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'{{about|the anatomical structure||Nipple (disambiguation)}} {{pp-semi|small=yes}} {{short description|Part of the breast}} {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Nipple | Latin = papilla mammaria | Image = African Breast SG.jpg | Caption = A nipple, [[areola]] and [[breast]] of a female human | Width = 200px | Image2 = | Caption2 = The dark pigmented [[areola]] surrounding a nipple of a young female human | part_of = [[Breast]] | Precursor = | System = | Artery = | Vein = | Nerve = | Lymph = }} The '''nipple''' is a raised region of tissue on the surface of the [[breast]] from which, in females, [[breast milk|milk]] leaves the breast through the [[lactiferous duct]]s to [[breastfeed]] an infant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/nipple|title=nipple|access-date=4 August 2017|via=The Free Dictionary}}</ref>{{sfn |Hansen|2010|p=80}} The milk can flow through the nipple passively or it can be ejected by [[smooth muscles|smooth]] [[muscular contraction|muscle contractions]] that occur along with the ductal system. Male mammals also have nipples but without the same level of function, and often surrounded by [[body hair]]. The nipple is surrounded by the [[areola]], which is often a darker colour than the surrounding skin.<ref>{{cite web |title=nipple |url=https://www.tabers.com/tabersonline/view/Tabers-Dictionary/762857/1/nipple&ti=0 |access-date=12 August 2017 |website=Taber's Online}}</ref> A nipple is often called a ''[[teat]]'' when referring to non-humans. "Nipple" or "teat" can also be used to describe the flexible mouthpiece of a [[baby bottle]]. In humans, the nipples of both males and females can be [[sexually stimulated]] as part of [[sexual arousal]]. In many cultures, human female nipples are [[sexualize]]d,<ref name="auto">{{cite web |author=Beer |first=Todd |date=2015-05-12 |title=Social Construction of the Body: The Nipple |url=http://sociologytoolbox.com/social-construction-of-the-body/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527024111/http://sociologytoolbox.com/social-construction-of-the-body/ |archive-date=May 27, 2015 |access-date=2015-05-16 |publisher=SOCIOLOGYtoolbox}}</ref> or regarded as sex objects and evaluated in terms of their physical characteristics and sex appeal.<ref name="Dewar">{{cite web |last=Dewar |first=Gwen |date=October 2012 |title=The sexualization of girls: Is the popular culture harming our kids? |url=http://www.parentingscience.com/sexualization-of-girls.html |website= |publisher=Parenting Science}}</ref> Some cultures have little to no sexualization of the nipple, and going [[topless]] presents no barrier.{{clarify|reason=barrier to what?|date=January 2024}} ==Etymology== The word "nipple" most likely originates as a [[diminutive]] of ''neb'', an [[Old English]] word meaning "beak", "nose", or "face", and which is of [[Proto-Germanic|Germanic origin]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Harper | first = Douglas | author-link = Douglas Harper | title = nipple | work = Online Etymological Dictionary | date = 2001–2010 | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nipple | access-date = 15 August 2011 }}</ref> The words "teat" and "tit" share a Germanic ancestor. The second of the two, tit, was inherited directly from Proto-Germanic, while the first entered English via [[Old French]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Harper | first = Douglas | author-link = Douglas Harper | title = teat | work = Online Etymological Dictionary | date = 2001–2010 | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=teat | access-date = 15 August 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Harper | first = Douglas | author-link = Douglas Harper | title = tit (1) | work = Online Etymological Dictionary | date = 2001–2010 | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tit | access-date = 15 August 2011}}</ref> == Structure == [[File:Breast anatomy normal scheme.png|thumb|The breast: cross-section scheme of the [[mammary gland]]: {{ordered list |[[Thoracic wall|Chest wall]] |[[Pectoralis major muscle|Pectoralis muscle]]s |[[Lobe (anatomy)|Lobules]] |'''Nipple''' |[[Areola]] |[[Lactiferous duct|Milk duct]] |[[Adipose tissue|Fatty tissue]] |[[Human skin|Skin]]}}]] In [[mammal]]s, a nipple (also called mammary papilla or [[teat]]) is a small projection of [[skin]] containing the outlets for 15–20 [[lactiferous duct]]s arranged cylindrically around the tip. [[Marsupial]]s and [[Eutheria|eutherian mammals]] typically have an even number of nipples arranged bilaterally, from as few as 2 to as many as 19.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramel |first=Gordon |title=Mammalian Milk & Nutritional Profile of the Milk of Various Mammals |url=http://www.earthlife.net/mammals/milk.html |access-date=2013-05-09 |publisher=Earth Life}}</ref> The skin of the nipple is rich in a supply of special [[nerve]]s that are sensitive to certain stimuli: these are slowly-adapting and rapidly-adapting [[integumentary|cutaneous]] [[mechanoreceptor]]s. Mechanoreceptors are identified respectively by Type I slowly-adapting with multiple [[Merkel corpuscle end-organ]]s and Type II slowly-adapting with single [[Ruffini corpuscle end-organ]]s, as well as Type I rapidly-adapting with multiple [[Meissner corpuscle end-organ]]s and Type II rapidly-adapting with single [[Pacinian corpuscle end-organs]]. The dominant nerve supply to the nipple comes from the lateral cutaneous branches of fourth [[intercostal nerve]].<ref>Grabb & Smith's Plastic Surgery 6th edition. Chapter 59 page 593</ref> The nipple is also used as an anatomical landmark. It marks the T4 (fourth thoracic vertebra) [[dermatome (anatomy)|dermatome]] and rests over the approximate level of the diaphragm.{{sfn|Hansen|2010|p=73}} The arterial supply to the nipple and breast originates from the anterior intercostal branches of the internal thoracic (mammary) arteries; lateral thoracic artery; and thoracodorsal arteries. The venous vessels parallel the arteries.{{sfn|Hansen|2010|p=80}} The lymphatic ducts that drain the nipple are the same for the breast.{{sfn|Hansen|2010|p=80}} The axillary nodes are the apical axillary nodes, the lateral group and the anterior group.<ref>{{cite book |last=Imwold |first=Denise |url=https://archive.org/details/anatomicasbodyat0000unse_n0u2 |title=Anatomica's body atlas |publisher=Laurel Glen |year=2003 |isbn=9781571459237 |location=San Diego, CA |pages=286–7 |url-access=registration}}</ref> 75% of the lymph is drained through the axillary lymph nodes located near the armpit. The rest of the drainage leaves the nipple and breast through infroclavicular, pectoral, or parasternal nodes. Since nipples change throughout the life span in men and women, the anatomy of the nipple can change and this change may be expected and considered normal.{{cn|date=November 2021}} ===In male mammals=== [[File:Human nipple.jpg|thumb|A nipple on a human adult male|right]] Almost all [[mammals]] have nipples. Why males have nipples has been the subject of scientific research. Differences among the sexes (called [[sexual dimorphism]]) within a given species are considered by [[evolutionary biologist]]s to be mostly the result of [[sexual selection]], directly or indirectly. There is a consensus that the male nipple exists because there is no particular advantage to males losing the trait. Some biologist would call the male nipple a [[Spandrel (biology)|spandrel]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lawrence|first1=Eleanor|title=Why do men have nipples?|journal=Nature News|date=5 August 1999|doi=10.1038/news990805-1|url=http://www.nature.com/news/1999/990805/full/news990805-1.html|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Burke|first1=Anna|title=Do Male Dogs Have Nipples?|url=http://www.akc.org/content/dog-care/articles/do-male-dogs-have-nipples/|website=American Kennel Club|language=en|date=July 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Simons|first1=Andrew M.|title=Why do men have nipples?|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-men-have-nipples/|work=Scientific American|date=January 13, 2003|language=en}}</ref> ==Function== [[File:Breastfeeding infant.jpg|thumb|Infant [[Latch (breastfeeding)|latched on]] to a nipple to [[breastfeed]]]] [[File:Smoczek od butelki.JPG|thumb|Silicone teat or nipple, used for [[Baby bottle|bottle feeding]] ]] {{main|Breast feeding}} The physiological purpose of nipples is to deliver [[milk]], produced in the female [[mammary gland]]s during [[lactation]], to an [[infant]]. During breastfeeding, nipple stimulation by an infant will stimulate the release of [[oxytocin]] from the [[hypothalamus]]. Oxytocin is a [[hormone]] that increases during pregnancy and acts on the breast to help produce the [[milk ejection reflex|milk-ejection reflex]]. Oxytocin release from the nipple stimulation of the infant causes the uterus to contract even after childbirth.{{sfn|Henry|2016|p=117}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/#o|title=Glossary - womenshealth.gov|website=womenshealth.gov|access-date=12 August 2017|date=2017-01-10}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> The strong uterine contractions that are caused by the stimulation of the mother's nipples help the uterus contract to clamp down the uterine arteries. These contractions are necessary to prevent [[post-partum hemorrhage|post-partum haemorrhage]].<ref name=Abedi2016>{{cite journal|last1=Abedi|first1=P|last2=Jahanfar|first2=S|last3=Namvar|first3=F|last4=Lee|first4=J|title=Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=27 January 2016|volume=1|issue=1|pages=CD010845|pmid=26816300|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010845.pub2|pmc=6718231}}</ref> When the infant suckles or stimulates the nipple, oxytocin levels rise and small muscles in the breast contract, moving the milk through the milk ducts. The result of nipple stimulation by the infant helps to move breast milk out through the ducts and to the nipple. This contraction of milk is called the "let-down reflex".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/files/documents/your-guide-to-breastfeeding.pdf |title=Guide to breastfeeding |website=www.womenshealth.gov |access-date=2017-08-12 |archive-date=2020-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017113931/https://www.womenshealth.gov/files/documents/your-guide-to-breastfeeding.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Latching on refers to the infant fastening onto the nipple to breastfeed. A good attachment is when the bottom of the areola (the area around the nipple) is in the infant's mouth and the nipple is drawn back inside his or her mouth. A poor latch results in insufficient nipple stimulation to create the let down reflex. The nipple is poorly stimulated when the baby latches on too close to the tip of the nipple. This poor attachment can cause sore and [[cracked nipple]]s and a reluctance of the mother to continue to breastfeed.<ref name = whgov>{{cite web|url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/itsonlynatural/overcoming-challenges/breastfeeding-checklist-how-to-get-good-latch.html|title=Breastfeeding checklist: How to get a good latch | publisher = WomensHealth.gov | access-date=4 August 2017|date=2017-06-09 }}{{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name = whgov2>{{cite web|url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/itsonlynatural/overcoming-challenges/common-questions-about-breastfeeding-pain.html|title=Common questions about breastfeeding and pain | publisher = womenshealth.gov|access-date=4 August 2017|date=2017-06-09 }}{{PD-notice}}</ref> After birth, the milk supply increases based upon the continuous and increasing stimulation of the nipple by the infant. If the baby increases nursing time at the nipple, the mammary glands respond to this stimulation by increasing milk production. ==Clinical significance== ===Pain=== [[Nipple tenderness|Nipple pain]] can be a disincentive for breastfeeding.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2013/world_breastfeeding_week_20130730/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806074415/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2013/world_breastfeeding_week_20130730/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 6, 2013|title=WHO - Breastfeeding: Only 1 in 5 countries fully implement WHO's infant formula Code|website=www.who.int|access-date=12 August 2017}}</ref> Sore nipples that progress to cracked nipples is of concern since many women cease [[Nipple pain in breastfeeding|breastfeeding due to the pain]]. In some instances, an ulcer will form on the nipple.<ref name="Sant2016">{{cite journal|last1=Santos|first1=Kamila Juliana da Silva|last2=Santana|first2=Géssica Silva|last3=Vieira|first3=Tatiana de Oliveira|last4=Santos|first4=Carlos Antônio de Souza Teles|last5=Giugliani|first5=Elsa Regina Justo|last6=Vieira|first6=Graciete Oliveira|title=Prevalence and factors associated with cracked nipples in the first month postpartum|journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth|volume=16|issue=1|pages=209|year=2016|issn=1471-2393|doi=10.1186/s12884-016-0999-4|pmid=27496088|pmc=4975913 |doi-access=free }}</ref> One reason for the development of cracked and sore nipples is the incorrect latching-on of the infant to the nipple. If a nipple appears to be wedge-shaped, white and flattened, this may indicate that the attachment of the infant is not good and there is a potential of developing cracked nipples.<ref name = nhs2>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/sore-cracked-nipples-breastfeeding.aspx|title=Sore or cracked nipples when breastfeeding, Pregnancy and baby guide |publisher = National Health Services (UK)|website=www.nhs.uk|access-date=4 August 2017|date=2017-12-21 }}</ref> Herpes infection of the nipple is painful.{{sfn|Walker|2011|p=533}} Nipple pain can also be caused by excessive [[friction]] of clothing against the nipple that causes a [[Fissure of the nipple|fissure]]. ===Discharge=== Nipple discharge refers to any fluid that seeps out of the nipple of the breast. Discharge from the nipple does not occur in lactating women. And discharge in non-pregnant women or women who are not breastfeeding may not cause concern. Men that have discharge from their nipples are not typical. Discharge from the nipples of men or boys may indicate a problem. Discharge from the nipples can appear without squeezing or may only be noticeable if the nipples are squeezed. One nipple can have discharge while the other does not. The discharge can be clear, green, bloody, brown or straw-coloured. The consistency can be thick, thin, sticky or watery.<ref name = medline1/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/nipple-discharge/basics/definition/sym-20050946|title=Nipple discharge|publisher=[[Mayo Clinic]]|access-date=12 August 2017}}</ref> Some cases of nipple discharge will clear on their own without treatment. Nipple discharge is most often not cancer (benign), but rarely, it can be a sign of breast cancer. It is important to determine what is causing the discharge and to get treatment. Reasons for nipple discharge include:<ref name = medline1>{{cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001515.htm|title=Nipple discharge: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=medlineplus.gov|access-date=12 August 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> * Pregnancy * Recent breastfeeding * [[Fissure of the nipple|Rubbing]] on the area from a bra or T-shirt * Injury to the breast * [[Mastitis|Infection]] * Inflammation and [[blocked milk duct|clogging]] of the breast ducts * Noncancerous [[pituitary tumor]]s * Small [[breast mass|growth]] in the breast (usually not cancer) * Severe underactive thyroid gland ([[hypothyroidism]]) * [[Fibrocystic breast changes|Fibrocystic breast]] (normal lumpiness in the breast) * Use of certain medicines * Use of certain herbs, such as anise and fennel * [[Duct ectasia of breast|Widening of the milk ducts]]<ref name = medline1/> Sometimes, babies can have nipple discharge. This is caused by hormones from the mother before birth. It usually goes away in two weeks. Cancers such as [[Paget's disease of the breast|Paget's disease]] (a rare type of cancer involving the skin of the nipple) can also cause nipple discharge.<ref name = medline1/> Nipple discharge that is not normal is bloody, comes from only one nipple, or comes out on its own without squeezing or touching the nipple. Nipple discharge is more likely to be normal if it comes out of both nipples or happens when the nipples are squeezed. Squeezing the nipple to check for discharge can make it worse. Leaving the nipple alone may make the discharge stop.<ref name = medline1/> Nipple discharge in a male is usually of more concern. Most of the time a mammogram and an examination of the fluid is done. A biopsy is often performed. A fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy can be fast and least painful. A very thin, hollow needle and slight suction will be used to remove a small sample from under the nipple. Using a local anesthetic to numb the skin may not be necessary since a thin needle is used for the biopsy. Receiving an injection to prevent pain from the biopsy may be more painful than the biopsy itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer-in-men/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html|title=How Is Breast Cancer in Men Diagnosed?|website=www.cancer.org|access-date=12 August 2017}}</ref> Some men develop a condition known as [[gynecomastia]], in which the breast tissue under the nipple develops and grows. Discharge from the nipple can occur. The nipple may swell in some men possibly due to increased levels of estrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cuhaci|first1=Neslihan|last2=Polat|first2=Sefika Burcak|last3=Evranos|first3=Berna|last4=Ersoy|first4=Reyhan|last5=Cakir|first5=Bekir|date=2014|title=Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management|journal=Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=18|issue=2|pages=150–158|doi=10.4103/2230-8210.129104|issn=2230-8210|pmc=3987263|pmid=24741509 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===Appearance=== [[File:DSC0216 Burma Chin Village near Lemro River Pretty little girl (7374973732).jpg|thumb|Prior to [[puberty]], the nipples on girls are very similar to boys.]] Changes in appearance may be normal or related to disease. * [[Inverted nipple]]s – This is normal if the nipples have always been indented inward and can easily point out when touched. If the nipples are pointing in and this is new, this is an unexpected change. * Skin puckering of the nipple – This can be caused by scar tissue from surgery or an infection. Often, scar tissue forms for no reason. Most of the time this issue does not need treatment. This is an unexpected change. This change can be of concern since puckering or retraction of the nipple can indicate an underlying change in breast tissue that may be cancerous.{{sfn|Hansen|2010|p=83}} * The nipple is warm to the touch, red or painful – This can be an infection. It is rarely due to breast cancer. * Scaly, flaking, or itchy nipple – This is most often due to [[dermatitis|eczema]] or a bacterial or fungal infection. This change is not expected. Flaking, scaly, or itchy nipples can be a sign of Paget's disease. * Thickened skin with large pores – This is called [[peau d'orange]] because the skin looks like an orange peel. An infection in the breast or inflammatory breast cancer can cause this problem. This is not an expected change. * Retracted nipples – The nipple was raised above the surface but changes, begins to pull inward, and does not come out when stimulated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000622.htm|title=Breast skin and nipple changes: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=medlineplus.gov|access-date=12 August 2017}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The average projection and size of human female nipples is slightly more than {{convert|3/8|in}}.<ref>M. Hussain, L. Rynn, C. Riordan and P. J. Regan, "Nipple-areola reconstruction: outcome assessment"; ''European Journal of Plastic Surgery'', Vol. 26, Num. 7, December, 2003</ref> ===Breast cancer=== Symptoms of [[breast cancer]] can often be seen first by changes of the nipple and areola, although not all women have the same symptoms, and some people do not have any signs or symptoms at all. A person may find out they have breast cancer after a routine [[mammogram]]. Warning signs can include:<ref name = cdcbc/><ref name = cdc2bc>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/resources/features/breastcanceryoungwomen/index.htm|title=Breast Cancer in Young Women|access-date=12 August 2017|date=September 8, 2016 |website=CDC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926020431/https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/resources/features/breastcanceryoungwomen/index.htm |archive-date= Sep 26, 2017 }}{{PD-notice}}</ref> * New lump in the nipple, or breast or armpit * Thickening or swelling of part of the breast, areola, or nipple * Irritation or dimpling of breast skin * Redness or flaky skin in the nipple area or the breast * Pulling in of the nipple or pain in the nipple area * Nipple discharge other than breast milk, including blood * Any change in the size or the shape of the breast or nipple * Pain in any area of the breast<ref name = cdcbc/><ref name = cdc2bc/> Changes in the nipple are not necessarily symptoms or signs of breast cancer. Other conditions of the nipple can mimic the signs and symptoms of breast cancer.<ref name = cdcbc>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/young_women/bringyourbrave/breast_cancer_young_women/symptoms.htm|title= Bring Your Brave Campaign - Symptoms of Breast Cancer|website=CDC |access-date=12 August 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> ===Vertical transmission=== Some infections are transmitted through the nipple, especially if irritation or injury to the nipple has occurred. In these circumstances, the nipple itself can become infected with [[Candidiasis|Candida]] that is present in the mouth of the breastfeeding infant. The infant will transmit the infection to the mother. Most of the time, this infection is localized to the area of the nipple. In some cases, the infection can progress to become a full-blown case of [[mastitis]] or breast infection.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/nepal_art.pdf?ua=1 |title=National Anti-retroviral Therapy Guidelines |date=2009 |agency=National Centre for AIDS & STD Control |website=World Health Organization |format=PDF |access-date=2020-10-05 |archive-date=2020-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525205408/https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/nepal_art.pdf?ua=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In some cases, if the mother has an infection with no nipple cracks or ulcerations, it is still safe to breastfeed the infant. [[Herpes infection]] of the nipple can go unnoticed because the lesions are small but usually are quite painful. Herpes in the newborn is a serious and sometimes fatal infection.{{sfn|Walker|2011|p=533}} Transmission of Hepatitis C and B to the infant can occur if the nipples are cracked.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000803.htm|title=Breastfeeding vs. Formula Feeding |website=MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |access-date=12 August 2017}}</ref> Other infections can be transmitted through a break of the skin of the nipple and can infect the infant. ===Other disorders=== {{div col|colwidth=30em}} *[[Nipple bleb]] *[[Candida infection]] of the nipple *Eczema of the nipple *[[Inverted nipple]] *[[Staphylococcus]] infection of the nipple *[[Edematous areola]]{{sfn|Walker|2011|p=524}} *[[Herpes infection]] of the nipple *[[Reynaud phenomenon of the nipple]]{{sfn|Walker|2011|p=533}} *[[Flat nipple]]{{sfn|Walker|2011|p=530}} {{div col end}} ===Surgery=== A nipple-sparing/[[Subcutis|subcutaneous]] mastectomy is a surgical procedure where breast tissue is removed, but the nipple and areola are preserved. This procedure was historically done only prophylactically or with mastectomy for the benign disease over the fear of increased cancer development in retained areolar ductal tissue. Recent series suggest that it may be an oncologically sound procedure for tumours not in the subareolar position.<ref name="pmid12832974">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gerber B, Krause A, Reimer T, etal |title=Skin-sparing mastectomy with conservation of the nipple-areola complex and autologous reconstruction is an oncologically safe procedure |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=238 |issue=1 |pages=120–7 |year=2003 |pmid=12832974 |doi= 10.1097/01.SLA.0000077922.38307.cd|pmc=1422651}}</ref><ref name="pmid17269590">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mokbel R, Mokbel K |title=Is it safe to preserve the nipple areola complex during skin-sparing mastectomy for breast cancer? |journal=Int J Fertil Female's Med |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=230–2 |year=2006 |pmid=17269590 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17084333">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sacchini V, Pinotti JA, Barros AC, etal |title=Nipple-sparing mastectomy for breast cancer and risk reduction: oncologic or technical problem? |journal=J. Am. Coll. Surg. |volume=203 |issue=5 |pages=704–14 |year=2006 |pmid=17084333 |doi=10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.07.015 }}</ref> ==Society and culture== [[File:Duplessis's semi-topless portrait of the Princess of Lamballe dates from 18th Century France.png|thumb|200px|[[Joseph Duplessis|Duplessis]]'s portrait of [[Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe|Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy]] baring a nipple dates from 18th-century France.]] ===Exposure=== {{Main|Toplessness}} The cultural tendency to hide the female nipple under clothing has existed in Western culture since the 1800s.<ref name="auto"/><ref name=Dewar/><ref name = bbc1>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30052071|title=Toplessness - the one Victorian taboo that won't go away|date=15 November 2014|access-date=13 August 2017|newspaper=BBC News}}</ref> As female nipples are often perceived an [[intimate part]], covering them might have originated under [[Victorian morality]] as with riding side saddle. Exposing the entire breast and nipple is a form of protest for some and a crime for others.<ref name = bbc1/><ref name="citypaper">{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/columns/straight-dope/article/13045218/why-are-women-expected-to-keep-their-nipples-covered-breasts|title=Why Are Women Expected to Keep Their Nipples Covered?|date=14 February 2014|access-date=13 August 2017}}</ref> The exposure of nipples is usually considered [[Modesty|immodest]] and in some instances is viewed as [[lewd]] or [[indecent exposure|indecent]] behavior.<ref>D. Leder, ''The Body in Medical Thought and Practice'', page 223, Springer Science & Business Media, 1992, {{ISBN|978-0-7923-1657-2}}</ref> A case in Erie, Pennsylvania, concerning the exposure of breasts and nipple proceeded to the [[United States Supreme Court]].<ref name="SC_Erie">{{cite web|title=Erie v. Pap's A. M., 529 U.S. 277 (2000)|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/529/277/case.html|website=Justia Law|publisher=Justia|access-date=15 February 2018|language=en|date=March 2000|quote=Nudity cannot be considered an inherent form of expression.}}</ref> The Erie ordinance was regulating the nipple in public as an act that is committed when a person "knowingly or intentionally, ... appears in a state of nudity commits Public Indecency." Later in the statute, nudity is further described as an uncovered female nipple. But nipple exposure of a man was not regulated. An opinion column credited to [[Cecil Adams]] noted: "Ponder the significance of that. A man walks around bare-chested and the worst that happens is he won't get served in restaurants. But a woman who goes topless is legally in the same boat as if she'd had sex in public. That may seem crazy, but in the US it's a permissible law."<ref name="citypaper"/> The legality around the exposure of nipples is inconsistently regulated throughout the US. Some states do not allow the visualization of any part of the breast. Other jurisdictions prohibit any female chest anatomy by banning anatomical structures that lie below the top of the areola or nipple. Such is the case in West Virginia and Massachusetts. West Virginia's regulation is very specific and is not likely to be misinterpreted, stating: "[The] display of 'any portion of the cleavage of the human female breast exhibited by a dress, blouse, skirt, leotard, bathing suit, or other wearing apparel [is permitted] provided the areola is not exposed, in whole or in part.{{'"}}<ref name="citypaper"/> [[File:Namibie Himba 0716a.jpg|thumb|left |A [[Namibian]] woman going [[topless]]]] The [[Instagram]] social media site has a "no nipples" policy with exceptions: material that is not allowed includes "some photos of female nipples, but photos of post-[[mastectomy]] scarring and women actively breastfeeding are allowed. Nudity in photos of paintings and sculptures is OK, too".<ref name="Instagram_Help">{{cite web|title=Community Guidelines|url=https://help.instagram.com/477434105621119|website=help.instagram.com|publisher=Instagram|access-date=15 February 2018|language=en}}</ref> Previously, Instagram had removed images of nursing mothers. Instagram removed images of [[Rihanna]] and had her account cancelled in 2014 when she posted selfies with nipples. This was incentive for the Twitter campaign [[Free the nipple|#FreeTheNipple]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewrap.com/instagram-clarifies-its-no-nipple-policy/|title=Instagram Clarifies Its No-Nipple Policy|date=17 April 2015|access-date=13 August 2017}}</ref>{{better source|date=September 2021}} In 2016, an Instagram page invited users to post images of nipples from both sexes; @genderless_nipples, which displays close ups of both the nipples of men and women for the purpose of spotlighting what may be inconsistency.<ref name = genderless>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/6/13852900/genderless-nipples-instagram-censorship-policy|title=Genderless Nipples exposes Instagram's double standard on nudity|first=Amar|last=Toor|date=6 December 2016|website=The Verge|access-date=13 August 2017}}</ref> Some contributors have circumvented the policy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/40170981/art-student-challenges-sexist-ban-on-nipples-on-instagram-with-new-project|title=Art student challenges 'sexist' ban on nipples on Instagram with new project - BBC Newsbeat|work=BBC News|date=6 June 2017|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/09/09/women-it-s-time-to-reclaim-our-breasts|title=Women, It's Time to Reclaim Our Breasts|first=Emily|last=Shire|date=9 September 2014|via=www.thedailybeast.com|newspaper=The Daily Beast}}</ref> Facebook has also been struggling to define its nipple policy.<ref name = genderless/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.facebook.com/communitystandards/encouraging-respectful-behavior/|title=Community Standards|website=m.facebook.com|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2016/10/24/is-facebook-going-to-start-freeing-nipple.html|title=Is Facebook going to start freeing the nipple?|website=[[Fox News]]|date=24 October 2016|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref> Filmmaker [[Lina Esco]] made a film entitled ''[[Free the Nipple (film)|Free the Nipple]]'', which is about "laws against female toplessness or restrictions on images of female, but not male, nipples", which Esco states is an example of [[sexism]] in society.<ref name=beast>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/09/09/women-it-s-time-to-reclaim-our-breasts.html|title=Women, It's Time to Reclaim Our Breasts|first=Emily|last=Shire|date=9 September 2014|newspaper=The Daily Beast}}</ref> ===Sexuality=== {{Main|Nipple stimulation}} Nipples can be sensitive to touch, and [[nipple stimulation]] can incite [[sexual arousal]].<ref name="Harvey">{{cite book|first1=John H. |last1=Harvey |first2=Amy |last2=Wenzel |first3=Susan |last3=Sprecher|title=The Handbook of Sexuality in Close Relationships|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|isbn=978-1135624705|page=427|date=2004|access-date=August 12, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsl4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA427}}</ref> Few women report experiencing [[orgasm]] from nipple stimulation.<ref name="Kinsey">{{cite book|first1=Alfred C. |last1=Kinsey |first2=Wardell B. |last2=Pomeroy |first3=Clyde E. |last3=Martin |first4=Paul H. |last4=Gebhard|title=Sexual Behavior in the Human Female|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=978-0253019240|page=587|date=1998|access-date=August 12, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHWHCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA587|quote=There are some females who appear to find no erotic satisfaction in having their breasts manipulated; perhaps half of them derive some distinct satisfaction, but not more than a very small percentage ever respond intensely enough to reach orgasm as a result of such stimulation (Chapter 5). [...] Records of females reaching orgasm from breast stimulation alone are rare.}}</ref><ref name="Boston">{{cite book|author=Boston Women's Health Book Collective|title=The New Our Bodies, Ourselves: A Book by and for Women|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=978-0684823522|page=575|date=1996|access-date=August 12, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFI4AQAAIAAJ|quote=A few women can even experience orgasm from breast stimulation alone.}}</ref> Before Komisaruk et al.'s [[Functional magnetic resonance imaging|functional magnetic resonance]] (fMRI) research on nipple stimulation in 2011, reports of women achieving orgasm from nipple stimulation relied solely on [[anecdotal evidence]].<ref name="Smith">{{cite book|author=Merril D. Smith|title=Cultural Encyclopedia of the Breast|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0759123328|page=71|date=2014|access-date=August 12, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrCCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71}}</ref> Komisaruk's study was the first to map the female genitals onto the sensory portion of the brain; it indicates that sensation from the nipples travels to the same part of the brain as sensations from the vagina, clitoris and cervix, and that these reported orgasms are genital orgasms caused by nipple stimulation, and may be directly linked to the genital sensory cortex ("the genital area of the brain").<ref name="Smith"/><ref name="Lehmiller">{{cite book|author=Justin J. Lehmiller|title=The Psychology of Human Sexuality|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=978-1118351321|page=120|date=2013|access-date=August 12, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQRgAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT120}}</ref><ref name="Komisaruk">{{Cite journal|author1-link=Barry Komisaruk|last1=Komisaruk |first1=B. R. |last2=Wise |first2=N. |last3=Frangos |first3=E. |last4=Liu |first4=W.-C. |last5=Allen |first5=K |last6=Brody |first6=S. |title=Women's Clitoris, Vagina, and Cervix Mapped on the Sensory Cortex: fMRI Evidence |journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |year=2011|doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02388.x |volume=8|issue=10|pages=2822–30 |pmid=21797981 |pmc=3186818}} *{{cite news |author=Stephanie Pappas |date=August 5, 2011 |title=Surprise finding in response to nipple stimulation |work=CBS News |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/surprise-finding-in-response-to-nipple-stimulation/}}</ref> ===In business=== Some companies and non-profit organisations have used the word ''nipple'' or images of nipples to draw attention to their product or cause.<ref name=beast/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bedfordandbowery.com/2014/08/this-new-bushwick-bar-is-the-most-literal-boobie-trap-weve-ever-seen/|title=This New Bushwick Bar Is The Most Literal Boobie Trap We've Ever Seen|date=19 August 2014|website=Bedford and Bowery|first=Nicole|last=Disser}}</ref> ==See also== {{Div col}} *[[Breast milk]] *[[Fleischer's syndrome]] *[[Nip slip]] *[[Nipplegate]] *[[Nipple piercing]] *[[Nipple prosthesis]] for breast cancer survivors *[[Pasties]] *[[Supernumerary nipple|Supernumerary (third) nipple]] *[[Udder]] {{Div col end|3}} ==References== '''Citations''' {{Reflist}} '''Bibliography''' *{{cite book | last = Davidson | first = Michele | title = Fast facts for the antepartum and postpartum nurse: a nursing orientation and care guide in a nutshell | publisher = Springer Publishing Company, LLC | location = New York, NY | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-0-8261-6887-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Durham | first = Roberta | title = Maternal-newborn nursing: the critical components of nursing care | publisher = F.A. Davis Company | location = Philadelphia | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-0803637047 }} *{{cite book | last = Hansen | first = John | title = Netter's clinical anatomy | publisher = Saunders/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia | year = 2010 | isbn = 9781437702729 }} * {{cite book | last = Henry | first = Norma | title = RN maternal newborn nursing: review module | publisher = Assessment Technologies Institute | location = Stilwell, KS | year = 2016 | isbn = 9781565335691 }} * {{cite book |first1=Ruth A. |last1=Lawrence|first2=Robert M. |last2=Lawrence |title=Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Professional |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=S6y6CgAAQBAJ|page=227}}|date=13 October 2015|pages=227–8|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-39420-8}} * {{cite book|title=Breastfeeding management for the clinician: using the evidence |last=Walker |first=Marsha|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers |year=2011|isbn=9780763766511 |location=Sudbury, Mass}} == External links == {{Wiktionary|nipple|teat|papilla}} * {{Commons category inline|Nipples}} * {{Wikiquote inline}} {{Breast anatomy|state=collapsed}} {{Disorders of the breast}} {{sex}} {{Human regional anatomy}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Nipple| ]] [[Category:Breast milk| ]] [[Category:Breast]] [[Category:Breastfeeding]] [[Category:Embryology]] [[Category:Exocrine system]] [[Category:Glands]] [[Category:Human sexuality]] [[Category:Mammal anatomy]] [[Category:Midwifery]] [[Category:Secondary sexual characteristics]]'

New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)

'{{about|the anatomical structure||Nipple (disambiguation)}} {{pp-semi|small=yes}} {{short description|Part of the breast}} {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Nipple | Latin = papilla mammaria | Image = African Breast SG.jpg | Caption = A nipple, [[areola]] and [[breast]] of a female human | Width = 200px | Image2 = | Caption2 = The dark pigmented [[areola]] surrounding a nipple of a young female human | part_of = [[Breast]] | Precursor = | System = | Artery = | Vein = | Nerve = | Lymph = }} The '''nipple''' is a raised region of tissue on the surface of the [[breast]] from which, in females, [[breast milk|milk]] leaves the breast through the [[lactiferous duct]]s to [[breastfeed]] an infant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/nipple|title=nipple|access-date=4 August 2017|via=The Free Dictionary}}</ref>{{sfn |Hansen|2010|p=80}} The milk can flow through the nipple passively or it can be ejected by [[smooth muscles|smooth]] [[muscular contraction|muscle contractions]] that occur along with the ductal system. Male mammals also have nipples but without the same level of function, and often surrounded by [[body hair]]. The nipple is surrounded by the [[areola]], which is often a darker colour than the surrounding skin.<ref>{{cite web |title=nipple |url=https://www.tabers.com/tabersonline/view/Tabers-Dictionary/762857/1/nipple&ti=0 |access-date=12 August 2017 |website=Taber's Online}}</ref> A nipple is often called a ''[[teat]]'' when referring to non-humans. "Nipple" or "teat" can also be used to describe the flexible mouthpiece of a [[baby bottle]]. In humans, the nipples of both males and females can be [[sexually stimulated]] as part of [[sexual arousal]]. In many cultures, human female nipples are [[sexualize]]d,<ref name="auto">{{cite web |author=Beer |first=Todd |date=2015-05-12 |title=Social Construction of the Body: The Nipple |url=http://sociologytoolbox.com/social-construction-of-the-body/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527024111/http://sociologytoolbox.com/social-construction-of-the-body/ |archive-date=May 27, 2015 |access-date=2015-05-16 |publisher=SOCIOLOGYtoolbox}}</ref> or regarded as sex objects and evaluated in terms of their physical characteristics and sex appeal.<ref name="Dewar">{{cite web |last=Dewar |first=Gwen |date=October 2012 |title=The sexualization of girls: Is the popular culture harming our kids? |url=http://www.parentingscience.com/sexualization-of-girls.html |website= |publisher=Parenting Science}}</ref> Some cultures have little to no sexualization of the nipple, and going [[topless]] presents no barrier.{{clarify|reason=barrier to what?|date=January 2024}} ==Etymology== The word "nipple" most likely originates as a [[diminutive]] of ''neb'', an [[Old English]] word meaning "beak", "nose", or "face", and which is of [[Proto-Germanic|Germanic origin]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Harper | first = Douglas | author-link = Douglas Harper | title = nipple | work = Online Etymological Dictionary | date = 2001–2010 | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nipple | access-date = 15 August 2011 }}</ref> The words "teat" and "tit" share a Germanic ancestor. The second of the two, tit, was inherited directly from Proto-Germanic, while the first entered English via [[Old French]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Harper | first = Douglas | author-link = Douglas Harper | title = teat | work = Online Etymological Dictionary | date = 2001–2010 | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=teat | access-date = 15 August 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Harper | first = Douglas | author-link = Douglas Harper | title = tit (1) | work = Online Etymological Dictionary | date = 2001–2010 | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tit | access-date = 15 August 2011}}</ref> == Structure == [[File:Breast anatomy normal scheme.png|thumb|The breast: cross-section scheme of the [[mammary gland]]: {{ordered list |[[Thoracic wall|Chest wall]] |[[Pectoralis major muscle|Pectoralis muscle]]s |[[Lobe (anatomy)|Lobules]] |'''Nipple''' |[[Areola]] |[[Lactiferous duct|Milk duct]] |[[Adipose tissue|Fatty tissue]] |[[Human skin|Skin]]}}]] In [[mammal]]s, a nipple (also called mammary papilla or [[teat]]) is a small projection of [[skin]] containing the outlets for 15–20 [[lactiferous duct]]s arranged cylindrically around the tip. [[Marsupial]]s and [[Eutheria|eutherian mammals]] typically have an even number of nipples arranged bilaterally, from as few as 2 to as many as 19.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramel |first=Gordon |title=Mammalian Milk & Nutritional Profile of the Milk of Various Mammals |url=http://www.earthlife.net/mammals/milk.html |access-date=2013-05-09 |publisher=Earth Life}}</ref> The skin of the nipple is rich in a supply of special [[nerve]]s that are sensitive to certain stimuli: these are slowly-adapting and rapidly-adapting [[integumentary|cutaneous]] [[mechanoreceptor]]s. Mechanoreceptors are identified respectively by Type I slowly-adapting with multiple [[Merkel corpuscle end-organ]]s and Type II slowly-adapting with single [[Ruffini corpuscle end-organ]]s, as well as Type I rapidly-adapting with multiple [[Meissner corpuscle end-organ]]s and Type II rapidly-adapting with single [[Pacinian corpuscle end-organs]]. The dominant nerve supply to the nipple comes from the lateral cutaneous branches of fourth [[intercostal nerve]].<ref>Grabb & Smith's Plastic Surgery 6th edition. Chapter 59 page 593</ref> The nipple is also used as an anatomical landmark. It marks the T4 (fourth thoracic vertebra) [[dermatome (anatomy)|dermatome]] and rests over the approximate level of the diaphragm.{{sfn|Hansen|2010|p=73}} The arterial supply to the nipple and breast originates from the anterior intercostal branches of the internal thoracic (mammary) arteries; lateral thoracic artery; and thoracodorsal arteries. The venous vessels parallel the arteries.{{sfn|Hansen|2010|p=80}} The lymphatic ducts that drain the nipple are the same for the breast.{{sfn|Hansen|2010|p=80}} The axillary nodes are the apical axillary nodes, the lateral group and the anterior group.<ref>{{cite book |last=Imwold |first=Denise |url=https://archive.org/details/anatomicasbodyat0000unse_n0u2 |title=Anatomica's body atlas |publisher=Laurel Glen |year=2003 |isbn=9781571459237 |location=San Diego, CA |pages=286–7 |url-access=registration}}</ref> 75% of the lymph is drained through the axillary lymph nodes located near the armpit. The rest of the drainage leaves the nipple and breast through infroclavicular, pectoral, or parasternal nodes. Since nipples change throughout the life span in men and women, the anatomy of the nipple can change and this change may be expected and considered normal.{{cn|date=November 2021}} ===In male mammals=== [[File:Human nipple.jpg|thumb|A nipple on a human adult male|right]] Almost all [[mammals]] have nipples. Why males have nipples has been the subject of scientific research. Differences among the sexes (called [[sexual dimorphism]]) within a given species are considered by [[evolutionary biologist]]s to be mostly the result of [[sexual selection]], directly or indirectly. There is a consensus that the male nipple exists because there is no particular advantage to males losing the trait. Some biologist would call the male nipple a [[Spandrel (biology)|spandrel]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lawrence|first1=Eleanor|title=Why do men have nipples?|journal=Nature News|date=5 August 1999|doi=10.1038/news990805-1|url=http://www.nature.com/news/1999/990805/full/news990805-1.html|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Burke|first1=Anna|title=Do Male Dogs Have Nipples?|url=http://www.akc.org/content/dog-care/articles/do-male-dogs-have-nipples/|website=American Kennel Club|language=en|date=July 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Simons|first1=Andrew M.|title=Why do men have nipples?|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-men-have-nipples/|work=Scientific American|date=January 13, 2003|language=en}}</ref> ==Function== [[File:Breastfeeding infant.jpg|thumb|Infant [[Latch (breastfeeding)|latched on]] to a nipple to [[breastfeed]]]] [[File:Smoczek od butelki.JPG|thumb|Silicone teat or nipple, used for [[Baby bottle|bottle feeding]] ]] {{main|Breast feeding}} The physiological purpose of nipples is to deliver [[milk]], produced in the female [[mammary gland]]s during [[lactation]], to an [[infant]]. During breastfeeding, nipple stimulation by an infant will stimulate the release of [[oxytocin]] from the [[hypothalamus]]. Oxytocin is a [[hormone]] that increases during pregnancy and acts on the breast to help produce the [[milk ejection reflex|milk-ejection reflex]]. Oxytocin release from the nipple stimulation of the infant causes the uterus to contract even after childbirth.{{sfn|Henry|2016|p=117}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/#o|title=Glossary - womenshealth.gov|website=womenshealth.gov|access-date=12 August 2017|date=2017-01-10}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> The strong uterine contractions that are caused by the stimulation of the mother's nipples help the uterus contract to clamp down the uterine arteries. These contractions are necessary to prevent [[post-partum hemorrhage|post-partum haemorrhage]].<ref name=Abedi2016>{{cite journal|last1=Abedi|first1=P|last2=Jahanfar|first2=S|last3=Namvar|first3=F|last4=Lee|first4=J|title=Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=27 January 2016|volume=1|issue=1|pages=CD010845|pmid=26816300|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010845.pub2|pmc=6718231}}</ref> When the infant suckles or stimulates the nipple, oxytocin levels rise and small muscles in the breast contract, moving the milk through the milk ducts. The result of nipple stimulation by the infant helps to move breast milk out through the ducts and to the nipple. This contraction of milk is called the "let-down reflex".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/files/documents/your-guide-to-breastfeeding.pdf |title=Guide to breastfeeding |website=www.womenshealth.gov |access-date=2017-08-12 |archive-date=2020-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017113931/https://www.womenshealth.gov/files/documents/your-guide-to-breastfeeding.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Latching on refers to the infant fastening onto the nipple to breastfeed. A good attachment is when the bottom of the areola (the area around the nipple) is in the infant's mouth and the nipple is drawn back inside his or her mouth. A poor latch results in insufficient nipple stimulation to create the let down reflex. The nipple is poorly stimulated when the baby latches on too close to the tip of the nipple. This poor attachment can cause sore and [[cracked nipple]]s and a reluctance of the mother to continue to breastfeed.<ref name = whgov>{{cite web|url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/itsonlynatural/overcoming-challenges/breastfeeding-checklist-how-to-get-good-latch.html|title=Breastfeeding checklist: How to get a good latch | publisher = WomensHealth.gov | access-date=4 August 2017|date=2017-06-09 }}{{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name = whgov2>{{cite web|url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/itsonlynatural/overcoming-challenges/common-questions-about-breastfeeding-pain.html|title=Common questions about breastfeeding and pain | publisher = womenshealth.gov|access-date=4 August 2017|date=2017-06-09 }}{{PD-notice}}</ref> After birth, the milk supply increases based upon the continuous and increasing stimulation of the nipple by the infant. If the baby increases nursing time at the nipple, the mammary glands respond to this stimulation by increasing milk production. ==Clinical significance== ===Pain=== [[Nipple tenderness|Nipple pain]] can be a disincentive for breastfeeding.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2013/world_breastfeeding_week_20130730/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806074415/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2013/world_breastfeeding_week_20130730/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 6, 2013|title=WHO - Breastfeeding: Only 1 in 5 countries fully implement WHO's infant formula Code|website=www.who.int|access-date=12 August 2017}}</ref> Sore nipples that progress to cracked nipples is of concern since many women cease [[Nipple pain in breastfeeding|breastfeeding due to the pain]]. In some instances, an ulcer will form on the nipple.<ref name="Sant2016">{{cite journal|last1=Santos|first1=Kamila Juliana da Silva|last2=Santana|first2=Géssica Silva|last3=Vieira|first3=Tatiana de Oliveira|last4=Santos|first4=Carlos Antônio de Souza Teles|last5=Giugliani|first5=Elsa Regina Justo|last6=Vieira|first6=Graciete Oliveira|title=Prevalence and factors associated with cracked nipples in the first month postpartum|journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth|volume=16|issue=1|pages=209|year=2016|issn=1471-2393|doi=10.1186/s12884-016-0999-4|pmid=27496088|pmc=4975913 |doi-access=free }}</ref> One reason for the development of cracked and sore nipples is the incorrect latching-on of the infant to the nipple. If a nipple appears to be wedge-shaped, white and flattened, this may indicate that the attachment of the infant is not good and there is a potential of developing cracked nipples.<ref name = nhs2>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/sore-cracked-nipples-breastfeeding.aspx|title=Sore or cracked nipples when breastfeeding, Pregnancy and baby guide |publisher = National Health Services (UK)|website=www.nhs.uk|access-date=4 August 2017|date=2017-12-21 }}</ref> Herpes infection of the nipple is painful.{{sfn|Walker|2011|p=533}} Nipple pain can also be caused by excessive [[friction]] of clothing against the nipple that causes a [[Fissure of the nipple|fissure]]. ===Discharge=== Nipple discharge refers to any fluid that seeps out of the nipple of the breast. Discharge from the nipple does not occur in lactating women. And discharge in non-pregnant women or women who are not breastfeeding may not cause concern. Men that have discharge from their nipples are not typical. Discharge from the nipples of men or boys may indicate a problem. Discharge from the nipples can appear without squeezing or may only be noticeable if the nipples are squeezed. One nipple can have discharge while the other does not. The discharge can be clear, green, bloody, brown or straw-coloured. The consistency can be thick, thin, sticky or watery.<ref name = medline1/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/nipple-discharge/basics/definition/sym-20050946|title=Nipple discharge|publisher=[[Mayo Clinic]]|access-date=12 August 2017}}</ref> Some cases of nipple discharge will clear on their own without treatment. Nipple discharge is most often not cancer (benign), but rarely, it can be a sign of breast cancer. It is important to determine what is causing the discharge and to get treatment. Reasons for nipple discharge include:<ref name = medline1>{{cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001515.htm|title=Nipple discharge: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=medlineplus.gov|access-date=12 August 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> * Pregnancy * Recent breastfeeding * [[Fissure of the nipple|Rubbing]] on the area from a bra or T-shirt * Injury to the breast * [[Mastitis|Infection]] * Inflammation and [[blocked milk duct|clogging]] of the breast ducts * Noncancerous [[pituitary tumor]]s * Small [[breast mass|growth]] in the breast (usually not cancer) * Severe underactive thyroid gland ([[hypothyroidism]]) * [[Fibrocystic breast changes|Fibrocystic breast]] (normal lumpiness in the breast) * Use of certain medicines * Use of certain herbs, such as anise and fennel * [[Duct ectasia of breast|Widening of the milk ducts]]<ref name = medline1/> Sometimes, babies can have nipple discharge. This is caused by hormones from the mother before birth. It usually goes away in two weeks. Cancers such as [[Paget's disease of the breast|Paget's disease]] (a rare type of cancer involving the skin of the nipple) can also cause nipple discharge.<ref name = medline1/> Nipple discharge that is not normal is bloody, comes from only one nipple, or comes out on its own without squeezing or touching the nipple. Nipple discharge is more likely to be normal if it comes out of both nipples or happens when the nipples are squeezed. Squeezing the nipple to check for discharge can make it worse. Leaving the nipple alone may make the discharge stop.<ref name = medline1/> Nipple discharge in a male is usually of more concern. Most of the time a mammogram and an examination of the fluid is done. A biopsy is often performed. A fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy can be fast and least painful. A very thin, hollow needle and slight suction will be used to remove a small sample from under the nipple. Using a local anesthetic to numb the skin may not be necessary since a thin needle is used for the biopsy. Receiving an injection to prevent pain from the biopsy may be more painful than the biopsy itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer-in-men/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html|title=How Is Breast Cancer in Men Diagnosed?|website=www.cancer.org|access-date=12 August 2017}}</ref> Some men develop a condition known as [[gynecomastia]], in which the breast tissue under the nipple develops and grows. Discharge from the nipple can occur. The nipple may swell in some men possibly due to increased levels of estrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cuhaci|first1=Neslihan|last2=Polat|first2=Sefika Burcak|last3=Evranos|first3=Berna|last4=Ersoy|first4=Reyhan|last5=Cakir|first5=Bekir|date=2014|title=Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management|journal=Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=18|issue=2|pages=150–158|doi=10.4103/2230-8210.129104|issn=2230-8210|pmc=3987263|pmid=24741509 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===Appearance=== [[File:DSC0216 Burma Chin Village near Lemro River Pretty little girl (7374973732).jpg|thumb|Prior to [[puberty]], the nipples on girls are very similar to boys.]] Changes in appearance may be normal or related to disease. * [[Inverted nipple]]s – This is normal if the nipples have always been indented inward and can easily point out when touched. If the nipples are pointing in and this is new, this is an unexpected change. * Skin puckering of the nipple – This can be caused by scar tissue from surgery or an infection. Often, scar tissue forms for no reason. Most of the time this issue does not need treatment. This is an unexpected change. This change can be of concern since puckering or retraction of the nipple can indicate an underlying change in breast tissue that may be cancerous.{{sfn|Hansen|2010|p=83}} * The nipple is warm to the touch, red or painful – This can be an infection. It is rarely due to breast cancer. * Scaly, flaking, or itchy nipple – This is most often due to [[dermatitis|eczema]] or a bacterial or fungal infection. This change is not expected. Flaking, scaly, or itchy nipples can be a sign of Paget's disease. * Thickened skin with large pores – This is called [[peau d'orange]] because the skin looks like an orange peel. An infection in the breast or inflammatory breast cancer can cause this problem. This is not an expected change. * Retracted nipples – The nipple was raised above the surface but changes, begins to pull inward, and does not come out when stimulated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000622.htm|title=Breast skin and nipple changes: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=medlineplus.gov|access-date=12 August 2017}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The average projection and size of human female nipples is slightly more than {{convert|3/8|in}}.<ref>M. Hussain, L. Rynn, C. Riordan and P. J. Regan, "Nipple-areola reconstruction: outcome assessment"; ''European Journal of Plastic Surgery'', Vol. 26, Num. 7, December, 2003</ref> ===Breast cancer=== Symptoms of [[breast cancer]] can often be seen first by changes of the nipple and areola, although not all women have the same symptoms, and some people do not have any signs or symptoms at all. A person may find out they have breast cancer after a routine [[mammogram]]. Warning signs can include:<ref name = cdcbc/><ref name = cdc2bc>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/resources/features/breastcanceryoungwomen/index.htm|title=Breast Cancer in Young Women|access-date=12 August 2017|date=September 8, 2016 |website=CDC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926020431/https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/resources/features/breastcanceryoungwomen/index.htm |archive-date= Sep 26, 2017 }}{{PD-notice}}</ref> * New lump in the nipple, or breast or armpit * Thickening or swelling of part of the breast, areola, or nipple * Irritation or dimpling of breast skin * Redness or flaky skin in the nipple area or the breast * Pulling in of the nipple or pain in the nipple area * Nipple discharge other than breast milk, including blood * Any change in the size or the shape of the breast or nipple * Pain in any area of the breast<ref name = cdcbc/><ref name = cdc2bc/> Changes in the nipple are not necessarily symptoms or signs of breast cancer. Other conditions of the nipple can mimic the signs and symptoms of breast cancer.<ref name = cdcbc>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/young_women/bringyourbrave/breast_cancer_young_women/symptoms.htm|title= Bring Your Brave Campaign - Symptoms of Breast Cancer|website=CDC |access-date=12 August 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> ===Vertical transmission=== Some infections are transmitted through the nipple, especially if irritation or injury to the nipple has occurred. In these circumstances, the nipple itself can become infected with [[Candidiasis|Candida]] that is present in the mouth of the breastfeeding infant. The infant will transmit the infection to the mother. Most of the time, this infection is localized to the area of the nipple. In some cases, the infection can progress to become a full-blown case of [[mastitis]] or breast infection.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/nepal_art.pdf?ua=1 |title=National Anti-retroviral Therapy Guidelines |date=2009 |agency=National Centre for AIDS & STD Control |website=World Health Organization |format=PDF |access-date=2020-10-05 |archive-date=2020-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525205408/https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/nepal_art.pdf?ua=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In some cases, if the mother has an infection with no nipple cracks or ulcerations, it is still safe to breastfeed the infant. [[Herpes infection]] of the nipple can go unnoticed because the lesions are small but usually are quite painful. Herpes in the newborn is a serious and sometimes fatal infection.{{sfn|Walker|2011|p=533}} Transmission of Hepatitis C and B to the infant can occur if the nipples are cracked.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000803.htm|title=Breastfeeding vs. Formula Feeding |website=MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |access-date=12 August 2017}}</ref> Other infections can be transmitted through a break of the skin of the nipple and can infect the infant. ===Other disorders=== {{div col|colwidth=30em}} *[[Nipple bleb]] *[[Candida infection]] of the nipple *Eczema of the nipple *[[Inverted nipple]] *[[Staphylococcus]] infection of the nipple *[[Edematous areola]]{{sfn|Walker|2011|p=524}} *[[Herpes infection]] of the nipple *[[Reynaud phenomenon of the nipple]]{{sfn|Walker|2011|p=533}} *[[Flat nipple]]{{sfn|Walker|2011|p=530}} {{div col end}} ===Surgery=== A nipple-sparing/[[Subcutis|subcutaneous]] mastectomy is a surgical procedure where breast tissue is removed, but the nipple and areola are preserved. This procedure was historically done only prophylactically or with mastectomy for the benign disease over the fear of increased cancer development in retained areolar ductal tissue. Recent series suggest that it may be an oncologically sound procedure for tumours not in the subareolar position.<ref name="pmid12832974">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gerber B, Krause A, Reimer T, etal |title=Skin-sparing mastectomy with conservation of the nipple-areola complex and autologous reconstruction is an oncologically safe procedure |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=238 |issue=1 |pages=120–7 |year=2003 |pmid=12832974 |doi= 10.1097/01.SLA.0000077922.38307.cd|pmc=1422651}}</ref><ref name="pmid17269590">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mokbel R, Mokbel K |title=Is it safe to preserve the nipple areola complex during skin-sparing mastectomy for breast cancer? |journal=Int J Fertil Female's Med |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=230–2 |year=2006 |pmid=17269590 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17084333">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sacchini V, Pinotti JA, Barros AC, etal |title=Nipple-sparing mastectomy for breast cancer and risk reduction: oncologic or technical problem? |journal=J. Am. Coll. Surg. |volume=203 |issue=5 |pages=704–14 |year=2006 |pmid=17084333 |doi=10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.07.015 }}</ref> ==Society and culture== [[File:Duplessis's semi-topless portrait of the Princess of Lamballe dates from 18th Century France.png|thumb|200px|[[Joseph Duplessis|Duplessis]]'s portrait of [[Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe|Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy]] baring a nipple dates from 18th-century France.]] ===Exposure=== {{Main|Toplessness}} The cultural tendency to hide the female nipple under clothing has existed in Western culture since the 1800s.<ref name="auto"/><ref name=Dewar/><ref name = bbc1>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30052071|title=Toplessness - the one Victorian taboo that won't go away|date=15 November 2014|access-date=13 August 2017|newspaper=BBC News}}</ref> As female nipples are often perceived an [[intimate part]], covering them might have originated under [[Victorian morality]] as with riding side saddle. Exposing the entire breast and nipple is a form of protest for some and a crime for others.<ref name = bbc1/><ref name="citypaper">{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/columns/straight-dope/article/13045218/why-are-women-expected-to-keep-their-nipples-covered-breasts|title=Why Are Women Expected to Keep Their Nipples Covered?|date=14 February 2014|access-date=13 August 2017}}</ref> The exposure of nipples is usually considered [[Modesty|immodest]] and in some instances is viewed as [[lewd]] or [[indecent exposure|indecent]] behavior.<ref>D. Leder, ''The Body in Medical Thought and Practice'', page 223, Springer Science & Business Media, 1992, {{ISBN|978-0-7923-1657-2}}</ref> A case in Erie, Pennsylvania, concerning the exposure of breasts and nipple proceeded to the [[United States Supreme Court]].<ref name="SC_Erie">{{cite web|title=Erie v. Pap's A. M., 529 U.S. 277 (2000)|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/529/277/case.html|website=Justia Law|publisher=Justia|access-date=15 February 2018|language=en|date=March 2000|quote=Nudity cannot be considered an inherent form of expression.}}</ref> The Erie ordinance was regulating the nipple in public as an act that is committed when a person "knowingly or intentionally, ... appears in a state of nudity commits Public Indecency." Later in the statute, nudity is further described as an uncovered female nipple. But nipple exposure of a man was not regulated. An opinion column credited to [[Cecil Adams]] noted: "Ponder the significance of that. A man walks around bare-chested and the worst that happens is he won't get served in restaurants. But a woman who goes topless is legally in the same boat as if she'd had sex in public. That may seem crazy, but in the US it's a permissible law."<ref name="citypaper"/> The legality around the exposure of nipples is inconsistently regulated throughout the US. Some states do not allow the visualization of any part of the breast. Other jurisdictions prohibit any female chest anatomy by banning anatomical structures that lie below the top of the areola or nipple. Such is the case in West Virginia and Massachusetts. West Virginia's regulation is very specific and is not likely to be misinterpreted, stating: "[The] display of 'any portion of the cleavage of the human female breast exhibited by a dress, blouse, skirt, leotard, bathing suit, or other wearing apparel [is permitted] provided the areola is not exposed, in whole or in part.{{'"}}<ref name="citypaper"/> [[File:Namibie Himba 0716a.jpg|thumb|left |A [[Namibian]] woman going [[topless]]]] The [[Instagram]] social media site has a "no nipples" policy with exceptions: material that is not allowed includes "some photos of female nipples, but photos of post-[[mastectomy]] scarring and women actively breastfeeding are allowed. Nudity in photos of paintings and sculptures is OK, too".<ref name="Instagram_Help">{{cite web|title=Community Guidelines|url=https://help.instagram.com/477434105621119|website=help.instagram.com|publisher=Instagram|access-date=15 February 2018|language=en}}</ref> Previously, Instagram had removed images of nursing mothers. Instagram removed images of [[Rihanna]] and had her account cancelled in 2014 when she posted selfies with nipples. This was incentive for the Twitter campaign [[Free the nipple|#FreeTheNipple]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewrap.com/instagram-clarifies-its-no-nipple-policy/|title=Instagram Clarifies Its No-Nipple Policy|date=17 April 2015|access-date=13 August 2017}}</ref>{{better source|date=September 2021}} In 2016, an Instagram page invited users to post images of nipples from both sexes; @genderless_nipples, which displays close ups of both the nipples of men and women for the purpose of spotlighting what may be inconsistency.<ref name = genderless>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/6/13852900/genderless-nipples-instagram-censorship-policy|title=Genderless Nipples exposes Instagram's double standard on nudity|first=Amar|last=Toor|date=6 December 2016|website=The Verge|access-date=13 August 2017}}</ref> Some contributors have circumvented the policy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/40170981/art-student-challenges-sexist-ban-on-nipples-on-instagram-with-new-project|title=Art student challenges 'sexist' ban on nipples on Instagram with new project - BBC Newsbeat|work=BBC News|date=6 June 2017|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/09/09/women-it-s-time-to-reclaim-our-breasts|title=Women, It's Time to Reclaim Our Breasts|first=Emily|last=Shire|date=9 September 2014|via=www.thedailybeast.com|newspaper=The Daily Beast}}</ref> Facebook has also been struggling to define its nipple policy.<ref name = genderless/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.facebook.com/communitystandards/encouraging-respectful-behavior/|title=Community Standards|website=m.facebook.com|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2016/10/24/is-facebook-going-to-start-freeing-nipple.html|title=Is Facebook going to start freeing the nipple?|website=[[Fox News]]|date=24 October 2016|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref> Filmmaker [[Lina Esco]] made a film entitled ''[[Free the Nipple (film)|Free the Nipple]]'', which is about "laws against female toplessness or restrictions on images of female, but not male, nipples", which Esco states is an example of [[sexism]] in society.<ref name=beast>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/09/09/women-it-s-time-to-reclaim-our-breasts.html|title=Women, It's Time to Reclaim Our Breasts|first=Emily|last=Shire|date=9 September 2014|newspaper=The Daily Beast}}</ref> ===Sexuality=== {{Main|Nipple stimulation}} Nipples can be sensitive to touch, and [[nipple stimulation]] can incite [[sexual arousal]].<ref name="Harvey">{{cite book|first1=John H. |last1=Harvey |first2=Amy |last2=Wenzel |first3=Susan |last3=Sprecher|title=The Handbook of Sexuality in Close Relationships|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|isbn=978-1135624705|page=427|date=2004|access-date=August 12, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsl4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA427}}</ref> Few women report experiencing [[orgasm]] from nipple stimulation.<ref name="Kinsey">{{cite book|first1=Alfred C. |last1=Kinsey |first2=Wardell B. |last2=Pomeroy |first3=Clyde E. |last3=Martin |first4=Paul H. |last4=Gebhard|title=Sexual Behavior in the Human Female|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=978-0253019240|page=587|date=1998|access-date=August 12, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHWHCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA587|quote=There are some females who appear to find no erotic satisfaction in having their breasts manipulated; perhaps half of them derive some distinct satisfaction, but not more than a very small percentage ever respond intensely enough to reach orgasm as a result of such stimulation (Chapter 5). [...] Records of females reaching orgasm from breast stimulation alone are rare.}}</ref><ref name="Boston">{{cite book|author=Boston Women's Health Book Collective|title=The New Our Bodies, Ourselves: A Book by and for Women|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=978-0684823522|page=575|date=1996|access-date=August 12, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFI4AQAAIAAJ|quote=A few women can even experience orgasm from breast stimulation alone.}}</ref> Before Komisaruk et al.'s [[Functional magnetic resonance imaging|functional magnetic resonance]] (fMRI) research on nipple stimulation in 2011, reports of women achieving orgasm from nipple stimulation relied solely on [[anecdotal evidence]].<ref name="Smith">{{cite book|author=Merril D. Smith|title=Cultural Encyclopedia of the Breast|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0759123328|page=71|date=2014|access-date=August 12, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrCCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71}}</ref> Komisaruk's study was the first to map the female genitals onto the sensory portion of the brain; it indicates that sensation from the nipples travels to the same part of the brain as sensations from the vagina, clitoris and cervix, and that these reported orgasms are genital orgasms caused by nipple stimulation, and may be directly linked to the genital sensory cortex ("the genital area of the brain").<ref name="Smith"/><ref name="Lehmiller">{{cite book|author=Justin J. Lehmiller|title=The Psychology of Human Sexuality|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=978-1118351321|page=120|date=2013|access-date=August 12, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQRgAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT120}}</ref><ref name="Komisaruk">{{Cite journal|author1-link=Barry Komisaruk|last1=Komisaruk |first1=B. R. |last2=Wise |first2=N. |last3=Frangos |first3=E. |last4=Liu |first4=W.-C. |last5=Allen |first5=K |last6=Brody |first6=S. |title=Women's Clitoris, Vagina, and Cervix Mapped on the Sensory Cortex: fMRI Evidence |journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |year=2011|doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02388.x |volume=8|issue=10|pages=2822–30 |pmid=21797981 |pmc=3186818}} *{{cite news |author=Stephanie Pappas |date=August 5, 2011 |title=Surprise finding in response to nipple stimulation |work=CBS News |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/surprise-finding-in-response-to-nipple-stimulation/}}</ref> ===Piercings=== {{main|Nipple piercing}} A nipple piercing is a type of body piercing, centered usually at the base of the nipple. It can be pierced at any angle but is usually done horizontally or, less often, vertically. It is also possible to place multiple piercings on top of one another. The perforation of the nipple to apply jewelry has been practiced by various people throughout history. Male nipple piercing was reported to be done by the [[Karankawa]] Native Americans, female nipple piercing is practiced by the [[Kabyle people]] in Algeria.<ref>{{cite web | last = Horvath | first = Eddie | publisher = Diversity Studio | date = February 21, 2013 | title = Piercings | url = http://www.diversityinutah.com/piercngs.html | access-date = August 13, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160313093126/http://diversityinutah.com/piercngs.html | archive-date = March 13, 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Nipple piercing may have been a sign of masculinity for the soldiers of Rome.<ref>{{harv|Graves|2000|p=13}}</ref> Nipple piercing has also been connected to rites of passage for both British and American sailors who had traveled beyond a significant latitude and longitude.<ref name="DeMello"/> It is widely reported that in the 1890s, nipple rings called "bosom rings" resurfaced as a fashion statement among women of the West, who would wear them on one or both sides, but if such a trend existed, it was short-lived.<ref name=DeMello/><ref>{{harv|Kern|1975|p=95}} "In the late 1890s the "bosom ring" came into fashion briefly and sold in expensive Parisian jewellery shops. These anneaux de sein were inserted through the nipple, and some women wore one on either side."</ref> In the western world it potentially dates back to the 14th century. The anthropologist [[Hans Peter Duerr]] traces the earliest known practice of female nipple piercing as a fashion statement to the Court of [[Isabeau of Bavaria]] (1370 to 1435), queen consort of France, quoting [[Eduard Fuchs]] he describes that: {{blockquote|...fashion eventually led to the application of rouge to freely display nipples [...] placing diamond-studded rings or small caps on them, even piercing them and passing gold chains through them decorated with diamonds, possibly to demonstrate the youthful resilience of the bosom.}} However, these sources are difficult to verify.<ref>[http://news.bme.com/2008/10/31/nipple-piercings-male-and-female/ Nipple Piercings, Male and Female] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205025755/http://news.bme.com/2008/10/31/nipple-piercings-male-and-female/ |date=2020-02-05 }} - [[BMEzine]]</ref> In the late 1970s, the practice was revived by [[Jim Ward (body piercer)|Jim Ward]] and it was adopted by the [[BDSM]] and [[leather subculture]]s of the [[gay]] community. During the 1980s and early 1990s, the [[modern primitive]] movement embraced nipple piercings among other forms of body modification. With its roots in the [[West Coast of the United States]], the modern primitive movement was intrigued by indigenous, so-called "primitive" cultures and adopted various forms of body modification.<ref>{{cite book | last = Vale | first = V. | author-link = V. Vale | author2 = Andrea Juno | title = Modern Primitives | publisher = [[RE/Search]] | year = 1989 | isbn =978-0-940642-14-0 | title-link = Modern Primitives (book) }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Pitts | first = Victoria L. | title = In the Flesh: The Cultural Politics of Body Modification | publisher = [[Palgrave Macmillan]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-1-4039-7943-8 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/infleshculturalp2003pitt }}</ref> The mainstream popularity of nipple piercing is partly due to certain 1990s celebrities such as [[Tommy Lee]], [[Corey Taylor]] and [[Lenny Kravitz]] who publicly displayed their piercings or said that they had them. {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Body art.jpg | width1 = 145 | alt1 = Left image alt text | caption1 = Male nipple piercings have become more popular in recent years. | image2 = Hezza_the_Suicide_Girl_shows_her_piercings.jpg | width2 = 170 | alt2 = Right image alt text | caption2 = Pierced nipples do not interfere with breastfeeding, but jewelry on nipples should be removed. | footer = }} Nipple piercing has gained in popularity in the 21st century with a number of celebrities and fashion models having this type of piercing.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mayers |first1 = LB |last2= Judelson |first2= DA |last3= Moriarty |first3= BW |last4= Rundell |first4= KW |year = 2002 | title = Prevalence of Body Art (Body Piercing and Tattooing) in University Undergraduates and Incidence of Medical Complications | journal = [[Mayo Clinic Proceedings]] | volume = 77 |issue = 1 | pages = 29–34 | doi=10.4065/77.1.29|pmid = 11794454 |s2cid = 1149443 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/it-s-official-the-nipple-piercing-is-the-new-it-piercing-just-ask-kendall-jenner-and-bella-hadid-a3084161.html|title=It's official, the nipple piercing is the new 'it' piercing - just ask Kendall Jenner and Bella Hadid|newspaper=Evening Standard|first=Kate|last=Lough|date=7 October 2015}}</ref> In addition, many people are motivated to have nipple piercings for personal reasons including self-expression and a desire to feel unique.<ref name="Caliendo">{{cite journal | last1 = Caliendo |first1 = Carol |last2= Armstrong |first2= Myrna |last3= Roberts |first3= Alden |year = 2005 | title = Self-reported characteristics of women and men with intimate body piercings | journal = Issues and Innovations in Nursing Practice | volume = 49 | issue = 5 | pages = 474–484 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03320.x|pmid = 15713179 }}</ref> At least one study has shown that people spend, on average, 1–2 years making the decision to have a piercing.<ref name="Caliendo"/> ===In business=== Some companies and non-profit organisations have used the word ''nipple'' or images of nipples to draw attention to their product or cause.<ref name=beast/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bedfordandbowery.com/2014/08/this-new-bushwick-bar-is-the-most-literal-boobie-trap-weve-ever-seen/|title=This New Bushwick Bar Is The Most Literal Boobie Trap We've Ever Seen|date=19 August 2014|website=Bedford and Bowery|first=Nicole|last=Disser}}</ref> ==See also== {{Div col}} *[[Breast milk]] *[[Fleischer's syndrome]] *[[Nip slip]] *[[Nipplegate]] *[[Nipple piercing]] *[[Nipple prosthesis]] for breast cancer survivors *[[Pasties]] *[[Supernumerary nipple|Supernumerary (third) nipple]] *[[Udder]] {{Div col end|3}} ==References== '''Citations''' {{Reflist}} '''Bibliography''' *{{cite book | last = Davidson | first = Michele | title = Fast facts for the antepartum and postpartum nurse: a nursing orientation and care guide in a nutshell | publisher = Springer Publishing Company, LLC | location = New York, NY | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-0-8261-6887-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Durham | first = Roberta | title = Maternal-newborn nursing: the critical components of nursing care | publisher = F.A. Davis Company | location = Philadelphia | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-0803637047 }} *{{cite book | last = Hansen | first = John | title = Netter's clinical anatomy | publisher = Saunders/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia | year = 2010 | isbn = 9781437702729 }} * {{cite book | last = Henry | first = Norma | title = RN maternal newborn nursing: review module | publisher = Assessment Technologies Institute | location = Stilwell, KS | year = 2016 | isbn = 9781565335691 }} * {{cite book |first1=Ruth A. |last1=Lawrence|first2=Robert M. |last2=Lawrence |title=Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Professional |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=S6y6CgAAQBAJ|page=227}}|date=13 October 2015|pages=227–8|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-39420-8}} * {{cite book|title=Breastfeeding management for the clinician: using the evidence |last=Walker |first=Marsha|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers |year=2011|isbn=9780763766511 |location=Sudbury, Mass}} == External links == {{Wiktionary|nipple|teat|papilla}} * {{Commons category inline|Nipples}} * {{Wikiquote inline}} {{Breast anatomy|state=collapsed}} {{Disorders of the breast}} {{sex}} {{Human regional anatomy}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Nipple| ]] [[Category:Breast milk| ]] [[Category:Breast]] [[Category:Breastfeeding]] [[Category:Embryology]] [[Category:Exocrine system]] [[Category:Glands]] [[Category:Human sexuality]] [[Category:Mammal anatomy]] [[Category:Midwifery]] [[Category:Secondary sexual characteristics]]'

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'@@ -178,4 +178,29 @@ Nipples can be sensitive to touch, and [[nipple stimulation]] can incite [[sexual arousal]].<ref name="Harvey">{{cite book|first1=John H. |last1=Harvey |first2=Amy |last2=Wenzel |first3=Susan |last3=Sprecher|title=The Handbook of Sexuality in Close Relationships|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|isbn=978-1135624705|page=427|date=2004|access-date=August 12, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsl4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA427}}</ref> Few women report experiencing [[orgasm]] from nipple stimulation.<ref name="Kinsey">{{cite book|first1=Alfred C. |last1=Kinsey |first2=Wardell B. |last2=Pomeroy |first3=Clyde E. |last3=Martin |first4=Paul H. |last4=Gebhard|title=Sexual Behavior in the Human Female|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=978-0253019240|page=587|date=1998|access-date=August 12, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHWHCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA587|quote=There are some females who appear to find no erotic satisfaction in having their breasts manipulated; perhaps half of them derive some distinct satisfaction, but not more than a very small percentage ever respond intensely enough to reach orgasm as a result of such stimulation (Chapter 5). [...] Records of females reaching orgasm from breast stimulation alone are rare.}}</ref><ref name="Boston">{{cite book|author=Boston Women's Health Book Collective|title=The New Our Bodies, Ourselves: A Book by and for Women|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=978-0684823522|page=575|date=1996|access-date=August 12, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFI4AQAAIAAJ|quote=A few women can even experience orgasm from breast stimulation alone.}}</ref> Before Komisaruk et al.'s [[Functional magnetic resonance imaging|functional magnetic resonance]] (fMRI) research on nipple stimulation in 2011, reports of women achieving orgasm from nipple stimulation relied solely on [[anecdotal evidence]].<ref name="Smith">{{cite book|author=Merril D. Smith|title=Cultural Encyclopedia of the Breast|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0759123328|page=71|date=2014|access-date=August 12, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrCCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71}}</ref> Komisaruk's study was the first to map the female genitals onto the sensory portion of the brain; it indicates that sensation from the nipples travels to the same part of the brain as sensations from the vagina, clitoris and cervix, and that these reported orgasms are genital orgasms caused by nipple stimulation, and may be directly linked to the genital sensory cortex ("the genital area of the brain").<ref name="Smith"/><ref name="Lehmiller">{{cite book|author=Justin J. Lehmiller|title=The Psychology of Human Sexuality|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=978-1118351321|page=120|date=2013|access-date=August 12, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQRgAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT120}}</ref><ref name="Komisaruk">{{Cite journal|author1-link=Barry Komisaruk|last1=Komisaruk |first1=B. R. |last2=Wise |first2=N. |last3=Frangos |first3=E. |last4=Liu |first4=W.-C. |last5=Allen |first5=K |last6=Brody |first6=S. |title=Women's Clitoris, Vagina, and Cervix Mapped on the Sensory Cortex: fMRI Evidence |journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |year=2011|doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02388.x |volume=8|issue=10|pages=2822–30 |pmid=21797981 |pmc=3186818}} *{{cite news |author=Stephanie Pappas |date=August 5, 2011 |title=Surprise finding in response to nipple stimulation |work=CBS News |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/surprise-finding-in-response-to-nipple-stimulation/}}</ref> + +===Piercings=== +{{main|Nipple piercing}} + +A nipple piercing is a type of body piercing, centered usually at the base of the nipple. It can be pierced at any angle but is usually done horizontally or, less often, vertically. It is also possible to place multiple piercings on top of one another. + +The perforation of the nipple to apply jewelry has been practiced by various people throughout history. Male nipple piercing was reported to be done by the [[Karankawa]] Native Americans, female nipple piercing is practiced by the [[Kabyle people]] in Algeria.<ref>{{cite web | last = Horvath | first = Eddie | publisher = Diversity Studio | date = February 21, 2013 | title = Piercings | url = http://www.diversityinutah.com/piercngs.html | access-date = August 13, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160313093126/http://diversityinutah.com/piercngs.html | archive-date = March 13, 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Nipple piercing may have been a sign of masculinity for the soldiers of Rome.<ref>{{harv|Graves|2000|p=13}}</ref> Nipple piercing has also been connected to rites of passage for both British and American sailors who had traveled beyond a significant latitude and longitude.<ref name="DeMello"/> It is widely reported that in the 1890s, nipple rings called "bosom rings" resurfaced as a fashion statement among women of the West, who would wear them on one or both sides, but if such a trend existed, it was short-lived.<ref name=DeMello/><ref>{{harv|Kern|1975|p=95}} "In the late 1890s the "bosom ring" came into fashion briefly and sold in expensive Parisian jewellery shops. These anneaux de sein were inserted through the nipple, and some women wore one on either side."</ref> + +In the western world it potentially dates back to the 14th century. The anthropologist [[Hans Peter Duerr]] traces the earliest known practice of female nipple piercing as a fashion statement to the Court of [[Isabeau of Bavaria]] (1370 to 1435), queen consort of France, quoting [[Eduard Fuchs]] he describes that: {{blockquote|...fashion eventually led to the application of rouge to freely display nipples [...] placing diamond-studded rings or small caps on them, even piercing them and passing gold chains through them decorated with diamonds, possibly to demonstrate the youthful resilience of the bosom.}} However, these sources are difficult to verify.<ref>[http://news.bme.com/2008/10/31/nipple-piercings-male-and-female/ Nipple Piercings, Male and Female] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205025755/http://news.bme.com/2008/10/31/nipple-piercings-male-and-female/ |date=2020-02-05 }} - [[BMEzine]]</ref> + +In the late 1970s, the practice was revived by [[Jim Ward (body piercer)|Jim Ward]] and it was adopted by the [[BDSM]] and [[leather subculture]]s of the [[gay]] community. During the 1980s and early 1990s, the [[modern primitive]] movement embraced nipple piercings among other forms of body modification. With its roots in the [[West Coast of the United States]], the modern primitive movement was intrigued by indigenous, so-called "primitive" cultures and adopted various forms of body modification.<ref>{{cite book | last = Vale | first = V. | author-link = V. Vale | author2 = Andrea Juno | title = Modern Primitives | publisher = [[RE/Search]] | year = 1989 | isbn =978-0-940642-14-0 | title-link = Modern Primitives (book) }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Pitts | first = Victoria L. | title = In the Flesh: The Cultural Politics of Body Modification | publisher = [[Palgrave Macmillan]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-1-4039-7943-8 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/infleshculturalp2003pitt }}</ref> The mainstream popularity of nipple piercing is partly due to certain 1990s celebrities such as [[Tommy Lee]], [[Corey Taylor]] and [[Lenny Kravitz]] who publicly displayed their piercings or said that they had them. +{{multiple image +| align = right +| image1 = Body art.jpg +| width1 = 145 +| alt1 = Left image alt text +| caption1 = Male nipple piercings have become more popular in recent years. +| image2 = Hezza_the_Suicide_Girl_shows_her_piercings.jpg +| width2 = 170 +| alt2 = Right image alt text +| caption2 = Pierced nipples do not interfere with breastfeeding, but jewelry on nipples should be removed. +| footer = +}} + +Nipple piercing has gained in popularity in the 21st century with a number of celebrities and fashion models having this type of piercing.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mayers |first1 = LB |last2= Judelson |first2= DA |last3= Moriarty |first3= BW |last4= Rundell |first4= KW |year = 2002 | title = Prevalence of Body Art (Body Piercing and Tattooing) in University Undergraduates and Incidence of Medical Complications | journal = [[Mayo Clinic Proceedings]] | volume = 77 |issue = 1 | pages = 29–34 | doi=10.4065/77.1.29|pmid = 11794454 |s2cid = 1149443 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/it-s-official-the-nipple-piercing-is-the-new-it-piercing-just-ask-kendall-jenner-and-bella-hadid-a3084161.html|title=It's official, the nipple piercing is the new 'it' piercing - just ask Kendall Jenner and Bella Hadid|newspaper=Evening Standard|first=Kate|last=Lough|date=7 October 2015}}</ref> In addition, many people are motivated to have nipple piercings for personal reasons including self-expression and a desire to feel unique.<ref name="Caliendo">{{cite journal | last1 = Caliendo |first1 = Carol |last2= Armstrong |first2= Myrna |last3= Roberts |first3= Alden |year = 2005 | title = Self-reported characteristics of women and men with intimate body piercings | journal = Issues and Innovations in Nursing Practice | volume = 49 | issue = 5 | pages = 474–484 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03320.x|pmid = 15713179 }}</ref> At least one study has shown that people spend, on average, 1–2 years making the decision to have a piercing.<ref name="Caliendo"/> ===In business=== '

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[ 0 => '', 1 => '===Piercings===', 2 => '{{main|Nipple piercing}}', 3 => '', 4 => 'A nipple piercing is a type of body piercing, centered usually at the base of the nipple. It can be pierced at any angle but is usually done horizontally or, less often, vertically. It is also possible to place multiple piercings on top of one another. ', 5 => '', 6 => 'The perforation of the nipple to apply jewelry has been practiced by various people throughout history. Male nipple piercing was reported to be done by the [[Karankawa]] Native Americans, female nipple piercing is practiced by the [[Kabyle people]] in Algeria.<ref>{{cite web | last = Horvath | first = Eddie | publisher = Diversity Studio | date = February 21, 2013 | title = Piercings | url = http://www.diversityinutah.com/piercngs.html | access-date = August 13, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160313093126/http://diversityinutah.com/piercngs.html | archive-date = March 13, 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Nipple piercing may have been a sign of masculinity for the soldiers of Rome.<ref>{{harv|Graves|2000|p=13}}</ref> Nipple piercing has also been connected to rites of passage for both British and American sailors who had traveled beyond a significant latitude and longitude.<ref name="DeMello"/> It is widely reported that in the 1890s, nipple rings called "bosom rings" resurfaced as a fashion statement among women of the West, who would wear them on one or both sides, but if such a trend existed, it was short-lived.<ref name=DeMello/><ref>{{harv|Kern|1975|p=95}} "In the late 1890s the "bosom ring" came into fashion briefly and sold in expensive Parisian jewellery shops. These anneaux de sein were inserted through the nipple, and some women wore one on either side."</ref>', 7 => '', 8 => 'In the western world it potentially dates back to the 14th century. The anthropologist [[Hans Peter Duerr]] traces the earliest known practice of female nipple piercing as a fashion statement to the Court of [[Isabeau of Bavaria]] (1370 to 1435), queen consort of France, quoting [[Eduard Fuchs]] he describes that: {{blockquote|...fashion eventually led to the application of rouge to freely display nipples [...] placing diamond-studded rings or small caps on them, even piercing them and passing gold chains through them decorated with diamonds, possibly to demonstrate the youthful resilience of the bosom.}} However, these sources are difficult to verify.<ref>[http://news.bme.com/2008/10/31/nipple-piercings-male-and-female/ Nipple Piercings, Male and Female] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205025755/http://news.bme.com/2008/10/31/nipple-piercings-male-and-female/ |date=2020-02-05 }} - [[BMEzine]]</ref>', 9 => '', 10 => 'In the late 1970s, the practice was revived by [[Jim Ward (body piercer)|Jim Ward]] and it was adopted by the [[BDSM]] and [[leather subculture]]s of the [[gay]] community. During the 1980s and early 1990s, the [[modern primitive]] movement embraced nipple piercings among other forms of body modification. With its roots in the [[West Coast of the United States]], the modern primitive movement was intrigued by indigenous, so-called "primitive" cultures and adopted various forms of body modification.<ref>{{cite book | last = Vale | first = V. | author-link = V. Vale | author2 = Andrea Juno | title = Modern Primitives | publisher = [[RE/Search]] | year = 1989 | isbn =978-0-940642-14-0 | title-link = Modern Primitives (book) }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Pitts | first = Victoria L. | title = In the Flesh: The Cultural Politics of Body Modification | publisher = [[Palgrave Macmillan]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-1-4039-7943-8 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/infleshculturalp2003pitt }}</ref> The mainstream popularity of nipple piercing is partly due to certain 1990s celebrities such as [[Tommy Lee]], [[Corey Taylor]] and [[Lenny Kravitz]] who publicly displayed their piercings or said that they had them.', 11 => '{{multiple image', 12 => '| align = right', 13 => '| image1 = Body art.jpg', 14 => '| width1 = 145', 15 => '| alt1 = Left image alt text', 16 => '| caption1 = Male nipple piercings have become more popular in recent years.', 17 => '| image2 = Hezza_the_Suicide_Girl_shows_her_piercings.jpg', 18 => '| width2 = 170', 19 => '| alt2 = Right image alt text', 20 => '| caption2 = Pierced nipples do not interfere with breastfeeding, but jewelry on nipples should be removed.', 21 => '| footer = ', 22 => '}}', 23 => '', 24 => 'Nipple piercing has gained in popularity in the 21st century with a number of celebrities and fashion models having this type of piercing.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mayers |first1 = LB |last2= Judelson |first2= DA |last3= Moriarty |first3= BW |last4= Rundell |first4= KW |year = 2002 | title = Prevalence of Body Art (Body Piercing and Tattooing) in University Undergraduates and Incidence of Medical Complications | journal = [[Mayo Clinic Proceedings]] | volume = 77 |issue = 1 | pages = 29–34 | doi=10.4065/77.1.29|pmid = 11794454 |s2cid = 1149443 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/it-s-official-the-nipple-piercing-is-the-new-it-piercing-just-ask-kendall-jenner-and-bella-hadid-a3084161.html|title=It's official, the nipple piercing is the new 'it' piercing - just ask Kendall Jenner and Bella Hadid|newspaper=Evening Standard|first=Kate|last=Lough|date=7 October 2015}}</ref> In addition, many people are motivated to have nipple piercings for personal reasons including self-expression and a desire to feel unique.<ref name="Caliendo">{{cite journal | last1 = Caliendo |first1 = Carol |last2= Armstrong |first2= Myrna |last3= Roberts |first3= Alden |year = 2005 | title = Self-reported characteristics of women and men with intimate body piercings | journal = Issues and Innovations in Nursing Practice | volume = 49 | issue = 5 | pages = 474–484 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03320.x|pmid = 15713179 }}</ref> At least one study has shown that people spend, on average, 1–2 years making the decision to have a piercing.<ref name="Caliendo"/>' ]

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'<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the anatomical structure. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nipple_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nipple (disambiguation)">Nipple (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of the breast</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Nipple</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:African_Breast_SG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/African_Breast_SG.jpg/200px-African_Breast_SG.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/African_Breast_SG.jpg/300px-African_Breast_SG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/African_Breast_SG.jpg/400px-African_Breast_SG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="624" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">A nipple, <a href="/wiki/Areola" title="Areola">areola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breast</a> of a female human</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">papilla mammaria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D009558">D009558</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/16.0.02.004%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A16.0.02.004</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=7105">7105</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma67771">67771</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188641" class="extiw" title="d:Q188641">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The nipple is a raised region of tissue on the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breast</a> from which, in females, <a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">milk</a> leaves the breast through the <a href="/wiki/Lactiferous_duct" title="Lactiferous duct">lactiferous ducts</a> to <a href="/wiki/Breastfeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Breastfeed">breastfeed</a> an infant.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen201080-2">[2]</a> The milk can flow through the nipple passively or it can be ejected by <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth muscles">smooth</a> <a href="/wiki/Muscular_contraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscular contraction">muscle contractions</a> that occur along with the ductal system. Male mammals also have nipples but without the same level of function, and often surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Body_hair" title="Body hair">body hair</a>. The nipple is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Areola" title="Areola">areola</a>, which is often a darker colour than the surrounding skin.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> A nipple is often called a <a href="/wiki/Teat" title="Teat">teat</a> when referring to non-humans. "Nipple" or "teat" can also be used to describe the flexible mouthpiece of a <a href="/wiki/Baby_bottle" title="Baby bottle">baby bottle</a>. In humans, the nipples of both males and females can be <a href="/wiki/Sexually_stimulated" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually stimulated">sexually stimulated</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">sexual arousal</a>. In many cultures, human female nipples are <a href="/wiki/Sexualize" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexualize">sexualized</a>,<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> or regarded as sex objects and evaluated in terms of their physical characteristics and sex appeal.<a href="#cite_note-Dewar-5">[5]</a> Some cultures have little to no sexualization of the nipple, and going <a href="/wiki/Topless" class="mw-redirect" title="Topless">topless</a> presents no barrier.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Structure">2 Structure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#In_male_mammals">2.1 In male mammals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Function">3 Function</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Clinical_significance">4 Clinical significance</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Pain">4.1 Pain</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Discharge">4.2 Discharge</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Appearance">4.3 Appearance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Breast_cancer">4.4 Breast cancer</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Vertical_transmission">4.5 Vertical transmission</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Other_disorders">4.6 Other disorders</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Surgery">4.7 Surgery</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Society_and_culture">5 Society and culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Exposure">5.1 Exposure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Sexuality">5.2 Sexuality</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Piercings">5.3 Piercings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#In_business">5.4 In business</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Etymology[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipple&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</h2> The word "nipple" most likely originates as a <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> of neb, an <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> word meaning "beak", "nose", or "face", and which is of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Germanic origin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The words "teat" and "tit" share a Germanic ancestor. The second of the two, tit, was inherited directly from Proto-Germanic, while the first entered English via <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <h2>Structure[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipple&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</h2> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breast_anatomy_normal_scheme.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Breast_anatomy_normal_scheme.png/220px-Breast_anatomy_normal_scheme.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Breast_anatomy_normal_scheme.png/330px-Breast_anatomy_normal_scheme.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Breast_anatomy_normal_scheme.png/440px-Breast_anatomy_normal_scheme.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>The breast: cross-section scheme of the <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary gland</a>: <div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_wall" title="Thoracic wall">Chest wall</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_major_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoralis major muscle">Pectoralis muscles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lobe_(anatomy)" title="Lobe (anatomy)">Lobules</a></li><li>Nipple</li><li><a href="/wiki/Areola" title="Areola">Areola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lactiferous_duct" title="Lactiferous duct">Milk duct</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">Fatty tissue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, a nipple (also called mammary papilla or <a href="/wiki/Teat" title="Teat">teat</a>) is a small projection of <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> containing the outlets for 15–20 <a href="/wiki/Lactiferous_duct" title="Lactiferous duct">lactiferous ducts</a> arranged cylindrically around the tip. <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">Marsupials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">eutherian mammals</a> typically have an even number of nipples arranged bilaterally, from as few as 2 to as many as 19.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The skin of the nipple is rich in a supply of special <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a> that are sensitive to certain stimuli: these are slowly-adapting and rapidly-adapting <a href="/wiki/Integumentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Integumentary">cutaneous</a> <a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">mechanoreceptors</a>. Mechanoreceptors are identified respectively by Type I slowly-adapting with multiple <a href="/wiki/Merkel_corpuscle_end-organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkel corpuscle end-organ">Merkel corpuscle end-organs</a> and Type II slowly-adapting with single <a href="/wiki/Ruffini_corpuscle_end-organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruffini corpuscle end-organ">Ruffini corpuscle end-organs</a>, as well as Type I rapidly-adapting with multiple <a href="/wiki/Meissner_corpuscle_end-organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Meissner corpuscle end-organ">Meissner corpuscle end-organs</a> and Type II rapidly-adapting with single <a href="/wiki/Pacinian_corpuscle_end-organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacinian corpuscle end-organs">Pacinian corpuscle end-organs</a>. The dominant nerve supply to the nipple comes from the lateral cutaneous branches of fourth <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercostal nerve">intercostal nerve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The nipple is also used as an anatomical landmark. It marks the T4 (fourth thoracic vertebra) <a href="/wiki/Dermatome_(anatomy)" title="Dermatome (anatomy)">dermatome</a> and rests over the approximate level of the diaphragm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen201073-11">[11]</a> The arterial supply to the nipple and breast originates from the anterior intercostal branches of the internal thoracic (mammary) arteries; lateral thoracic artery; and thoracodorsal arteries. The venous vessels parallel the arteries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen201080-2">[2]</a> The lymphatic ducts that drain the nipple are the same for the breast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen201080-2">[2]</a> The axillary nodes are the apical axillary nodes, the lateral group and the anterior group.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> 75% of the lymph is drained through the axillary lymph nodes located near the armpit. The rest of the drainage leaves the nipple and breast through infroclavicular, pectoral, or parasternal nodes. Since nipples change throughout the life span in men and women, the anatomy of the nipple can change and this change may be expected and considered normal.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <h3>In male mammals[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipple&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In male mammals">edit</a>]</h3> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_nipple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Human_nipple.jpg/220px-Human_nipple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Human_nipple.jpg/330px-Human_nipple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Human_nipple.jpg/440px-Human_nipple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>A nipple on a human adult male</figcaption></figure> Almost all <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a> have nipples. Why males have nipples has been the subject of scientific research. Differences among the sexes (called <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>) within a given species are considered by <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary biologist">evolutionary biologists</a> to be mostly the result of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>, directly or indirectly. There is a consensus that the male nipple exists because there is no particular advantage to males losing the trait. Some biologist would call the male nipple a <a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">spandrel</a>).<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <h2>Function[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipple&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Function">edit</a>]</h2> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breastfeeding_infant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Breastfeeding_infant.jpg/220px-Breastfeeding_infant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Breastfeeding_infant.jpg/330px-Breastfeeding_infant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Breastfeeding_infant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Infant <a href="/wiki/Latch_(breastfeeding)" title="Latch (breastfeeding)">latched on</a> to a nipple to <a href="/wiki/Breastfeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Breastfeed">breastfeed</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoczek_od_butelki.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Smoczek_od_butelki.JPG/220px-Smoczek_od_butelki.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Smoczek_od_butelki.JPG/330px-Smoczek_od_butelki.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Smoczek_od_butelki.JPG/440px-Smoczek_od_butelki.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1749" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>Silicone teat or nipple, used for <a href="/wiki/Baby_bottle" title="Baby bottle">bottle feeding</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Breast_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast feeding">Breast feeding</a></div> The physiological purpose of nipples is to deliver <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, produced in the female <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary glands</a> during <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a>, to an <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">infant</a>. During breastfeeding, nipple stimulation by an infant will stimulate the release of <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">oxytocin</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>. Oxytocin is a <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> that increases during pregnancy and acts on the breast to help produce the <a href="/wiki/Milk_ejection_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk ejection reflex">milk-ejection reflex</a>. Oxytocin release from the nipple stimulation of the infant causes the uterus to contract even after childbirth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry2016117-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The strong uterine contractions that are caused by the stimulation of the mother's nipples help the uterus contract to clamp down the uterine arteries. These contractions are necessary to prevent <a href="/wiki/Post-partum_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-partum hemorrhage">post-partum haemorrhage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abedi2016-18">[18]</a> When the infant suckles or stimulates the nipple, oxytocin levels rise and small muscles in the breast contract, moving the milk through the milk ducts. The result of nipple stimulation by the infant helps to move breast milk out through the ducts and to the nipple. This contraction of milk is called the "let-down reflex".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Latching on refers to the infant fastening onto the nipple to breastfeed. A good attachment is when the bottom of the areola (the area around the nipple) is in the infant's mouth and the nipple is drawn back inside his or her mouth. A poor latch results in insufficient nipple stimulation to create the let down reflex. The nipple is poorly stimulated when the baby latches on too close to the tip of the nipple. This poor attachment can cause sore and <a href="/wiki/Cracked_nipple" title="Cracked nipple">cracked nipples</a> and a reluctance of the mother to continue to breastfeed.<a href="#cite_note-whgov-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-whgov2-21">[21]</a> After birth, the milk supply increases based upon the continuous and increasing stimulation of the nipple by the infant. If the baby increases nursing time at the nipple, the mammary glands respond to this stimulation by increasing milk production. <h2>Clinical significance[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipple&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Clinical significance">edit</a>]</h2> <h3>Pain[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipple&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pain">edit</a>]</h3> <a href="/wiki/Nipple_tenderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipple tenderness">Nipple pain</a> can be a disincentive for breastfeeding.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Sore nipples that progress to cracked nipples is of concern since many women cease <a href="/wiki/Nipple_pain_in_breastfeeding" title="Nipple pain in breastfeeding">breastfeeding due to the pain</a>. In some instances, an ulcer will form on the nipple.<a href="#cite_note-Sant2016-23">[23]</a> One reason for the development of cracked and sore nipples is the incorrect latching-on of the infant to the nipple. If a nipple appears to be wedge-shaped, white and flattened, this may indicate that the attachment of the infant is not good and there is a potential of developing cracked nipples.<a href="#cite_note-nhs2-24">[24]</a> Herpes infection of the nipple is painful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2011533-25">[25]</a> Nipple pain can also be caused by excessive <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> of clothing against the nipple that causes a <a href="/wiki/Fissure_of_the_nipple" title="Fissure of the nipple">fissure</a>. <h3>Discharge[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipple&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Discharge">edit</a>]</h3> Nipple discharge refers to any fluid that seeps out of the nipple of the breast. Discharge from the nipple does not occur in lactating women. And discharge in non-pregnant women or women who are not breastfeeding may not cause concern. Men that have discharge from their nipples are not typical. Discharge from the nipples of men or boys may indicate a problem. Discharge from the nipples can appear without squeezing or may only be noticeable if the nipples are squeezed. One nipple can have discharge while the other does not. The discharge can be clear, green, bloody, brown or straw-coloured. The consistency can be thick, thin, sticky or watery.<a href="#cite_note-medline1-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Some cases of nipple discharge will clear on their own without treatment. Nipple discharge is most often not cancer (benign), but rarely, it can be a sign of breast cancer. It is important to determine what is causing the discharge and to get treatment. Reasons for nipple discharge include:<a href="#cite_note-medline1-26">[26]</a> <ul><li>Pregnancy</li> <li>Recent breastfeeding</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissure_of_the_nipple" title="Fissure of the nipple">Rubbing</a> on the area from a bra or T-shirt</li> <li>Injury to the breast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastitis" title="Mastitis">Infection</a></li> <li>Inflammation and <a href="/wiki/Blocked_milk_duct" title="Blocked milk duct">clogging</a> of the breast ducts</li> <li>Noncancerous <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pituitary tumor">pituitary tumors</a></li> <li>Small <a href="/wiki/Breast_mass" title="Breast mass">growth</a> in the breast (usually not cancer)</li> <li>Severe underactive thyroid gland (<a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">hypothyroidism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrocystic_breast_changes" title="Fibrocystic breast changes">Fibrocystic breast</a> (normal lumpiness in the breast)</li> <li>Use of certain medicines</li> <li>Use of certain herbs, such as anise and fennel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_ectasia_of_breast" title="Duct ectasia of breast">Widening of the milk ducts</a><a href="#cite_note-medline1-26">[26]</a></li></ul> Sometimes, babies can have nipple discharge. This is caused by hormones from the mother before birth. It usually goes away in two weeks. Cancers such as <a href="/wiki/Paget%27s_disease_of_the_breast" title="Paget's disease of the breast">Paget's disease</a> (a rare type of cancer involving the skin of the nipple) can also cause nipple discharge.<a href="#cite_note-medline1-26">[26]</a> Nipple discharge that is not normal is bloody, comes from only one nipple, or comes out on its own without squeezing or touching the nipple. Nipple discharge is more likely to be normal if it comes out of both nipples or happens when the nipples are squeezed. Squeezing the nipple to check for discharge can make it worse. Leaving the nipple alone may make the discharge stop.<a href="#cite_note-medline1-26">[26]</a> Nipple discharge in a male is usually of more concern. Most of the time a mammogram and an examination of the fluid is done. A biopsy is often performed. A fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy can be fast and least painful. A very thin, hollow needle and slight suction will be used to remove a small sample from under the nipple. Using a local anesthetic to numb the skin may not be necessary since a thin needle is used for the biopsy. Receiving an injection to prevent pain from the biopsy may be more painful than the biopsy itself.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Some men develop a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">gynecomastia</a>, in which the breast tissue under the nipple develops and grows. Discharge from the nipple can occur. The nipple may swell in some men possibly due to increased levels of estrogen.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <h3>Appearance[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipple&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Appearance">edit</a>]</h3> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC0216_Burma_Chin_Village_near_Lemro_River_Pretty_little_girl_(7374973732).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/DSC0216_Burma_Chin_Village_near_Lemro_River_Pretty_little_girl_%287374973732%29.jpg/220px-DSC0216_Burma_Chin_Village_near_Lemro_River_Pretty_little_girl_%287374973732%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/DSC0216_Burma_Chin_Village_near_Lemro_River_Pretty_little_girl_%287374973732%29.jpg/330px-DSC0216_Burma_Chin_Village_near_Lemro_River_Pretty_little_girl_%287374973732%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/DSC0216_Burma_Chin_Village_near_Lemro_River_Pretty_little_girl_%287374973732%29.jpg/440px-DSC0216_Burma_Chin_Village_near_Lemro_River_Pretty_little_girl_%287374973732%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3469" data-file-height="2471" /></a><figcaption>Prior to <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>, the nipples on girls are very similar to boys.</figcaption></figure> Changes in appearance may be normal or related to disease. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nipple" title="Inverted nipple">Inverted nipples</a> – This is normal if the nipples have always been indented inward and can easily point out when touched. If the nipples are pointing in and this is new, this is an unexpected change.</li> <li>Skin puckering of the nipple – This can be caused by scar tissue from surgery or an infection. Often, scar tissue forms for no reason. Most of the time this issue does not need treatment. This is an unexpected change. This change can be of concern since puckering or retraction of the nipple can indicate an underlying change in breast tissue that may be cancerous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen201083-30">[30]</a></li> <li>The nipple is warm to the touch, red or painful – This can be an infection. It is rarely due to breast cancer.</li> <li>Scaly, flaking, or itchy nipple – This is most often due to <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">eczema</a> or a bacterial or fungal infection. This change is not expected. Flaking, scaly, or itchy nipples can be a sign of Paget's disease.</li> <li>Thickened skin with large pores – This is called <a href="/wiki/Peau_d%27orange" title="Peau d'orange">peau d'orange</a> because the skin looks like an orange peel. An infection in the breast or inflammatory breast cancer can cause this problem. This is not an expected change.</li> <li>Retracted nipples – The nipple was raised above the surface but changes, begins to pull inward, and does not come out when stimulated.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li></ul> The average projection and size of human female nipples is slightly more than <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3⁄8 inch (9.5 mm).<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <h3>Breast cancer[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipple&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Breast cancer">edit</a>]</h3> Symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> can often be seen first by changes of the nipple and areola, although not all women have the same symptoms, and some people do not have any signs or symptoms at all. A person may find out they have breast cancer after a routine <a href="/wiki/Mammogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammogram">mammogram</a>. Warning signs can include:<a href="#cite_note-cdcbc-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-cdc2bc-34">[34]</a> <ul><li>New lump in the nipple, or breast or armpit</li> <li>Thickening or swelling of part of the breast, areola, or nipple</li> <li>Irritation or dimpling of breast skin</li> <li>Redness or flaky skin in the nipple area or the breast</li> <li>Pulling in of the nipple or pain in the nipple area</li> <li>Nipple discharge other than breast milk, including blood</li> <li>Any change in the size or the shape of the breast or nipple</li> <li>Pain in any area of the breast<a href="#cite_note-cdcbc-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-cdc2bc-34">[34]</a></li></ul> Changes in the nipple are not necessarily symptoms or signs of breast cancer. Other conditions of the nipple can mimic the signs and symptoms of breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-cdcbc-33">[33]</a> <h3>Vertical transmission[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipple&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vertical transmission">edit</a>]</h3> Some infections are transmitted through the nipple, especially if irritation or injury to the nipple has occurred. In these circumstances, the nipple itself can become infected with <a href="/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">Candida</a> that is present in the mouth of the breastfeeding infant. The infant will transmit the infection to the mother. Most of the time, this infection is localized to the area of the nipple. In some cases, the infection can progress to become a full-blown case of <a href="/wiki/Mastitis" title="Mastitis">mastitis</a> or breast infection.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In some cases, if the mother has an infection with no nipple cracks or ulcerations, it is still safe to breastfeed the infant. <a href="/wiki/Herpes_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes infection">Herpes infection</a> of the nipple can go unnoticed because the lesions are small but usually are quite painful. Herpes in the newborn is a serious and sometimes fatal infection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2011533-25">[25]</a> Transmission of Hepatitis C and B to the infant can occur if the nipples are cracked.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Other infections can be transmitted through a break of the skin of the nipple and can infect the infant. <h3>Other disorders[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipple&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other disorders">edit</a>]</h3> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_bleb" title="Nipple bleb">Nipple bleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida infection">Candida infection</a> of the nipple</li> <li>Eczema of the nipple</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nipple" title="Inverted nipple">Inverted nipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus" title="Staphylococcus">Staphylococcus</a> infection of the nipple</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edematous_areola" title="Edematous areola">Edematous areola</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2011524-37">[37]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes infection">Herpes infection</a> of the nipple</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reynaud_phenomenon_of_the_nipple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reynaud phenomenon of the nipple (page does not exist)">Reynaud phenomenon of the nipple</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2011533-25">[25]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flat_nipple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flat nipple (page does not exist)">Flat nipple</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2011530-38">[38]</a></li></ul> </div> <h3>Surgery[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipple&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Surgery">edit</a>]</h3> A nipple-sparing/<a href="/wiki/Subcutis" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutis">subcutaneous</a> mastectomy is a surgical procedure where breast tissue is removed, but the nipple and areola are preserved. This procedure was historically done only prophylactically or with mastectomy for the benign disease over the fear of increased cancer development in retained areolar ductal tissue. Recent series suggest that it may be an oncologically sound procedure for tumours not in the subareolar position.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12832974-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17269590-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17084333-41">[41]</a> <h2>Society and culture[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipple&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</h2> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duplessis%27s_semi-topless_portrait_of_the_Princess_of_Lamballe_dates_from_18th_Century_France.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Duplessis%27s_semi-topless_portrait_of_the_Princess_of_Lamballe_dates_from_18th_Century_France.png/200px-Duplessis%27s_semi-topless_portrait_of_the_Princess_of_Lamballe_dates_from_18th_Century_France.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Duplessis%27s_semi-topless_portrait_of_the_Princess_of_Lamballe_dates_from_18th_Century_France.png/300px-Duplessis%27s_semi-topless_portrait_of_the_Princess_of_Lamballe_dates_from_18th_Century_France.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Duplessis%27s_semi-topless_portrait_of_the_Princess_of_Lamballe_dates_from_18th_Century_France.png/400px-Duplessis%27s_semi-topless_portrait_of_the_Princess_of_Lamballe_dates_from_18th_Century_France.png 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Duplessis" title="Joseph Duplessis">Duplessis</a>'s portrait of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy,_Princesse_de_Lamballe" title="Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe">Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy</a> baring a nipple dates from 18th-century France.</figcaption></figure> <h3>Exposure[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipple&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Exposure">edit</a>]</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Toplessness" title="Toplessness">Toplessness</a></div> The cultural tendency to hide the female nipple under clothing has existed in Western culture since the 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dewar-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-42">[42]</a> As female nipples are often perceived an <a href="/wiki/Intimate_part" title="Intimate part">intimate part</a>, covering them might have originated under <a href="/wiki/Victorian_morality" title="Victorian morality">Victorian morality</a> as with riding side saddle. Exposing the entire breast and nipple is a form of protest for some and a crime for others.<a href="#cite_note-bbc1-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-citypaper-43">[43]</a> The exposure of nipples is usually considered <a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">immodest</a> and in some instances is viewed as <a href="/wiki/Lewd" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewd">lewd</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">indecent</a> behavior.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> A case in Erie, Pennsylvania, concerning the exposure of breasts and nipple proceeded to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SC_Erie-45">[45]</a> The Erie ordinance was regulating the nipple in public as an act that is committed when a person "knowingly or intentionally, ... appears in a state of nudity commits Public Indecency." Later in the statute, nudity is further described as an uncovered female nipple. But nipple exposure of a man was not regulated. An opinion column credited to <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Adams" title="Cecil Adams">Cecil Adams</a> noted: "Ponder the significance of that. A man walks around bare-chested and the worst that happens is he won't get served in restaurants. But a woman who goes topless is legally in the same boat as if she'd had sex in public. That may seem crazy, but in the US it's a permissible law."<a href="#cite_note-citypaper-43">[43]</a> The legality around the exposure of nipples is inconsistently regulated throughout the US. Some states do not allow the visualization of any part of the breast. Other jurisdictions prohibit any female chest anatomy by banning anatomical structures that lie below the top of the areola or nipple. Such is the case in West Virginia and Massachusetts. West Virginia's regulation is very specific and is not likely to be misinterpreted, stating: "[The] display of 'any portion of the cleavage of the human female breast exhibited by a dress, blouse, skirt, leotard, bathing suit, or other wearing apparel [is permitted] provided the areola is not exposed, in whole or in part.'"<a href="#cite_note-citypaper-43">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Namibie_Himba_0716a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Namibie_Himba_0716a.jpg/220px-Namibie_Himba_0716a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Namibie_Himba_0716a.jpg/330px-Namibie_Himba_0716a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Namibie_Himba_0716a.jpg/440px-Namibie_Himba_0716a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Namibian" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian">Namibian</a> woman going <a href="/wiki/Topless" class="mw-redirect" title="Topless">topless</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> social media site has a "no nipples" policy with exceptions: material that is not allowed includes "some photos of female nipples, but photos of post-<a href="/wiki/Mastectomy" title="Mastectomy">mastectomy</a> scarring and women actively breastfeeding are allowed. Nudity in photos of paintings and sculptures is OK, too".<a href="#cite_note-Instagram_Help-46">[46]</a> Previously, Instagram had removed images of nursing mothers. Instagram removed images of <a href="/wiki/Rihanna" title="Rihanna">Rihanna</a> and had her account cancelled in 2014 when she posted selfies with nipples. This was incentive for the Twitter campaign <a href="/wiki/Free_the_nipple" title="Free the nipple">#FreeTheNipple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In 2016, an Instagram page invited users to post images of nipples from both sexes; @genderless_nipples, which displays close ups of both the nipples of men and women for the purpose of spotlighting what may be inconsistency.<a href="#cite_note-genderless-48">[48]</a> Some contributors have circumvented the policy.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Facebook has also been struggling to define its nipple policy.<a href="#cite_note-genderless-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Lina_Esco" title="Lina Esco">Lina Esco</a> made a film entitled <a href="/wiki/Free_the_Nipple_(film)" title="Free the Nipple (film)">Free the Nipple</a>, which is about "laws against female toplessness or restrictions on images of female, but not male, nipples", which Esco states is an example of <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a> in society.<a href="#cite_note-beast-53">[53]</a> <h3>Sexuality[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipple&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sexuality">edit</a>]</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nipple_stimulation" title="Nipple stimulation">Nipple stimulation</a></div> Nipples can be sensitive to touch, and <a href="/wiki/Nipple_stimulation" title="Nipple stimulation">nipple stimulation</a> can incite <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">sexual arousal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harvey-54">[54]</a> Few women report experiencing <a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">orgasm</a> from nipple stimulation.<a href="#cite_note-Kinsey-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boston-56">[56]</a> Before Komisaruk et al.'s <a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">functional magnetic resonance</a> (fMRI) research on nipple stimulation in 2011, reports of women achieving orgasm from nipple stimulation relied solely on <a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence" title="Anecdotal evidence">anecdotal evidence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-57">[57]</a> Komisaruk's study was the first to map the female genitals onto the sensory portion of the brain; it indicates that sensation from the nipples travels to the same part of the brain as sensations from the vagina, clitoris and cervix, and that these reported orgasms are genital orgasms caused by nipple stimulation, and may be directly linked to the genital sensory cortex ("the genital area of the brain").<a href="#cite_note-Smith-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lehmiller-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Komisaruk-59">[59]</a> <h3>Piercings[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipple&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Piercings">edit</a>]</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nipple_piercing" title="Nipple piercing">Nipple piercing</a></div> A nipple piercing is a type of body piercing, centered usually at the base of the nipple. It can be pierced at any angle but is usually done horizontally or, less often, vertically. It is also possible to place multiple piercings on top of one another. The perforation of the nipple to apply jewelry has been practiced by various people throughout history. Male nipple piercing was reported to be done by the <a href="/wiki/Karankawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Karankawa">Karankawa</a> Native Americans, female nipple piercing is practiced by the <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyle people</a> in Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Nipple piercing may have been a sign of masculinity for the soldiers of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Nipple piercing has also been connected to rites of passage for both British and American sailors who had traveled beyond a significant latitude and longitude.<a href="#cite_note-DeMello-62">[62]</a> It is widely reported that in the 1890s, nipple rings called "bosom rings" resurfaced as a fashion statement among women of the West, who would wear them on one or both sides, but if such a trend existed, it was short-lived.<a href="#cite_note-DeMello-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In the western world it potentially dates back to the 14th century. The anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Hans_Peter_Duerr" title="Hans Peter Duerr">Hans Peter Duerr</a> traces the earliest known practice of female nipple piercing as a fashion statement to the Court of <a href="/wiki/Isabeau_of_Bavaria" title="Isabeau of Bavaria">Isabeau of Bavaria</a> (1370 to 1435), queen consort of France, quoting <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Fuchs" title="Eduard Fuchs">Eduard Fuchs</a> he describes that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">...fashion eventually led to the application of rouge to freely display nipples [...] placing diamond-studded rings or small caps on them, even piercing them and passing gold chains through them decorated with diamonds, possibly to demonstrate the youthful resilience of the bosom.</blockquote> However, these sources are difficult to verify.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In the late 1970s, the practice was revived by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Ward_(body_piercer)" title="Jim Ward (body piercer)">Jim Ward</a> and it was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leather_subculture" title="Leather subculture">leather subcultures</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a> community. During the 1980s and early 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Modern_primitive" title="Modern primitive">modern primitive</a> movement embraced nipple piercings among other forms of body modification. With its roots in the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast of the United States</a>, the modern primitive movement was intrigued by indigenous, so-called "primitive" cultures and adopted various forms of body modification.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The mainstream popularity of nipple piercing is partly due to certain 1990s celebrities such as <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Lee" title="Tommy Lee">Tommy Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corey_Taylor" title="Corey Taylor">Corey Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lenny_Kravitz" title="Lenny Kravitz">Lenny Kravitz</a> who publicly displayed their piercings or said that they had them. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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.trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:323px;max-width:323px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Body_art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Left image alt text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Body_art.jpg/145px-Body_art.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Body_art.jpg/218px-Body_art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Body_art.jpg/290px-Body_art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1544" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Male nipple piercings have become more popular in recent years.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hezza_the_Suicide_Girl_shows_her_piercings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Right image alt text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hezza_the_Suicide_Girl_shows_her_piercings.jpg/170px-Hezza_the_Suicide_Girl_shows_her_piercings.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hezza_the_Suicide_Girl_shows_her_piercings.jpg/255px-Hezza_the_Suicide_Girl_shows_her_piercings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hezza_the_Suicide_Girl_shows_her_piercings.jpg/340px-Hezza_the_Suicide_Girl_shows_her_piercings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="1029" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pierced nipples do not interfere with breastfeeding, but jewelry on nipples should be removed.</div></div></div></div></div> Nipple piercing has gained in popularity in the 21st century with a number of celebrities and fashion models having this type of piercing.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In addition, many people are motivated to have nipple piercings for personal reasons including self-expression and a desire to feel unique.<a href="#cite_note-Caliendo-69">[69]</a> At least one study has shown that people spend, on average, 1–2 years making the decision to have a piercing.<a href="#cite_note-Caliendo-69">[69]</a> <h3>In business[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipple&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In business">edit</a>]</h3> Some companies and non-profit organisations have used the word nipple or images of nipples to draw attention to their product or cause.<a href="#cite_note-beast-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <h2>See also[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipple&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">Breast milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleischer%27s_syndrome" title="Fleischer's syndrome">Fleischer's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nip_slip" class="mw-redirect" title="Nip slip">Nip slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipplegate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipplegate">Nipplegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_piercing" title="Nipple piercing">Nipple piercing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_prosthesis" title="Nipple prosthesis">Nipple prosthesis</a> for breast cancer survivors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasties" title="Pasties">Pasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernumerary_nipple" title="Supernumerary nipple">Supernumerary (third) nipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udder" title="Udder">Udder</a></li></ul> </div> <h2>References[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipple&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</h2> Citations <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output 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The Daily Beast.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Women%2C+It%27s+Time+to+Reclaim+Our+Breasts&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft.aulast=Shire&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F09%2F09%2Fwomen-it-s-time-to-reclaim-our-breasts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANipple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHarveyWenzelSprecher2004" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, John H.; Wenzel, Amy; Sprecher, Susan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qsl4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA427">The Handbook of Sexuality in Close Relationships</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. p. 427. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135624705" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135624705"><bdi>978-1135624705</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Sexuality+in+Close+Relationships&rft.pages=427&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1135624705&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Wenzel%2C+Amy&rft.au=Sprecher%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqsl4AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANipple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinsey-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Kinsey_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKinseyPomeroyMartinGebhard1998" class="citation book cs1">Kinsey, Alfred C.; Pomeroy, Wardell B.; Martin, Clyde E.; Gebhard, Paul H. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JHWHCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA587">Sexual Behavior in the Human Female</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 587. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253019240" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253019240"><bdi>978-0253019240</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 12, 2017. <q>There are some females who appear to find no erotic satisfaction in having their breasts manipulated; perhaps half of them derive some distinct satisfaction, but not more than a very small percentage ever respond intensely enough to reach orgasm as a result of such stimulation (Chapter 5). [...] Records of females reaching orgasm from breast stimulation alone are rare.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Behavior+in+the+Human+Female&rft.pages=587&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0253019240&rft.aulast=Kinsey&rft.aufirst=Alfred+C.&rft.au=Pomeroy%2C+Wardell+B.&rft.au=Martin%2C+Clyde+E.&rft.au=Gebhard%2C+Paul+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJHWHCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANipple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boston-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Boston_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBoston_Women's_Health_Book_Collective1996" class="citation book cs1">Boston Women's Health Book Collective (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JFI4AQAAIAAJ">The New Our Bodies, Ourselves: A Book by and for Women</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 575. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684823522" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684823522"><bdi>978-0684823522</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 12, 2017. <q>A few women can even experience orgasm from breast stimulation alone.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Our+Bodies%2C+Ourselves%3A+A+Book+by+and+for+Women&rft.pages=575&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0684823522&rft.au=Boston+Women%27s+Health+Book+Collective&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJFI4AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANipple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMerril_D._Smith2014" class="citation book cs1">Merril D. Smith (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrCCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71">Cultural Encyclopedia of the Breast</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0759123328" title="Special:BookSources/978-0759123328"><bdi>978-0759123328</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Encyclopedia+of+the+Breast&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0759123328&rft.au=Merril+D.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqrCCBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANipple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lehmiller-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Lehmiller_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_J._Lehmiller2013" class="citation book cs1">Justin J. Lehmiller (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQRgAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT120">The Psychology of Human Sexuality</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118351321" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118351321"><bdi>978-1118351321</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Human+Sexuality&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1118351321&rft.au=Justin+J.+Lehmiller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpQRgAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANipple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Komisaruk-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Komisaruk_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKomisarukWiseFrangosLiu2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Komisaruk" title="Barry Komisaruk">Komisaruk, B. R.</a>; Wise, N.; Frangos, E.; Liu, W.-C.; Allen, K; Brody, S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3186818">"Women's Clitoris, Vagina, and Cervix Mapped on the Sensory Cortex: fMRI Evidence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Sexual_Medicine" title="The Journal of Sexual Medicine">The Journal of Sexual Medicine</a>. 8 (10): 2822–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1743-6109.2011.02388.x">10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02388.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3186818">3186818</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21797981">21797981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Sexual+Medicine&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Clitoris%2C+Vagina%2C+and+Cervix+Mapped+on+the+Sensory+Cortex%3A+fMRI+Evidence&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2822-30&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3186818%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21797981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1743-6109.2011.02388.x&rft.aulast=Komisaruk&rft.aufirst=B.+R.&rft.au=Wise%2C+N.&rft.au=Frangos%2C+E.&rft.au=Liu%2C+W.-C.&rft.au=Allen%2C+K&rft.au=Brody%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3186818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANipple" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStephanie_Pappas2011" class="citation news cs1">Stephanie Pappas (August 5, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/surprise-finding-in-response-to-nipple-stimulation/">"Surprise finding in response to nipple stimulation"</a>. CBS News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Surprise+finding+in+response+to+nipple+stimulation&rft.date=2011-08-05&rft.au=Stephanie+Pappas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fsurprise-finding-in-response-to-nipple-stimulation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANipple" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHorvath2013" class="citation web cs1">Horvath, Eddie (February 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313093126/http://diversityinutah.com/piercngs.html">"Piercings"</a>. Diversity Studio. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diversityinutah.com/piercngs.html">the original</a> on March 13, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Piercings&rft.pub=Diversity+Studio&rft.date=2013-02-21&rft.aulast=Horvath&rft.aufirst=Eddie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diversityinutah.com%2Fpiercngs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANipple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGraves2000">Graves 2000</a>, p. 13) harv error: no target: CITEREFGraves2000 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-DeMello-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeMello_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeMello_62-1">b</a> Cite error: The named reference <code>DeMello</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFKern1975">Kern 1975</a>, p. 95) harv error: no target: CITEREFKern1975 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) "In the late 1890s the "bosom ring" came into fashion briefly and sold in expensive Parisian jewellery shops. These anneaux de sein were inserted through the nipple, and some women wore one on either side." </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bme.com/2008/10/31/nipple-piercings-male-and-female/">Nipple Piercings, Male and Female</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205025755/http://news.bme.com/2008/10/31/nipple-piercings-male-and-female/">Archived</a> 2020-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - <a href="/wiki/BMEzine" title="BMEzine">BMEzine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFValeAndrea_Juno1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/V._Vale" title="V. Vale">Vale, V.</a>; Andrea Juno (1989). <a href="/wiki/Modern_Primitives_(book)" title="Modern Primitives (book)">Modern Primitives</a>. <a href="/wiki/RE/Search" class="mw-redirect" title="RE/Search">RE/Search</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940642-14-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940642-14-0"><bdi>978-0-940642-14-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Primitives&rft.pub=RE%2FSearch&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-940642-14-0&rft.aulast=Vale&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Andrea+Juno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANipple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPitts2003" class="citation book cs1">Pitts, Victoria L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/infleshculturalp2003pitt">In the Flesh: The Cultural Politics of Body Modification</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7943-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7943-8"><bdi>978-1-4039-7943-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Flesh%3A+The+Cultural+Politics+of+Body+Modification&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-7943-8&rft.aulast=Pitts&rft.aufirst=Victoria+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finfleshculturalp2003pitt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANipple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMayersJudelsonMoriartyRundell2002" class="citation journal cs1">Mayers, LB; Judelson, DA; Moriarty, BW; Rundell, KW (2002). "Prevalence of Body Art (Body Piercing and Tattooing) in University Undergraduates and Incidence of Medical Complications". <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_Proceedings" title="Mayo Clinic Proceedings">Mayo Clinic Proceedings</a>. 77 (1): 29–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4065%2F77.1.29">10.4065/77.1.29</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11794454">11794454</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1149443">1149443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+Body+Art+%28Body+Piercing+and+Tattooing%29+in+University+Undergraduates+and+Incidence+of+Medical+Complications&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-34&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1149443%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11794454&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4065%2F77.1.29&rft.aulast=Mayers&rft.aufirst=LB&rft.au=Judelson%2C+DA&rft.au=Moriarty%2C+BW&rft.au=Rundell%2C+KW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANipple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLough2015" class="citation news cs1">Lough, Kate (7 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/it-s-official-the-nipple-piercing-is-the-new-it-piercing-just-ask-kendall-jenner-and-bella-hadid-a3084161.html">"It's official, the nipple piercing is the new 'it' piercing - just ask Kendall Jenner and Bella Hadid"</a>. Evening Standard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=It%27s+official%2C+the+nipple+piercing+is+the+new+%27it%27+piercing+-+just+ask+Kendall+Jenner+and+Bella+Hadid&rft.date=2015-10-07&rft.aulast=Lough&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Flifestyle%2Flondon-life%2Fit-s-official-the-nipple-piercing-is-the-new-it-piercing-just-ask-kendall-jenner-and-bella-hadid-a3084161.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANipple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caliendo-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caliendo_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caliendo_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCaliendoArmstrongRoberts2005" class="citation journal cs1">Caliendo, Carol; Armstrong, Myrna; Roberts, Alden (2005). "Self-reported characteristics of women and men with intimate body piercings". Issues and Innovations in Nursing Practice. 49 (5): 474–484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2648.2004.03320.x">10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03320.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15713179">15713179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Issues+and+Innovations+in+Nursing+Practice&rft.atitle=Self-reported+characteristics+of+women+and+men+with+intimate+body+piercings&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=474-484&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2648.2004.03320.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15713179&rft.aulast=Caliendo&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Myrna&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Alden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANipple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDisser2014" class="citation web cs1">Disser, Nicole (19 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bedfordandbowery.com/2014/08/this-new-bushwick-bar-is-the-most-literal-boobie-trap-weve-ever-seen/">"This New Bushwick Bar Is The Most Literal Boobie Trap We've Ever Seen"</a>. Bedford and Bowery.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bedford+and+Bowery&rft.atitle=This+New+Bushwick+Bar+Is+The+Most+Literal+Boobie+Trap+We%27ve+Ever+Seen&rft.date=2014-08-19&rft.aulast=Disser&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbedfordandbowery.com%2F2014%2F08%2Fthis-new-bushwick-bar-is-the-most-literal-boobie-trap-weve-ever-seen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANipple" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> Bibliography <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2014" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Michele (2014). Fast facts for the antepartum and postpartum nurse: a nursing orientation and care guide in a nutshell. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-6887-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-6887-0"><bdi>978-0-8261-6887-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fast+facts+for+the+antepartum+and+postpartum+nurse%3A+a+nursing+orientation+and+care+guide+in+a+nutshell&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing+Company%2C+LLC&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8261-6887-0&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Michele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANipple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDurham2014" class="citation book cs1">Durham, Roberta (2014). Maternal-newborn nursing: the critical components of nursing care. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803637047" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803637047"><bdi>978-0803637047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maternal-newborn+nursing%3A+the+critical+components+of+nursing+care&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=F.A.+Davis+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0803637047&rft.aulast=Durham&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANipple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2010" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, John (2010). Netter's clinical anatomy. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781437702729" title="Special:BookSources/9781437702729"><bdi>9781437702729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Netter%27s+clinical+anatomy&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Saunders%2FElsevier&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781437702729&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANipple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHenry2016" class="citation book cs1">Henry, Norma (2016). RN maternal newborn nursing: review module. Stilwell, KS: Assessment Technologies Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781565335691" title="Special:BookSources/9781565335691"><bdi>9781565335691</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RN+maternal+newborn+nursing%3A+review+module&rft.place=Stilwell%2C+KS&rft.pub=Assessment+Technologies+Institute&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781565335691&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Norma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANipple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLawrenceLawrence2015" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Ruth A.; Lawrence, Robert M. (13 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S6y6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA227">Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Professional</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 227–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-39420-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-39420-8"><bdi>978-0-323-39420-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breastfeeding%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Medical+Professional&rft.pages=227-8&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2015-10-13&rft.isbn=978-0-323-39420-8&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Ruth+A.&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS6y6CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANipple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2011" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Marsha (2011). Breastfeeding management for the clinician: using the evidence. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780763766511" title="Special:BookSources/9780763766511"><bdi>9780763766511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breastfeeding+management+for+the+clinician%3A+using+the+evidence&rft.place=Sudbury%2C+Mass&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780763766511&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Marsha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANipple" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <h2>External links[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipple&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217611005">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nipple" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:nipple">nipple</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/teat" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:teat">teat</a>, or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/papilla" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:papilla">papilla</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nipples" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nipples">Nipples</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Breast">breast</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areola" title="Areola">Areola</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areolar_gland" title="Areolar gland">Areolar gland (gland of Montgomery)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper%27s_ligaments" title="Cooper's ligaments">Cooper's ligaments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tail_of_Spence" title="Tail of Spence">Tail of Spence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">Mammary gland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactiferous_duct" title="Lactiferous duct">Lactiferous duct</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_end_bud" title="Terminal end bud">Terminal end bud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_alveolus" title="Mammary alveolus">Mammary alveolus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inframammary_fold" title="Inframammary fold">Inframammary fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermammary_cleft" title="Intermammary cleft">Intermammary cleft</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retromammary_space" title="Retromammary space">Retromammary space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dense_breast_tissue" title="Dense breast tissue">Dense breast tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_ridge" title="Mammary ridge">Mammary ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Breast_disease" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disorders_of_the_breast" title="Template:Disorders of the breast"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disorders_of_the_breast" title="Template talk:Disorders of the breast"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disorders_of_the_breast" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disorders of the breast"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breast_disease" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breast_disease" title="Breast disease">Breast disease</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inflammation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mastitis" title="Mastitis">Mastitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpuerperal_mastitis" title="Nonpuerperal mastitis">Nonpuerperal mastitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granulomatous_mastitis" title="Granulomatous mastitis">Granulomatous mastitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subareolar_abscess" title="Subareolar abscess">Subareolar abscess</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physiological changes and conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adipomastia" title="Adipomastia">Adipomastia (lipomastia, pseudogynecomastia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amastia" title="Amastia">Amastia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisomastia" title="Anisomastia">Anisomastia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_atrophy" title="Breast atrophy">Breast atrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_engorgement" title="Breast engorgement">Breast engorgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_hypertrophy" title="Breast hypertrophy">Breast hypertrophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duct_ectasia_of_breast" title="Duct ectasia of breast">Duct ectasia of breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrocystic_breast_changes" title="Fibrocystic breast changes">Chronic cystic mastitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dense_breast_tissue" title="Dense breast tissue">Dense breast tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">Gynecomastia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammoplasia" title="Mammoplasia">Mammoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromastia" title="Micromastia">Micromastia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nipple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cracked_nipple" title="Cracked nipple">Cracked nipples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nipple" title="Inverted nipple">Inverted nipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_discharge" title="Nipple discharge">Nipple discharge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactorrhea" title="Galactorrhea">Galactorrhea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_pigmentation" title="Nipple pigmentation">Nipple pigmentation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Masses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast_cyst" title="Breast cyst">Breast cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_hematoma" title="Breast hematoma">Breast hematoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_lump" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast lump">Breast lump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactocele" title="Galactocele">Galactocele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoangiomatous_stromal_hyperplasia" title="Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia">Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazia" title="Amazia">Amazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_pain" title="Breast pain">Pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptosis_(breasts)" title="Ptosis (breasts)">Ptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_tension" title="Breast tension">Tension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Outline_of_human_sexuality" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex" title="Template:Sex"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex" title="Template talk:Sex"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Outline_of_human_sexuality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human_sexuality" title="Outline of human sexuality">Outline</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_erection" title="Clitoral erection">Clitoral erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erogenous_zone" title="Erogenous zone">Erogenous zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insemination" title="Insemination">Insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_emission" title="Nocturnal emission">Nocturnal emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">Female</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">male ejaculation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">Pelvic thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">Penile erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-ejaculate" title="Pre-ejaculate">Pre-ejaculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Sexual arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_response_cycle" title="Human sexual response cycle">Sexual response cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">Sexual stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">Vaginal lubrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_and_Johnson" title="Masters and Johnson">Masters and Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_sexuality" title="Obesity and sexuality">Obesity and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_therapy" title="Sex therapy">Sex therapy</a> (<a href="/wiki/PLISSIT_model" title="PLISSIT model">PLISSIT model</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hyposexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_surrogate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">diversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenge pornography">Revenge pornography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Feminist sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_erotic_depictions" title="History of erotic depictions">History of erotic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Relationships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchism and love/sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">Extramarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm_gap" title="Orgasm gap">Orgasm gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">Premarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slang" title="Sexual slang">Sexual slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexuality_by_country" title="Category:Sexuality by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_South_Korea" title="Sexuality in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">Anal sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareback_(sexual_act)" title="Bareback (sexual act)">Bareback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creampie_(sexual_act)" title="Creampie (sexual act)">Creampie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edging_(sexual_practice)" title="Edging (sexual practice)">Edging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_sexual_denial" title="Erotic sexual denial">Erotic sexual denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_(sexual_act)" title="Facial (sexual act)">Facial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisting" title="Fisting">Fisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Foot fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footjob" title="Footjob">Footjob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_orgasm" title="Forced orgasm">Forced orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frot" title="Frot">Frot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_bang" title="Gang bang">Gang bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_intercourse" title="Mammary intercourse">Mammary intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex#Manual_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Manual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)#Anus" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Anal fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handjob" title="Handjob">Handjob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics of sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_stimulation" title="Nipple stimulation">Nipple stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Non-penetrative sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">Oral sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/69_(sex_position)" title="69 (sex position)">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anilingus" title="Anilingus">Anilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunnilingus" title="Cunnilingus">Cunnilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">Fellatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrumatio" title="Irrumatio">Irrumatio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompoir" title="Pompoir">Pompoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quickie_(sex)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quickie (sex)">Quickie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexercise" title="Sexercise">Sexercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_space" title="Sex in space">Sex in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_position" title="Sex position">Sex positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Sexual fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">Foreplay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_penetration" title="Sexual penetration">Sexual penetration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumata">Sumata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribadism" title="Tribadism">Tribadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_intercourse" title="Urethral intercourse">Urethral intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_sex" title="Virtual sex">Virtual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex" title="Cybersex">Cybersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_talk" title="Erotic talk">Erotic talk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_T-shirt_contest" title="Wet T-shirt contest">Wet T-shirt contest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_nudity_in_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and nudity in video games">Adult video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotica" title="Erotica">Erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film_actor" title="Pornographic film actor">Film actor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sex_museums" title="List of sex museums">Sex museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_shop" title="Sex shop">Sex shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_tourism" title="Sex tourism">Sex tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_sex_tourism" title="Female sex tourism">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">Sex worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_toy" title="Sex toy">Sex toy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_doll" title="Sex doll">Doll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">Strip club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam_model" title="Webcam model">Webcam model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Religion and sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexuality" title="Buddhism and sexuality">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and sexuality">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Tantric sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Christian_demonology" title="Sexuality in Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">Clerical celibacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Buddhist monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Hindu monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Jain monasticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_sexual_practices" title="Taoist sexual practices">Daoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_sexuality" title="Judaism and sexuality">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBT_people" title="Religion and LGBT people">LGBT people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT-affirming_religious_groups" title="LGBT-affirming religious groups">LGBT-affirming religious groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_Mormonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Sacred prostitution in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/16px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/24px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/32px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="23" data-file-height="15" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_regional_anatomy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Template:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Template talk:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_regional_anatomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_body#Regional_groups" title="Human body">Human regional anatomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">Face</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forehead" title="Forehead">Forehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">Cheek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin" title="Chin">Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Teeth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">Occiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">Scalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(anatomy)" title="Temple (anatomy)">Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">Throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nape" title="Nape">Nape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">Torso</a> (Trunk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist" title="Waist">Waist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midriff" title="Midriff">Midriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">Navel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_back" title="Human back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nipple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Genitalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">Limbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">Axilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">Elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">Wrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Fingernail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">Thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_finger" title="Middle finger">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">Little</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">Leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">Buttocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">Hip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">Thigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_(leg)" title="Calf (leg)">Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">Ankle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">Heel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">Toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Toenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(foot)" title="Sole (foot)">Sole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188641#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188641#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188641#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4146768-1">Germany</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007547666305171">Israel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2009007031">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A16.0.02.004">Terminologia Anatomica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>'

Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)

false

Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)

'1714203006'