialism00harv_0/page/158 158]|isbn=978-0-19-926431-5 }}</ref> Ultimately, the new homeowners were also borrowers and paid portions of their yearly income as interest on long-term mortgages, effectively transferring a portion of their wealth to the owners of banks with licenses to create debt money from fractional reserves. Thatcher's council privatization scheme increased the potential number of borrowers in the UK by up to 20% of UK residents who lived in council housing at the end of the 1970s.<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class]] |first=Owen |last=Jones |authorlink=Owen Jones (writer) |publisher=[[Verso Books|Verso]] |location=London New York |year=2011 |page=34}}</ref> Contemporary examples include attempts to deprive people of land in places like [[Nandigram]] in [[India]] and [[eMacambini]] in [[South Africa]]. Privatization is the process of transferring public assets from the state to the private companies. Productive assets include natural resources, such as earth, forest, water, and air. Such are assets that states have used to hold in trust for the people it represents. To privatize them away and sell them as stock to private companies is what Harvey calls accumulation by dispossession. State redistributions can be in the form of contracts given to power groups: for large infrastructures, services paid by the state and carried out by private enterprise, defense developments, research projects. One would have to find out if those contracts serve public good in a fair way or if they sustain a power structure. Also, the granting of licenses for all sorts of state sanctioned activities can turn out as unfair wealth distribution. Another important redistribution channel is by State supported financing of private enterprise activities. ==Relation to Marxism== Harvey links these practices to what [[Karl Marx]] called original or [[primitive accumulation]], and ties these to examples from the real world. He therefore draws on the theory of ongoing [[primitive accumulation]] by [[Rosa Luxemburg]] as laid out in [[The Accumulation of Capital]]. The neoliberal [[modernity]] is, according to Harvey, a modernity in which dispossession plays a large role and in which the capital class is gaining power at the expense of the [[proletariat|labour class]]. ==Contemporary movements against accumulation by dispossession== {{div col begin}} * [[Abahlali baseMjondolo]] in [[South Africa]] * The [[Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh Committee]] in [[India]] * The [[EZLN]] in [[Mexico]] * [[Fanmi Lavalas]] in Haiti * The [[Homeless Workers' Movement]] in [[Brazil]] * The [[Landless Peoples Movement]] in South Africa * The [[Landless Workers' Movement]] in Brazil * [[Movement for Justice en el Barrio]] in [[the United States]] * [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]] in India * The [[Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign]] in South Africa * [[Occupy Homes]] in the United States * [[Take Back the Land]] in the United States {{div col end}} ==See also== {{div col}} * [[Capital accumulation]] * [[Common land]] * [[Primitive accumulation of capital]] * [[Property is theft!]] * [[Socialist accumulation]] * [[Internal contradictions of capital accumulation|The internal contradictions of capital accumulation]] * [[Wage slavery]] {{div col end}} == References == {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book |title=The New Imperialism |url=https://archive.org/details/newimperialism00harv_0 |url-access=registration |first=David |last=Harvey |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2003|isbn=978-0-19-926431-5 }} * Harvey, D. 2004. [http://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/5811#.Ut2eEvszHIV The 'new' imperialism: accumulation by dispossession]. ''Socialist Register'' 40: 63-87. * [[David Harvey (geographer)|David Harvey]], [http://davidharvey.org/ Reading Marx's Capital] * [http://davidharvey.org/2008/09/capital-class-12/ Reading Marx’s Capital – Class 12, Chapters 26-33, The Secret of Primitive Accumulation] (video lecture) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071214224355/http://journal.ilovephilosophy.com/Article/The-Nation-State--Core-and-Periphery--A-Brief-sketch-of-Imperialism-in-the-20th-century-/1770 The Nation-State, Core and Periphery: A Brief sketch of Imperialism in the 20th century.] {{Property navbox}} [[Category:Marxian economics]] [[Category:Socialism]] [[Category:Neoliberalism]]'

'{{more citations needed|date=February 2023}} {{Short description|Policies to centralize wealth and power}} {{use mdy dates|date=September 2021}} {{use American English|date=March 2019}} '''Accumulation by dispossession''' is a concept presented by the [[Marxist geography|Marxist geographer]] [[David Harvey]]. It defines [[neoliberal]] capitalist policies that result in a centralization of wealth and power in the hands of a few by dispossessing the public and private entities of their wealth or land. Such policies are visible in many western nations from the 1970s and to the present day.<ref>Harvey, D. 2004. [http://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/5811#.Ut2eEvszHIV The 'new' imperialism: accumulation by dispossession]. ''Socialist Register'' 40: 63-87.</ref> Harvey argues these policies are guided mainly by four practices: [[privatization]], [[financialization]], management and manipulation of crises, and state redistributions. ==Practices== ===Privatization=== [[Privatization]] and [[commodification]] of public assets have been among the most criticized and disputed aspects of [[neoliberalism]]. Summed up, they could be characterized by the process of transferring [[property]] from public ownership to private ownership. According to [[Marxist theory]], this serves the interests of the [[Bourgeoisie|capitalist class]], or [[bourgeoisie]], as it moves power from the nation's governments to private parties. At the same time, privatization generates a means for profit for the capitalist class; after a transaction they can then sell or rent to the public what used to be commonly owned, or use it as [[capital (economics)|capital]] through the capitalist [[mode of production]] to generate more capital. The 2022 [[World Inequality Report]], a four-year research project organized by the economists [[Lucas Chancel]], [[Thomas Piketty]], [[Emmanuel Saez]], and [[Gabriel Zucman]], shows that "the world is marked by a very high level of income inequality and an extreme level of wealth inequality" and that these inequalities "seem to be about as great today as they were at the peak of [[Imperialism|western imperialism]] in the early 20th century." According to the report, the bottom half of the population owns 2% of global wealth, while the top 10% owns 76% of it. The top 1% owns 38%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaplan |first1=Juliana |last2=Kiersz |first2=Andy |date=December 7, 2021 |title=A huge study of 20 years of global wealth demolishes the myth of 'trickle-down' and shows the rich are taking most of the gains for themselves |work=[[Business Insider]] |location= |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-bad-is-inequality-trickle-down-economics-thomas-piketty-economists-2021-12 |access-date=December 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Elliott |first=Larry |date=December 7, 2021 |title=Global inequality 'as marked as it was at peak of western imperialism' |work=[[The Guardian]] |location= |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/dec/07/global-inequality-western-imperialism-super-rich |access-date=December 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World Inequality Report 2022 |url=https://wir2022.wid.world/ |access-date=December 8, 2021}}</ref> === Mass incarceration === Several scholars have linked [[Incarceration in the United States|mass incarceration of the poor in the United States]] with the rise of neoliberalism.{{sfnp|Haymes|Vidal de Haymes|Miller|2015|pp=3, 346}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Aviram |first=Hadar |date=September 7, 2014 |title=Are Private Prisons to Blame for Mass Incarceration and its Evils? Prison Conditions, Neoliberalism, and Public Choice |url=https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol42/iss2/2/ |journal=[[Fordham Urban Law Journal]] |publisher=[[Fordham University School of Law]] |ssrn=2492782 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref>{{sfnp|Gerstle|2022|pp=130–132}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Gottschalk |first=Marie |url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10731.html |title=Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics |date=2014 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0691164052 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CzDFCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 10] |author-link=Marie Gottschalk}}</ref> Sociologist Loïc Wacquant and [[Marxist]] economic geographer [[David Harvey]] have argued that the criminalization of poverty and mass incarceration is a neoliberal policy for dealing with social instability among economically marginalized populations.{{sfnp|Wacquant|2009|pp=125–126, 312}}{{sfnp|Harvey|2005|p=}} According to Wacquant, this situation follows the implementation of other neoliberal policies, which have allowed for the retrenchment of the social [[welfare state]] and the rise of punitive [[workfare]], whilst increasing [[gentrification]] of urban areas, [[privatization]] of public functions, the shrinking of collective protections for the working class via economic [[deregulation]] and the rise of underpaid, [[Precarity|precarious wage labor]].{{sfnp|Wacquant|2009|pp=53–54}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Shaw |first=Devin Z. |date=September 29, 2010 |title=Loïc Wacquant: "Prisons of Poverty" |url=http://notes-taken.blogspot.com/2010/09/loic-wacquant-prisons-of-poverty.html |website=The Notes Taken}}</ref> By contrast, it is extremely lenient in dealing with those in the upper echelons of society, in particular when it comes to economic crimes of the [[upper class]] and corporations such as [[fraud]], [[embezzlement]], [[insider trading]], credit and [[insurance fraud]], [[money laundering]] and violation of commerce and labor codes.{{sfnp|Wacquant|2009|pp=125–126, 312}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacquant |first=Loïc |author-link=Loïc Wacquant |date=August 1, 2011 |title=The punitive regulation of poverty in the neoliberal age |url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/lo%C3%AFc-wacquant/punitive-regulation-of-poverty-in-neoliberal-age |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925115704/https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/lo%c3%afc-wacquant/punitive-regulation-of-poverty-in-neoliberal-age |archive-date=September 25, 2018 |access-date=July 17, 2018 |website=[[openDemocracy]]}}</ref> According to Wacquant, neoliberalism does not shrink government, but instead sets up a "centaur state" with little governmental oversight for those at the top and strict control of those at the bottom.{{sfnp|Wacquant|2009|pp=125–126, 312}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mora |first1=Richard |last2=Christianakis |first2=Mary |title=Feeding the School-to-Prison Pipeline: The Convergence of Neoliberalism, Conservativism, and Penal Populism |url=http://cedar.wwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1173&context=jec |journal=[[Journal of Educational Controversy]] |publisher=Woodring College of Education, [[Western Washington University]] |access-date=February 23, 2014}}</ref> ===Financialization=== The wave of financialization that set in the 1980s is facilitated by governmental deregulation which has made the financial system one of the main centers of redistributive activity. Stock promotions, [[Ponzi scheme]]s, structured [[asset]] destruction through [[inflation]], [[asset stripping]] through [[mergers and acquisitions]], dispossession of assets (raiding of pension funds and their decimation by stock and corporate collapses) by credit and stock manipulations, are, according to Harvey, central features of the post-1970s capitalist financial system.<ref>{{Cite book |author=David Harvey |year=2003 |title=The New Imperialism |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-926431-7}}</ref> That aspect relies entirely on the fact that the [[Money supply|quantity of money in circulation]] and therefore demand levels and price levels are controlled by the boards of directors of privately owned banks. Those boards of directors are also on boards of corporations and any number of other legal vehicles who are also profiting from asset price swings. At the heart of accumulation by dispossession is the private control of the quantity of money supply that can be manipulated for private gain, which includes creating unemployment or restive conditions in the population. This process is well documented in English history as far back as prior to the founding of the Bank of England and before that in the Netherlands. The process works well with or without a central bank and with or without gold backing. The details are also manipulated from time to time as needed to satisfy popular rage or apathy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Two Nations: A Financial Analysis of English History |first=Christopher |last=Hollis |authorlink=Christopher Hollis (politician) |publisher=George Routledge and Sons |location=London |year=1935}}</ref> ===Management and manipulation of crises=== By creating and manipulating [[financial crisis|crises]], such as by suddenly raising [[interest rate]]s, poorer nations can be forced into [[bankruptcy]], and agreeing to such deals like that of the [[structural adjustment programs]] can yield more damages to those nations. Harvey reasoned that this is authorized by parties such as the [[U.S. Treasury]], [[World Bank]] and the [[International Monetary Fund]]. ===State redistributions=== The [[neoliberal]] nation-state is one of the most important agents of [[Redistribution of income and wealth|redistributive policies]]. Even when privatization or commodification appear to be profitable to the lower class, in the long run it can affect the economy negatively. The state seeks redistributions through a variety of things, like changing the tax code to profit returns on investment rather than incomes and wages (of the lower classes). ==Examples== [[Margaret Thatcher]]'s program for the privatization of [[social housing]] in Britain was initially seen as beneficial for the lower classes which could now move from rental to ownership at a relatively low cost, gain control over assets and increase their [[wealth]]. However, housing speculation took over following the transfers (particularly in the prime central locations), and low-income populations were forced out to the periphery.<ref>{{cite book |title=The New Imperialism |url=https://archive.org/details/newimperialism00harv_0 |url-access=registration |first=David |last=Harvey |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newimperialism00harv_0/page/158 158]|isbn=978-0-19-926431-5 }}</ref> Ultimately, the new homeowners were also borrowers and paid portions of their yearly income as interest on long-term mortgages, effectively transferring a portion of their wealth to the owners of banks with licenses to create debt money from fractional reserves. Thatcher's council privatization scheme increased the potential number of borrowers in the UK by up to 20% of UK residents who lived in council housing at the end of the 1970s.<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class]] |first=Owen |last=Jones |authorlink=Owen Jones (writer) |publisher=[[Verso Books|Verso]] |location=London New York |year=2011 |page=34}}</ref> Contemporary examples include attempts to deprive people of land in places like [[Nandigram]] in [[India]] and [[eMacambini]] in [[South Africa]]. Privatization is the process of transferring public assets from the state to the private companies. Productive assets include natural resources, such as earth, forest, water, and air. Such are assets that states have used to hold in trust for the people it represents. To privatize them away and sell them as stock to private companies is what Harvey calls accumulation by dispossession. State redistributions can be in the form of contracts given to power groups: for large infrastructures, services paid by the state and carried out by private enterprise, defense developments, research projects. One would have to find out if those contracts serve public good in a fair way or if they sustain a power structure. Also, the granting of licenses for all sorts of state sanctioned activities can turn out as unfair wealth distribution. Another important redistribution channel is by State supported financing of private enterprise activities. ==Relation to Marxism== Harvey links these practices to what [[Karl Marx]] called original or [[primitive accumulation]], and ties these to examples from the real world. He therefore draws on the theory of ongoing [[primitive accumulation]] by [[Rosa Luxemburg]] as laid out in [[The Accumulation of Capital]]. The neoliberal [[modernity]] is, according to Harvey, a modernity in which dispossession plays a large role and in which the capital class is gaining power at the expense of the [[proletariat|labour class]]. ==Contemporary movements against accumulation by dispossession== {{div col begin}} * [[Abahlali baseMjondolo]] in [[South Africa]] * The [[Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh Committee]] in [[India]] * The [[EZLN]] in [[Mexico]] * [[Fanmi Lavalas]] in Haiti * The [[Homeless Workers' Movement]] in [[Brazil]] * The [[Landless Peoples Movement]] in South Africa * The [[Landless Workers' Movement]] in Brazil * [[Movement for Justice en el Barrio]] in [[the United States]] * [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]] in India * The [[Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign]] in South Africa * [[Occupy Homes]] in the United States * [[Take Back the Land]] in the United States {{div col end}} ==See also== {{div col}} * [[Capital accumulation]] * [[Common land]] * [[Primitive accumulation of capital]] * [[Property is theft!]] * [[Socialist accumulation]] * [[Internal contradictions of capital accumulation|The internal contradictions of capital accumulation]] * [[Wage slavery]] {{div col end}} == References == {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book |title=The New Imperialism |url=https://archive.org/details/newimperialism00harv_0 |url-access=registration |first=David |last=Harvey |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2003|isbn=978-0-19-926431-5 }} * Harvey, D. 2004. [http://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/5811#.Ut2eEvszHIV The 'new' imperialism: accumulation by dispossession]. ''Socialist Register'' 40: 63-87. * [[David Harvey (geographer)|David Harvey]], [http://davidharvey.org/ Reading Marx's Capital] * [http://davidharvey.org/2008/09/capital-class-12/ Reading Marx’s Capital – Class 12, Chapters 26-33, The Secret of Primitive Accumulation] (video lecture) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071214224355/http://journal.ilovephilosophy.com/Article/The-Nation-State--Core-and-Periphery--A-Brief-sketch-of-Imperialism-in-the-20th-century-/1770 The Nation-State, Core and Periphery: A Brief sketch of Imperialism in the 20th century.] {{Property navbox}} [[Category:Marxian economics]] [[Category:Socialism]] [[Category:Neoliberalism]]'

'@@ -9,4 +9,9 @@ ===Privatization=== [[Privatization]] and [[commodification]] of public assets have been among the most criticized and disputed aspects of [[neoliberalism]]. Summed up, they could be characterized by the process of transferring [[property]] from public ownership to private ownership. According to [[Marxist theory]], this serves the interests of the [[Bourgeoisie|capitalist class]], or [[bourgeoisie]], as it moves power from the nation's governments to private parties. At the same time, privatization generates a means for profit for the capitalist class; after a transaction they can then sell or rent to the public what used to be commonly owned, or use it as [[capital (economics)|capital]] through the capitalist [[mode of production]] to generate more capital. + +The 2022 [[World Inequality Report]], a four-year research project organized by the economists [[Lucas Chancel]], [[Thomas Piketty]], [[Emmanuel Saez]], and [[Gabriel Zucman]], shows that "the world is marked by a very high level of income inequality and an extreme level of wealth inequality" and that these inequalities "seem to be about as great today as they were at the peak of [[Imperialism|western imperialism]] in the early 20th century." According to the report, the bottom half of the population owns 2% of global wealth, while the top 10% owns 76% of it. The top 1% owns 38%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaplan |first1=Juliana |last2=Kiersz |first2=Andy |date=December 7, 2021 |title=A huge study of 20 years of global wealth demolishes the myth of 'trickle-down' and shows the rich are taking most of the gains for themselves |work=[[Business Insider]] |location= |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-bad-is-inequality-trickle-down-economics-thomas-piketty-economists-2021-12 |access-date=December 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Elliott |first=Larry |date=December 7, 2021 |title=Global inequality 'as marked as it was at peak of western imperialism' |work=[[The Guardian]] |location= |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/dec/07/global-inequality-western-imperialism-super-rich |access-date=December 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World Inequality Report 2022 |url=https://wir2022.wid.world/ |access-date=December 8, 2021}}</ref> + +=== Mass incarceration === +Several scholars have linked [[Incarceration in the United States|mass incarceration of the poor in the United States]] with the rise of neoliberalism.{{sfnp|Haymes|Vidal de Haymes|Miller|2015|pp=3, 346}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Aviram |first=Hadar |date=September 7, 2014 |title=Are Private Prisons to Blame for Mass Incarceration and its Evils? Prison Conditions, Neoliberalism, and Public Choice |url=https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol42/iss2/2/ |journal=[[Fordham Urban Law Journal]] |publisher=[[Fordham University School of Law]] |ssrn=2492782 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref>{{sfnp|Gerstle|2022|pp=130–132}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Gottschalk |first=Marie |url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10731.html |title=Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics |date=2014 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0691164052 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CzDFCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 10] |author-link=Marie Gottschalk}}</ref> Sociologist Loïc Wacquant and [[Marxist]] economic geographer [[David Harvey]] have argued that the criminalization of poverty and mass incarceration is a neoliberal policy for dealing with social instability among economically marginalized populations.{{sfnp|Wacquant|2009|pp=125–126, 312}}{{sfnp|Harvey|2005|p=}} According to Wacquant, this situation follows the implementation of other neoliberal policies, which have allowed for the retrenchment of the social [[welfare state]] and the rise of punitive [[workfare]], whilst increasing [[gentrification]] of urban areas, [[privatization]] of public functions, the shrinking of collective protections for the working class via economic [[deregulation]] and the rise of underpaid, [[Precarity|precarious wage labor]].{{sfnp|Wacquant|2009|pp=53–54}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Shaw |first=Devin Z. |date=September 29, 2010 |title=Loïc Wacquant: "Prisons of Poverty" |url=http://notes-taken.blogspot.com/2010/09/loic-wacquant-prisons-of-poverty.html |website=The Notes Taken}}</ref> By contrast, it is extremely lenient in dealing with those in the upper echelons of society, in particular when it comes to economic crimes of the [[upper class]] and corporations such as [[fraud]], [[embezzlement]], [[insider trading]], credit and [[insurance fraud]], [[money laundering]] and violation of commerce and labor codes.{{sfnp|Wacquant|2009|pp=125–126, 312}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacquant |first=Loïc |author-link=Loïc Wacquant |date=August 1, 2011 |title=The punitive regulation of poverty in the neoliberal age |url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/lo%C3%AFc-wacquant/punitive-regulation-of-poverty-in-neoliberal-age |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925115704/https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/lo%c3%afc-wacquant/punitive-regulation-of-poverty-in-neoliberal-age |archive-date=September 25, 2018 |access-date=July 17, 2018 |website=[[openDemocracy]]}}</ref> According to Wacquant, neoliberalism does not shrink government, but instead sets up a "centaur state" with little governmental oversight for those at the top and strict control of those at the bottom.{{sfnp|Wacquant|2009|pp=125–126, 312}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mora |first1=Richard |last2=Christianakis |first2=Mary |title=Feeding the School-to-Prison Pipeline: The Convergence of Neoliberalism, Conservativism, and Penal Populism |url=http://cedar.wwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1173&context=jec |journal=[[Journal of Educational Controversy]] |publisher=Woodring College of Education, [[Western Washington University]] |access-date=February 23, 2014}}</ref> ===Financialization=== '

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[ 0 => '', 1 => 'The 2022 [[World Inequality Report]], a four-year research project organized by the economists [[Lucas Chancel]], [[Thomas Piketty]], [[Emmanuel Saez]], and [[Gabriel Zucman]], shows that "the world is marked by a very high level of income inequality and an extreme level of wealth inequality" and that these inequalities "seem to be about as great today as they were at the peak of [[Imperialism|western imperialism]] in the early 20th century." According to the report, the bottom half of the population owns 2% of global wealth, while the top 10% owns 76% of it. The top 1% owns 38%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaplan |first1=Juliana |last2=Kiersz |first2=Andy |date=December 7, 2021 |title=A huge study of 20 years of global wealth demolishes the myth of 'trickle-down' and shows the rich are taking most of the gains for themselves |work=[[Business Insider]] |location= |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-bad-is-inequality-trickle-down-economics-thomas-piketty-economists-2021-12 |access-date=December 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Elliott |first=Larry |date=December 7, 2021 |title=Global inequality 'as marked as it was at peak of western imperialism' |work=[[The Guardian]] |location= |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/dec/07/global-inequality-western-imperialism-super-rich |access-date=December 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World Inequality Report 2022 |url=https://wir2022.wid.world/ |access-date=December 8, 2021}}</ref>', 2 => '', 3 => '=== Mass incarceration ===', 4 => 'Several scholars have linked [[Incarceration in the United States|mass incarceration of the poor in the United States]] with the rise of neoliberalism.{{sfnp|Haymes|Vidal de Haymes|Miller|2015|pp=3, 346}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Aviram |first=Hadar |date=September 7, 2014 |title=Are Private Prisons to Blame for Mass Incarceration and its Evils? Prison Conditions, Neoliberalism, and Public Choice |url=https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol42/iss2/2/ |journal=[[Fordham Urban Law Journal]] |publisher=[[Fordham University School of Law]] |ssrn=2492782 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref>{{sfnp|Gerstle|2022|pp=130–132}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Gottschalk |first=Marie |url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10731.html |title=Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics |date=2014 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0691164052 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CzDFCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 10] |author-link=Marie Gottschalk}}</ref> Sociologist Loïc Wacquant and [[Marxist]] economic geographer [[David Harvey]] have argued that the criminalization of poverty and mass incarceration is a neoliberal policy for dealing with social instability among economically marginalized populations.{{sfnp|Wacquant|2009|pp=125–126, 312}}{{sfnp|Harvey|2005|p=}} According to Wacquant, this situation follows the implementation of other neoliberal policies, which have allowed for the retrenchment of the social [[welfare state]] and the rise of punitive [[workfare]], whilst increasing [[gentrification]] of urban areas, [[privatization]] of public functions, the shrinking of collective protections for the working class via economic [[deregulation]] and the rise of underpaid, [[Precarity|precarious wage labor]].{{sfnp|Wacquant|2009|pp=53–54}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Shaw |first=Devin Z. |date=September 29, 2010 |title=Loïc Wacquant: "Prisons of Poverty" |url=http://notes-taken.blogspot.com/2010/09/loic-wacquant-prisons-of-poverty.html |website=The Notes Taken}}</ref> By contrast, it is extremely lenient in dealing with those in the upper echelons of society, in particular when it comes to economic crimes of the [[upper class]] and corporations such as [[fraud]], [[embezzlement]], [[insider trading]], credit and [[insurance fraud]], [[money laundering]] and violation of commerce and labor codes.{{sfnp|Wacquant|2009|pp=125–126, 312}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacquant |first=Loïc |author-link=Loïc Wacquant |date=August 1, 2011 |title=The punitive regulation of poverty in the neoliberal age |url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/lo%C3%AFc-wacquant/punitive-regulation-of-poverty-in-neoliberal-age |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925115704/https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/lo%c3%afc-wacquant/punitive-regulation-of-poverty-in-neoliberal-age |archive-date=September 25, 2018 |access-date=July 17, 2018 |website=[[openDemocracy]]}}</ref> According to Wacquant, neoliberalism does not shrink government, but instead sets up a "centaur state" with little governmental oversight for those at the top and strict control of those at the bottom.{{sfnp|Wacquant|2009|pp=125–126, 312}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mora |first1=Richard |last2=Christianakis |first2=Mary |title=Feeding the School-to-Prison Pipeline: The Convergence of Neoliberalism, Conservativism, and Penal Populism |url=http://cedar.wwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1173&context=jec |journal=[[Journal of Educational Controversy]] |publisher=Woodring College of Education, [[Western Washington University]] |access-date=February 23, 2014}}</ref>' ]

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'<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Accumulation_by_dispossession" title="Special:EditPage/Accumulation by dispossession">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&amp;q=%22Accumulation+by+dispossession%22">"Accumulation by dispossession"</a>&#160;–&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&amp;q=%22Accumulation+by+dispossession%22+-wikipedia&amp;tbs=ar:1">news</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&amp;q=%22Accumulation+by+dispossession%22&amp;tbs=bkt:s&amp;tbm=bks">newspapers</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&amp;q=%22Accumulation+by+dispossession%22+-wikipedia">books</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Accumulation+by+dispossession%22">scholar</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Accumulation+by+dispossession%22&amp;acc=on&amp;wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Policies to centralize wealth and power</div> <p> <b>Accumulation by dispossession</b> is a concept presented by the <a href="/wiki/Marxist_geography" title="Marxist geography">Marxist geographer</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a>. It defines <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> capitalist policies that result in a centralization of wealth and power in the hands of a few by dispossessing the public and private entities of their wealth or land. Such policies are visible in many western nations from the 1970s and to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> Harvey argues these policies are guided mainly by four practices: <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financialization" title="Financialization">financialization</a>, management and manipulation of crises, and state redistributions. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Practices"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Practices</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Privatization"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Privatization</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Mass_incarceration"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mass incarceration</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Financialization"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Financialization</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Management_and_manipulation_of_crises"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Management and manipulation of crises</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#State_redistributions"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">State redistributions</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Examples"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Examples</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Relation_to_Marxism"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Relation to Marxism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Contemporary_movements_against_accumulation_by_dispossession"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Contemporary movements against accumulation by dispossession</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Practices">Practices</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accumulation_by_dispossession&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Privatization">Privatization</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accumulation_by_dispossession&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Privatization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a> of public assets have been among the most criticized and disputed aspects of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>. Summed up, they could be characterized by the process of transferring <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> from public ownership to private ownership. According to <a href="/wiki/Marxist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist theory">Marxist theory</a>, this serves the interests of the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">capitalist class</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>, as it moves power from the nation's governments to private parties. At the same time, privatization generates a means for profit for the capitalist class; after a transaction they can then sell or rent to the public what used to be commonly owned, or use it as <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> through the capitalist <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a> to generate more capital. </p><p>The 2022 <a href="/wiki/World_Inequality_Report" title="World Inequality Report">World Inequality Report</a>, a four-year research project organized by the economists <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Chancel" title="Lucas Chancel">Lucas Chancel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Saez" title="Emmanuel Saez">Emmanuel Saez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman" title="Gabriel Zucman">Gabriel Zucman</a>, shows that "the world is marked by a very high level of income inequality and an extreme level of wealth inequality" and that these inequalities "seem to be about as great today as they were at the peak of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">western imperialism</a> in the early 20th century." According to the report, the bottom half of the population owns 2% of global wealth, while the top 10% owns 76% of it. The top 1% owns 38%.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mass_incarceration">Mass incarceration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accumulation_by_dispossession&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Mass incarceration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Several scholars have linked <a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">mass incarceration of the poor in the United States</a> with the rise of neoliberalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaymesVidal_de_HaymesMiller20153,_346_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaymesVidal_de_HaymesMiller20153,_346-5">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerstle2022130–132_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerstle2022130–132-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup> Sociologist Loïc Wacquant and <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> economic geographer <a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a> have argued that the criminalization of poverty and mass incarceration is a neoliberal policy for dealing with social instability among economically marginalized populations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWacquant2009125–126,_312_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWacquant2009125–126,_312-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2005_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2005-10">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup> According to Wacquant, this situation follows the implementation of other neoliberal policies, which have allowed for the retrenchment of the social <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> and the rise of punitive <a href="/wiki/Workfare" title="Workfare">workfare</a>, whilst increasing <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a> of urban areas, <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> of public functions, the shrinking of collective protections for the working class via economic <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> and the rise of underpaid, <a href="/wiki/Precarity" title="Precarity">precarious wage labor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWacquant200953–54_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWacquant200953–54-11">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> By contrast, it is extremely lenient in dealing with those in the upper echelons of society, in particular when it comes to economic crimes of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a> and corporations such as <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">insider trading</a>, credit and <a href="/wiki/Insurance_fraud" title="Insurance fraud">insurance fraud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> and violation of commerce and labor codes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWacquant2009125–126,_312_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWacquant2009125–126,_312-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">&#91;13&#93;</a></sup> According to Wacquant, neoliberalism does not shrink government, but instead sets up a "centaur state" with little governmental oversight for those at the top and strict control of those at the bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWacquant2009125–126,_312_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWacquant2009125–126,_312-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Financialization">Financialization</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accumulation_by_dispossession&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Financialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The wave of financialization that set in the 1980s is facilitated by governmental deregulation which has made the financial system one of the main centers of redistributive activity. Stock promotions, <a href="/wiki/Ponzi_scheme" title="Ponzi scheme">Ponzi schemes</a>, structured <a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">asset</a> destruction through <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asset_stripping" title="Asset stripping">asset stripping</a> through <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">mergers and acquisitions</a>, dispossession of assets (raiding of pension funds and their decimation by stock and corporate collapses) by credit and stock manipulations, are, according to Harvey, central features of the post-1970s capitalist financial system.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">&#91;15&#93;</a></sup> That aspect relies entirely on the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">quantity of money in circulation</a> and therefore demand levels and price levels are controlled by the boards of directors of privately owned banks. </p><p>Those boards of directors are also on boards of corporations and any number of other legal vehicles who are also profiting from asset price swings. At the heart of accumulation by dispossession is the private control of the quantity of money supply that can be manipulated for private gain, which includes creating unemployment or restive conditions in the population. This process is well documented in English history as far back as prior to the founding of the Bank of England and before that in the Netherlands. The process works well with or without a central bank and with or without gold backing. The details are also manipulated from time to time as needed to satisfy popular rage or apathy.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Management_and_manipulation_of_crises">Management and manipulation of crises</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accumulation_by_dispossession&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Management and manipulation of crises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>By creating and manipulating <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">crises</a>, such as by suddenly raising <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">interest rates</a>, poorer nations can be forced into <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a>, and agreeing to such deals like that of the <a href="/wiki/Structural_adjustment_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural adjustment programs">structural adjustment programs</a> can yield more damages to those nations. Harvey reasoned that this is authorized by parties such as the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Treasury">U.S. Treasury</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="State_redistributions">State redistributions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accumulation_by_dispossession&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: State redistributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> nation-state is one of the most important agents of <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistributive policies</a>. Even when privatization or commodification appear to be profitable to the lower class, in the long run it can affect the economy negatively. The state seeks redistributions through a variety of things, like changing the tax code to profit returns on investment rather than incomes and wages (of the lower classes). </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Examples">Examples</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accumulation_by_dispossession&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>'s program for the privatization of <a href="/wiki/Social_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Social housing">social housing</a> in Britain was initially seen as beneficial for the lower classes which could now move from rental to ownership at a relatively low cost, gain control over assets and increase their <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a>. However, housing speculation took over following the transfers (particularly in the prime central locations), and low-income populations were forced out to the periphery.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">&#91;17&#93;</a></sup> Ultimately, the new homeowners were also borrowers and paid portions of their yearly income as interest on long-term mortgages, effectively transferring a portion of their wealth to the owners of banks with licenses to create debt money from fractional reserves. Thatcher's council privatization scheme increased the potential number of borrowers in the UK by up to 20% of UK residents who lived in council housing at the end of the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">&#91;18&#93;</a></sup> Contemporary examples include attempts to deprive people of land in places like <a href="/wiki/Nandigram" title="Nandigram">Nandigram</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/EMacambini" title="EMacambini">eMacambini</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. </p><p>Privatization is the process of transferring public assets from the state to the private companies. Productive assets include natural resources, such as earth, forest, water, and air. Such are assets that states have used to hold in trust for the people it represents. To privatize them away and sell them as stock to private companies is what Harvey calls accumulation by dispossession. </p><p>State redistributions can be in the form of contracts given to power groups: for large infrastructures, services paid by the state and carried out by private enterprise, defense developments, research projects. One would have to find out if those contracts serve public good in a fair way or if they sustain a power structure. Also, the granting of licenses for all sorts of state sanctioned activities can turn out as unfair wealth distribution. Another important redistribution channel is by State supported financing of private enterprise activities. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Relation_to_Marxism">Relation to Marxism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accumulation_by_dispossession&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Relation to Marxism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Harvey links these practices to what <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> called original or <a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive accumulation">primitive accumulation</a>, and ties these to examples from the real world. He therefore draws on the theory of ongoing <a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive accumulation">primitive accumulation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> as laid out in <a href="/wiki/The_Accumulation_of_Capital" title="The Accumulation of Capital">The Accumulation of Capital</a>. The neoliberal <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a> is, according to Harvey, a modernity in which dispossession plays a large role and in which the capital class is gaining power at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">labour class</a>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Contemporary_movements_against_accumulation_by_dispossession">Contemporary movements against accumulation by dispossession</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accumulation_by_dispossession&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Contemporary movements against accumulation by dispossession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahlali_baseMjondolo" title="Abahlali baseMjondolo">Abahlali baseMjondolo</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bhumi_Uchhed_Pratirodh_Committee" title="Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh Committee">Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh Committee</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/EZLN" class="mw-redirect" title="EZLN">EZLN</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanmi_Lavalas" title="Fanmi Lavalas">Fanmi Lavalas</a> in Haiti</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Homeless_Workers%27_Movement" title="Homeless Workers&#39; Movement">Homeless Workers' Movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Landless_Peoples_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Landless Peoples Movement">Landless Peoples Movement</a> in South Africa</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Landless_Workers%27_Movement" title="Landless Workers&#39; Movement">Landless Workers' Movement</a> in Brazil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Justice_en_el_Barrio" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Justice en el Barrio">Movement for Justice en el Barrio</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States">the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmada_Bachao_Andolan" title="Narmada Bachao Andolan">Narmada Bachao Andolan</a> in India</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_Anti-Eviction_Campaign" title="Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign">Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign</a> in South Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Homes" title="Occupy Homes">Occupy Homes</a> in the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take_Back_the_Land" title="Take Back the Land">Take Back the Land</a> in the United States</li></ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accumulation_by_dispossession&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">Common land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation of capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_accumulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist accumulation">Socialist accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_contradictions_of_capital_accumulation" title="Internal contradictions of capital accumulation">The internal contradictions of capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accumulation_by_dispossession&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey, D. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/5811#.Ut2eEvszHIV">The 'new' imperialism: accumulation by dispossession</a>. <i>Socialist Register</i> 40: 63-87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFKaplanKiersz2021" class="citation news cs1">Kaplan, Juliana; Kiersz, Andy (December 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Global+inequality+%27as+marked+as+it+was+at+peak+of+western+imperialism%27&amp;rft.date=2021-12-07&amp;rft.aulast=Elliott&amp;rft.aufirst=Larry&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2021%2Fdec%2F07%2Fglobal-inequality-western-imperialism-super-rich&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccumulation+by+dispossession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wir2022.wid.world/">"World Inequality Report 2022"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Prison Conditions, Neoliberalism, and Public Choice"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fordham_Urban_Law_Journal" title="Fordham Urban Law Journal">Fordham Urban Law Journal</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University_School_of_Law" title="Fordham University School of Law">Fordham University School of Law</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2492782">2492782</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Fordham+Urban+Law+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Are+Private+Prisons+to+Blame+for+Mass+Incarceration+and+its+Evils%3F+Prison+Conditions%2C+Neoliberalism%2C+and+Public+Choice&amp;rft.date=2014-09-07&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2492782%23id-name%3DSSRN&amp;rft.aulast=Aviram&amp;rft.aufirst=Hadar&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.lawnet.fordham.edu%2Fulj%2Fvol42%2Fiss2%2F2%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccumulation+by+dispossession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerstle2022130–132-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerstle2022130–132_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerstle2022">Gerstle (2022)</a>, pp.&#160;130–132.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFGerstle2022 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGottschalk2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Gottschalk" title="Marie Gottschalk">Gottschalk, Marie</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10731.html"><i>Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CzDFCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA10">10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691164052" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691164052"><bdi>978-0691164052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Caught%3A+The+Prison+State+and+the+Lockdown+of+American+Politics&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-0691164052&amp;rft.aulast=Gottschalk&amp;rft.aufirst=Marie&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F10731.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccumulation+by+dispossession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWacquant2009125–126,_312-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWacquant2009125–126,_312_9-0">^{<i><b>a</b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWacquant2009125–126,_312_9-1">^{<i><b>b</b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWacquant2009125–126,_312_9-2">^{<i><b>c</b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWacquant2009">Wacquant (2009)</a>, pp.&#160;125–126, 312.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFWacquant2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2005-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2005_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2005">Harvey (2005)</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFHarvey2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWacquant200953–54-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWacquant200953–54_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWacquant2009">Wacquant (2009)</a>, pp.&#160;53–54.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFWacquant2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2010" class="citation web cs1">Shaw, Devin Z. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/lo%C3%AFc-wacquant/punitive-regulation-of-poverty-in-neoliberal-age">the original</a> on September 25, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=openDemocracy&amp;rft.atitle=The+punitive+regulation+of+poverty+in+the+neoliberal+age&amp;rft.date=2011-08-01&amp;rft.aulast=Wacquant&amp;rft.aufirst=Lo%C3%AFc&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2F5050%2Flo%25C3%25AFc-wacquant%2Fpunitive-regulation-of-poverty-in-neoliberal-age&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccumulation+by+dispossession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMoraChristianakis" class="citation journal cs1">Mora, Richard; Christianakis, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cedar.wwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1173&amp;context=jec">"Feeding the School-to-Prison Pipeline: The Convergence of Neoliberalism, Conservativism, and Penal Populism"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Educational_Controversy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Educational Controversy (page does not exist)">Journal of Educational Controversy</a></i>. Woodring College of Education, <a href="/wiki/Western_Washington_University" title="Western Washington University">Western Washington University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Educational+Controversy&amp;rft.atitle=Feeding+the+School-to-Prison+Pipeline%3A+The+Convergence+of+Neoliberalism%2C+Conservativism%2C+and+Penal+Populism&amp;rft.aulast=Mora&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.au=Christianakis%2C+Mary&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcedar.wwu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1173%26context%3Djec&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccumulation+by+dispossession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Harvey2003" class="citation book cs1">David Harvey (2003). <i>The New Imperialism</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-926431-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-926431-7"><bdi>0-19-926431-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+New+Imperialism&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-926431-7&amp;rft.au=David+Harvey&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccumulation+by+dispossession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHollis1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hollis_(politician)" title="Christopher Hollis (politician)">Hollis, Christopher</a> (1935). <i>Two Nations: A Financial Analysis of English History</i>. London: George Routledge and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Two+Nations%3A+A+Financial+Analysis+of+English+History&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=George+Routledge+and+Sons&amp;rft.date=1935&amp;rft.aulast=Hollis&amp;rft.aufirst=Christopher&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccumulation+by+dispossession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2003" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, David (2003). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newimperialism00harv_0"><i>The New Imperialism</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newimperialism00harv_0/page/158">158</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926431-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926431-5"><bdi>978-0-19-926431-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+New+Imperialism&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pages=158&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-926431-5&amp;rft.aulast=Harvey&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewimperialism00harv_0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccumulation+by+dispossession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Jones (writer)">Jones, Owen</a> (2011). <i><a href="/wiki/Chavs:_The_Demonization_of_the_Working_Class" title="Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class">Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class</a></i>. London New York: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso</a>. p.&#160;34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Chavs%3A+The+Demonization+of+the+Working+Class&amp;rft.place=London+New+York&amp;rft.pages=34&amp;rft.pub=Verso&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=Owen&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccumulation+by+dispossession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accumulation_by_dispossession&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2003" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, David (2003). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newimperialism00harv_0"><i>The New Imperialism</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926431-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926431-5"><bdi>978-0-19-926431-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+New+Imperialism&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-926431-5&amp;rft.aulast=Harvey&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewimperialism00harv_0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccumulation+by+dispossession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Harvey, D. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/5811#.Ut2eEvszHIV">The 'new' imperialism: accumulation by dispossession</a>. <i>Socialist Register</i> 40: 63-87.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">David Harvey</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidharvey.org/">Reading Marx's Capital</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidharvey.org/2008/09/capital-class-12/">Reading Marx’s Capital – Class 12, Chapters 26-33, The Secret of Primitive Accumulation</a> (video lecture)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214224355/http://journal.ilovephilosophy.com/Article/The-Nation-State--Core-and-Periphery--A-Brief-sketch-of-Imperialism-in-the-20th-century-/1770">The Nation-State, Core and Periphery: A Brief sketch of Imperialism in the 20th century.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">Ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_property_rights" title="Women&#39;s property rights">women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivalry_(economics)" title="Rivalry (economics)">Rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_anticommons" title="Tragedy of the anticommons">anticommons</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acequia" title="Acequia"><i>Acequia</i> (watercourse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejido" title="Ejido"><i>Ejido</i> (agrarian land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Forest types</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">Huerta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_on_alienation" title="Restraint on alienation">restraint on alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">title</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rights" title="Air rights">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scheduled_Tribes_and_Other_Traditional_Forest_Dwellers_(Recognition_of_Forest_Rights)_Act,_2006" title="The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006">Forest-dwelling (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_to_roam" title="Freedom to roam">Freedom to roam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing_rights" title="Grazing rights">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannage" title="Pannage">pannage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law#Land_rights" title="Land law">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_rights" title="Littoral rights">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Mineral</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bergregal" title="Bergregal">Bergregal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_way" title="Right of way">Right of way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prior-appropriation_water_rights" title="Prior-appropriation water rights">prior-appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">riparian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disposession</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">Enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction">Eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriation">Expropriation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population transfer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_taking" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory taking">Regulatory taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a></li> <li>spousal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband-selling" class="mw-redirect" title="Husband-selling">husband-selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">wage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Tax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_tax" title="Poll tax">poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars<br /><span class="nobold">(<i>key work</i>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Law_(Bastiat_book)" title="The Law (Bastiat book)">The Law</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Garrett Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Marcel Mauss</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gift_(essay)" title="The Gift (essay)">The Gift</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" title="Property is theft!">What Is Property?</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> Categories: <a href="/wiki/Category:Property" title="Category:Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Property_law" title="Category:Property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Property_law_by_country" title="Category:Property law by country">by country</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>'

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'1699709052'