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The '''Angell Treaty of 1880''', formally known as the '''Treaty Regulating Immigration from China''', was a modification of the 1868 [[Burlingame Treaty]] between the [[United States]] and [[China]], passed in [[Beijing]] on November 17, 1880.<ref name=fjc/><ref name=i2us>{{cite web|url = http://immigrationtounitedstates.org/343-angell-treaty-of-1880.html|title = Angell Treaty of 1880|publisher = Immigration to the United States|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref name=harpweek>{{cite web|url = http://immigrants.harpweek.com/ChineseAmericans/2KeyIssues/BurlingameTreatyRevision1880.htm|title = Burlingame Treaty Revision (1880)|publisher = Harpweek|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref>

== Historical context ==

In 1868, the United States and China entered into the [[Burlingame Treaty]], establishing formal friendly relations between the two countries, and granting China [[most favored nation]] status. The treaty encouraged immigration from China, and granted some privileges to citizens of either country residing in the other, but withheld the privilege of naturalization for immigrants from China.

During the 1870s, there were repeated efforts in the [[United States Congress]] to limit Chinese immigration to the United States. One successful effort in this direction was the [[Page Act of 1875]], that forbade the migration of women believed to be inclined to engaging in [[prostitution]] and anybody coming to the United States as a [[unfree labour|forced laborer]]. The Act did not significantly curtail the flow of mostly male free Chinese laborers.

=== Fifteen Passenger Bill ===

The first bill to significantly curtail Chinese migration that passed both houses of Congress was the Fifteen Passenger Bill of 1879. The bill forbade sea vessels from bringing in more than fifteen Chinese passengers in any single voyage to the United States. Ship masters were required to present a sworn list of all Ch inese passengers upon arrival, and violators could be fined $100 and six months in prison. However, [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], President of the United States at the time, vetoed the bill because it violated the terms of the Burlingame Treaty. Expressing sympathy with the aims of the bill, he suggested that the treaty be modified in agreement with China.<ref name=harpweek/><ref name=i2us/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.stcl.edu/faculty_pages/faculty_folders/steiner/aalexclusion/exclusion.ppt|title = The Chinese Exclusion Acts: Asian Americans and the Law|author = Dr. Steiner|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref>

=== Angell commission ===

Hayes sent a commission led by [[James Burrill Angell]] to China to negotiate a new treaty to allow restrictions on Chinese immigration.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/chinese-immigration|title = Milestones: 1866–1898. Chinese Immigration and the Chinese Exclusion Acts|publisher = U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref> On November 17, 1880, the new treaty was signed in Peking (now [[Beijing]]).<ref name=i2us/><ref name=fjc/> According to the new treaty, the United States government would temporarily suspend immigration of skilled and unskilled laborers from China, while still allowing the immigration of white-collar professionals. The treaty also reaffirmed the United States' continuing commitment to protect the rights and privileges of Chinese laborers already present in the United States.<ref name=fjc>{{cite web|url = http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/tu_exclusion_doc_1.html|title = Chew Heong v. United States: Chinese Exclusion and the Federal Courts|publisher = [[Federal Judicial Center]]|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref>

The prefix stated: "The United States, because of the constantly increasing immigration of Chinese labourers to the territory of the United States and the embarrassments consequent upon such immigration now desires to negotiate a modification of the existing TReaties which shall not be in direct contravention to their spirit."<ref>{{cite book|title = China and the International System, 1840-1949: Power, Presence, and Perceptions in a Century of Humiliation|last = Scott|first = David|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6U_DPS4vfO0C&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=%22treaty+regulating+immigration+from+china%22&source=bl&ots=ovPyk0Nmkp&sig=MwKtx51QSmO3PWuN31ast-qrqdM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAmoVChMIsMzIlsjcyAIVUs5jCh2CAQY2#v=onepage&q=%22treaty%20regulating%20immigration%20from%20china%22&f=false}}</ref>

=== Conclusion, ratification, and proclamation ===

The dates for establishing the treaty were:<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.sanfranciscochinatown.com/history/1880proclaimation.html|title = Presidential Proclamation|publisher = Chinatown San Francisco|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref>

* Conclusion in Beijing: November 17, 1880

* Ratification advised by the [[United States Senate]]: May 5, 1881

* Ratification by the United States Presndeent: May 9, 1881

* Ratification exchange: July 19, 1881

* Proclamation: October 5, 1881

== Subsequent changes ==

The [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] of 1882 (passed May 6, 1882), passed unilaterally by the United States, extended the exclusion period for Chinese laborers to 20 years, and also required Chinese laborers departing the United States to get a re-entry permit if they wished to re-enter. Later, the [[Scott Act (1888)|Scott Act]] would forbid the return of Chinese laborers who had departed the United States.

Two cases that appeared before the [[United States Supreme Court]] in the 1880s referenced the Angell Treaty:

* ''[[Chew Heong v. United States]]'' (1884): Heong, who had departed the United States for China prior to the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act, did not have the re-entry permit mandated by the Act. Heong would have been able to re-enter under the legal regime as it existed at the time of departure, which was shaped by the Burlingame Treaty and the Angell Treaty. When denied re-entry into the United States, he contested the decision. The Supreme Court decided in his favor.

* ''[[Chae Chan Ping v. United States]]'' (1889): Ping, who had departed the United States prior to the Scott Act, had obtained a re-entry permit as required by the Chinese Exclusion Act. However, upon his return after the passage of the Scott Act, he was denied re-entry. He contested the decision, citing the Burlingame Treaty and Angell Treaty, but the Supreme Court sided with the government.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

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'The '''Angell Treaty of 1880''', formally known as the '''Treaty Regulating Immigration from China''', was a modification of the 1868 [[Burlingame Treaty]] between the [[United States]] and [[China]], passed in [[Beijing]] on November 17, 1880.<ref name=fjc/><ref name=i2us>{{cite web|url = http://immigrationtounitedstates.org/343-angell-treaty-of-1880.html|title = Angell Treaty of 1880|publisher = Immigration to the United States|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref name=harpweek>{{cite web|url = http://immigrants.harpweek.com/ChineseAmericans/2KeyIssues/BurlingameTreatyRevision1880.htm|title = Burlingame Treaty Revision (1880)|publisher = Harpweek|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref> == Historical context == In 1868, the United States and China entered into the [[Burlingame Treaty]], establishing formal friendly relations between the two countries, and granting China [[most favored nation]] status. The treaty encouraged immigration from China, and granted some privileges to citizens of either country residing in the other, but withheld the privilege of naturalization for immigrants from China. During the 1870s, there were repeated efforts in the [[United States Congress]] to limit Chinese immigration to the United States. One successful effort in this direction was the [[Page Act of 1875]], that forbade the migration of women believed to be inclined to engaging in [[prostitution]] and anybody coming to the United States as a [[unfree labour|forced laborer]]. The Act did not significantly curtail the flow of mostly male free Chinese laborers. === Fifteen Passenger Bill === The first bill to significantly curtail Chinese migration that passed both houses of Congress was the Fifteen Passenger Bill of 1879. The bill forbade sea vessels from bringing in more than fifteen Chinese passengers in any single voyage to the United States. Ship masters were required to present a sworn list of all Ch inese passengers upon arrival, and violators could be fined $100 and six months in prison. However, [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], President of the United States at the time, vetoed the bill because it violated the terms of the Burlingame Treaty. Expressing sympathy with the aims of the bill, he suggested that the treaty be modified in agreement with China.<ref name=harpweek/><ref name=i2us/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.stcl.edu/faculty_pages/faculty_folders/steiner/aalexclusion/exclusion.ppt|title = The Chinese Exclusion Acts: Asian Americans and the Law|author = Dr. Steiner|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref> === Angell commission === Hayes sent a commission led by [[James Burrill Angell]] to China to negotiate a new treaty to allow restrictions on Chinese immigration.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/chinese-immigration|title = Milestones: 1866–1898. Chinese Immigration and the Chinese Exclusion Acts|publisher = U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref> On November 17, 1880, the new treaty was signed in Peking (now [[Beijing]]).<ref name=i2us/><ref name=fjc/> According to the new treaty, the United States government would temporarily suspend immigration of skilled and unskilled laborers from China, while still allowing the immigration of white-collar professionals. The treaty also reaffirmed the United States' continuing commitment to protect the rights and privileges of Chinese laborers already present in the United States.<ref name=fjc>{{cite web|url = http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/tu_exclusion_doc_1.html|title = Chew Heong v. United States: Chinese Exclusion and the Federal Courts|publisher = [[Federal Judicial Center]]|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref> The prefix stated: "The United States, because of the constantly increasing immigration of Chinese labourers to the territory of the United States and the embarrassments consequent upon such immigration now desires to negotiate a modification of the existing TReaties which shall not be in direct contravention to their spirit."<ref>{{cite book|title = China and the International System, 1840-1949: Power, Presence, and Perceptions in a Century of Humiliation|last = Scott|first = David|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6U_DPS4vfO0C&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=%22treaty+regulating+immigration+from+china%22&source=bl&ots=ovPyk0Nmkp&sig=MwKtx51QSmO3PWuN31ast-qrqdM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAmoVChMIsMzIlsjcyAIVUs5jCh2CAQY2#v=onepage&q=%22treaty%20regulating%20immigration%20from%20china%22&f=false}}</ref> === Conclusion, ratification, and proclamation === The dates for establishing the treaty were:<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.sanfranciscochinatown.com/history/1880proclaimation.html|title = Presidential Proclamation|publisher = Chinatown San Francisco|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref> * Conclusion in Beijing: November 17, 1880 * Ratification advised by the [[United States Senate]]: May 5, 1881 * Ratification by the United States Presndeent: May 9, 1881 * Ratification exchange: July 19, 1881 * Proclamation: October 5, 1881 == Subsequent changes == The [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] of 1882 (passed May 6, 1882), passed unilaterally by the United States, extended the exclusion period for Chinese laborers to 20 years, and also required Chinese laborers departing the United States to get a re-entry permit if they wished to re-enter. Later, the [[Scott Act (1888)|Scott Act]] would forbid the return of Chinese laborers who had departed the United States. Two cases that appeared before the [[United States Supreme Court]] in the 1880s referenced the Angell Treaty: * ''[[Chew Heong v. United States]]'' (1884): Heong, who had departed the United States for China prior to the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act, did not have the re-entry permit mandated by the Act. Heong would have been able to re-enter under the legal regime as it existed at the time of departure, which was shaped by the Burlingame Treaty and the Angell Treaty. When denied re-entry into the United States, he contested the decision. The Supreme Court decided in his favor. * ''[[Chae Chan Ping v. United States]]'' (1889): Ping, who had departed the United States prior to the Scott Act, had obtained a re-entry permit as required by the Chinese Exclusion Act. However, upon his return after the passage of the Scott Act, he was denied re-entry. He contested the decision, citing the Burlingame Treaty and Angell Treaty, but the Supreme Court sided with the government. == References == {{reflist}}'

'@@ -1,2 +1,41 @@ +The '''Angell Treaty of 1880''', formally known as the '''Treaty Regulating Immigration from China''', was a modification of the 1868 [[Burlingame Treaty]] between the [[United States]] and [[China]], passed in [[Beijing]] on November 17, 1880.<ref name=fjc/><ref name=i2us>{{cite web|url = http://immigrationtounitedstates.org/343-angell-treaty-of-1880.html|title = Angell Treaty of 1880|publisher = Immigration to the United States|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref name=harpweek>{{cite web|url = http://immigrants.harpweek.com/ChineseAmericans/2KeyIssues/BurlingameTreatyRevision1880.htm|title = Burlingame Treaty Revision (1880)|publisher = Harpweek|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref> +== Historical context == + +In 1868, the United States and China entered into the [[Burlingame Treaty]], establishing formal friendly relations between the two countries, and granting China [[most favored nation]] status. The treaty encouraged immigration from China, and granted some privileges to citizens of either country residing in the other, but withheld the privilege of naturalization for immigrants from China. + +During the 1870s, there were repeated efforts in the [[United States Congress]] to limit Chinese immigration to the United States. One successful effort in this direction was the [[Page Act of 1875]], that forbade the migration of women believed to be inclined to engaging in [[prostitution]] and anybody coming to the United States as a [[unfree labour|forced laborer]]. The Act did not significantly curtail the flow of mostly male free Chinese laborers. + +=== Fifteen Passenger Bill === + +The first bill to significantly curtail Chinese migration that passed both houses of Congress was the Fifteen Passenger Bill of 1879. The bill forbade sea vessels from bringing in more than fifteen Chinese passengers in any single voyage to the United States. Ship masters were required to present a sworn list of all Ch inese passengers upon arrival, and violators could be fined $100 and six months in prison. However, [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], President of the United States at the time, vetoed the bill because it violated the terms of the Burlingame Treaty. Expressing sympathy with the aims of the bill, he suggested that the treaty be modified in agreement with China.<ref name=harpweek/><ref name=i2us/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.stcl.edu/faculty_pages/faculty_folders/steiner/aalexclusion/exclusion.ppt|title = The Chinese Exclusion Acts: Asian Americans and the Law|author = Dr. Steiner|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref> + +=== Angell commission === + +Hayes sent a commission led by [[James Burrill Angell]] to China to negotiate a new treaty to allow restrictions on Chinese immigration.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/chinese-immigration|title = Milestones: 1866–1898. Chinese Immigration and the Chinese Exclusion Acts|publisher = U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref> On November 17, 1880, the new treaty was signed in Peking (now [[Beijing]]).<ref name=i2us/><ref name=fjc/> According to the new treaty, the United States government would temporarily suspend immigration of skilled and unskilled laborers from China, while still allowing the immigration of white-collar professionals. The treaty also reaffirmed the United States' continuing commitment to protect the rights and privileges of Chinese laborers already present in the United States.<ref name=fjc>{{cite web|url = http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/tu_exclusion_doc_1.html|title = Chew Heong v. United States: Chinese Exclusion and the Federal Courts|publisher = [[Federal Judicial Center]]|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref> + +The prefix stated: "The United States, because of the constantly increasing immigration of Chinese labourers to the territory of the United States and the embarrassments consequent upon such immigration now desires to negotiate a modification of the existing TReaties which shall not be in direct contravention to their spirit."<ref>{{cite book|title = China and the International System, 1840-1949: Power, Presence, and Perceptions in a Century of Humiliation|last = Scott|first = David|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6U_DPS4vfO0C&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=%22treaty+regulating+immigration+from+china%22&source=bl&ots=ovPyk0Nmkp&sig=MwKtx51QSmO3PWuN31ast-qrqdM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAmoVChMIsMzIlsjcyAIVUs5jCh2CAQY2#v=onepage&q=%22treaty%20regulating%20immigration%20from%20china%22&f=false}}</ref> + +=== Conclusion, ratification, and proclamation === + +The dates for establishing the treaty were:<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.sanfranciscochinatown.com/history/1880proclaimation.html|title = Presidential Proclamation|publisher = Chinatown San Francisco|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref> + +* Conclusion in Beijing: November 17, 1880 +* Ratification advised by the [[United States Senate]]: May 5, 1881 +* Ratification by the United States Presndeent: May 9, 1881 +* Ratification exchange: July 19, 1881 +* Proclamation: October 5, 1881 + +== Subsequent changes == + +The [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] of 1882 (passed May 6, 1882), passed unilaterally by the United States, extended the exclusion period for Chinese laborers to 20 years, and also required Chinese laborers departing the United States to get a re-entry permit if they wished to re-enter. Later, the [[Scott Act (1888)|Scott Act]] would forbid the return of Chinese laborers who had departed the United States. + +Two cases that appeared before the [[United States Supreme Court]] in the 1880s referenced the Angell Treaty: + +* ''[[Chew Heong v. United States]]'' (1884): Heong, who had departed the United States for China prior to the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act, did not have the re-entry permit mandated by the Act. Heong would have been able to re-enter under the legal regime as it existed at the time of departure, which was shaped by the Burlingame Treaty and the Angell Treaty. When denied re-entry into the United States, he contested the decision. The Supreme Court decided in his favor. +* ''[[Chae Chan Ping v. United States]]'' (1889): Ping, who had departed the United States prior to the Scott Act, had obtained a re-entry permit as required by the Chinese Exclusion Act. However, upon his return after the passage of the Scott Act, he was denied re-entry. He contested the decision, citing the Burlingame Treaty and Angell Treaty, but the Supreme Court sided with the government. + +== References == + +{{reflist}} '

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[ 0 => 'The '''Angell Treaty of 1880''', formally known as the '''Treaty Regulating Immigration from China''', was a modification of the 1868 [[Burlingame Treaty]] between the [[United States]] and [[China]], passed in [[Beijing]] on November 17, 1880.<ref name=fjc/><ref name=i2us>{{cite web|url = http://immigrationtounitedstates.org/343-angell-treaty-of-1880.html|title = Angell Treaty of 1880|publisher = Immigration to the United States|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref name=harpweek>{{cite web|url = http://immigrants.harpweek.com/ChineseAmericans/2KeyIssues/BurlingameTreatyRevision1880.htm|title = Burlingame Treaty Revision (1880)|publisher = Harpweek|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref>', 1 => '== Historical context ==', 2 => false, 3 => 'In 1868, the United States and China entered into the [[Burlingame Treaty]], establishing formal friendly relations between the two countries, and granting China [[most favored nation]] status. The treaty encouraged immigration from China, and granted some privileges to citizens of either country residing in the other, but withheld the privilege of naturalization for immigrants from China.', 4 => false, 5 => 'During the 1870s, there were repeated efforts in the [[United States Congress]] to limit Chinese immigration to the United States. One successful effort in this direction was the [[Page Act of 1875]], that forbade the migration of women believed to be inclined to engaging in [[prostitution]] and anybody coming to the United States as a [[unfree labour|forced laborer]]. The Act did not significantly curtail the flow of mostly male free Chinese laborers.', 6 => false, 7 => '=== Fifteen Passenger Bill ===', 8 => false, 9 => 'The first bill to significantly curtail Chinese migration that passed both houses of Congress was the Fifteen Passenger Bill of 1879. The bill forbade sea vessels from bringing in more than fifteen Chinese passengers in any single voyage to the United States. Ship masters were required to present a sworn list of all Ch inese passengers upon arrival, and violators could be fined $100 and six months in prison. However, [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], President of the United States at the time, vetoed the bill because it violated the terms of the Burlingame Treaty. Expressing sympathy with the aims of the bill, he suggested that the treaty be modified in agreement with China.<ref name=harpweek/><ref name=i2us/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.stcl.edu/faculty_pages/faculty_folders/steiner/aalexclusion/exclusion.ppt|title = The Chinese Exclusion Acts: Asian Americans and the Law|author = Dr. Steiner|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref>', 10 => false, 11 => '=== Angell commission ===', 12 => false, 13 => 'Hayes sent a commission led by [[James Burrill Angell]] to China to negotiate a new treaty to allow restrictions on Chinese immigration.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/chinese-immigration|title = Milestones: 1866–1898. Chinese Immigration and the Chinese Exclusion Acts|publisher = U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref> On November 17, 1880, the new treaty was signed in Peking (now [[Beijing]]).<ref name=i2us/><ref name=fjc/> According to the new treaty, the United States government would temporarily suspend immigration of skilled and unskilled laborers from China, while still allowing the immigration of white-collar professionals. The treaty also reaffirmed the United States' continuing commitment to protect the rights and privileges of Chinese laborers already present in the United States.<ref name=fjc>{{cite web|url = http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/tu_exclusion_doc_1.html|title = Chew Heong v. United States: Chinese Exclusion and the Federal Courts|publisher = [[Federal Judicial Center]]|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref>', 14 => false, 15 => 'The prefix stated: "The United States, because of the constantly increasing immigration of Chinese labourers to the territory of the United States and the embarrassments consequent upon such immigration now desires to negotiate a modification of the existing TReaties which shall not be in direct contravention to their spirit."<ref>{{cite book|title = China and the International System, 1840-1949: Power, Presence, and Perceptions in a Century of Humiliation|last = Scott|first = David|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6U_DPS4vfO0C&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=%22treaty+regulating+immigration+from+china%22&source=bl&ots=ovPyk0Nmkp&sig=MwKtx51QSmO3PWuN31ast-qrqdM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAmoVChMIsMzIlsjcyAIVUs5jCh2CAQY2#v=onepage&q=%22treaty%20regulating%20immigration%20from%20china%22&f=false}}</ref>', 16 => false, 17 => '=== Conclusion, ratification, and proclamation ===', 18 => false, 19 => 'The dates for establishing the treaty were:<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.sanfranciscochinatown.com/history/1880proclaimation.html|title = Presidential Proclamation|publisher = Chinatown San Francisco|accessdate = October 25, 2015}}</ref>', 20 => false, 21 => '* Conclusion in Beijing: November 17, 1880', 22 => '* Ratification advised by the [[United States Senate]]: May 5, 1881', 23 => '* Ratification by the United States Presndeent: May 9, 1881', 24 => '* Ratification exchange: July 19, 1881', 25 => '* Proclamation: October 5, 1881', 26 => false, 27 => '== Subsequent changes ==', 28 => false, 29 => 'The [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] of 1882 (passed May 6, 1882), passed unilaterally by the United States, extended the exclusion period for Chinese laborers to 20 years, and also required Chinese laborers departing the United States to get a re-entry permit if they wished to re-enter. Later, the [[Scott Act (1888)|Scott Act]] would forbid the return of Chinese laborers who had departed the United States.', 30 => false, 31 => 'Two cases that appeared before the [[United States Supreme Court]] in the 1880s referenced the Angell Treaty:', 32 => false, 33 => '* ''[[Chew Heong v. United States]]'' (1884): Heong, who had departed the United States for China prior to the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act, did not have the re-entry permit mandated by the Act. Heong would have been able to re-enter under the legal regime as it existed at the time of departure, which was shaped by the Burlingame Treaty and the Angell Treaty. When denied re-entry into the United States, he contested the decision. The Supreme Court decided in his favor.', 34 => '* ''[[Chae Chan Ping v. United States]]'' (1889): Ping, who had departed the United States prior to the Scott Act, had obtained a re-entry permit as required by the Chinese Exclusion Act. However, upon his return after the passage of the Scott Act, he was denied re-entry. He contested the decision, citing the Burlingame Treaty and Angell Treaty, but the Supreme Court sided with the government.', 35 => false, 36 => '== References ==', 37 => false, 38 => '{{reflist}}' ]

[]

'<p>The <b>Angell Treaty of 1880</b>, formally known as the <b>Treaty Regulating Immigration from China</b>, was a modification of the 1868 <a href="/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a> between the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, passed in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> on November 17, 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-fjc_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fjc-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-i2us_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i2us-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harpweek_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harpweek-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Historical_context"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Historical context</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Fifteen_Passenger_Bill"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Fifteen Passenger Bill</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Angell_commission"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Angell commission</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Conclusion.2C_ratification.2C_and_proclamation"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Conclusion, ratification, and proclamation</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Subsequent_changes"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Subsequent changes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_context">Historical context</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angell_Treaty_of_1880&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Historical context">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>In 1868, the United States and China entered into the <a href="/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a>, establishing formal friendly relations between the two countries, and granting China <a href="/wiki/Most_favored_nation" title="Most favored nation" class="mw-redirect">most favored nation</a> status. The treaty encouraged immigration from China, and granted some privileges to citizens of either country residing in the other, but withheld the privilege of naturalization for immigrants from China.</p> <p>During the 1870s, there were repeated efforts in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> to limit Chinese immigration to the United States. One successful effort in this direction was the <a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act of 1875</a>, that forbade the migration of women believed to be inclined to engaging in <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a> and anybody coming to the United States as a <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" title="Unfree labour">forced laborer</a>. The Act did not significantly curtail the flow of mostly male free Chinese laborers.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Fifteen_Passenger_Bill">Fifteen Passenger Bill</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angell_Treaty_of_1880&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Fifteen Passenger Bill">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The first bill to significantly curtail Chinese migration that passed both houses of Congress was the Fifteen Passenger Bill of 1879. The bill forbade sea vessels from bringing in more than fifteen Chinese passengers in any single voyage to the United States. Ship masters were required to present a sworn list of all Ch inese passengers upon arrival, and violators could be fined $100 and six months in prison. However, <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>, President of the United States at the time, vetoed the bill because it violated the terms of the Burlingame Treaty. Expressing sympathy with the aims of the bill, he suggested that the treaty be modified in agreement with China.<sup id="cite_ref-harpweek_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harpweek-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-i2us_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i2us-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Angell_commission">Angell commission</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angell_Treaty_of_1880&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Angell commission">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Hayes sent a commission led by <a href="/wiki/James_Burrill_Angell" title="James Burrill Angell">James Burrill Angell</a> to China to negotiate a new treaty to allow restrictions on Chinese immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> On November 17, 1880, the new treaty was signed in Peking (now <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-i2us_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i2us-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fjc_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fjc-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> According to the new treaty, the United States government would temporarily suspend immigration of skilled and unskilled laborers from China, while still allowing the immigration of white-collar professionals. The treaty also reaffirmed the United States' continuing commitment to protect the rights and privileges of Chinese laborers already present in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-fjc_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fjc-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The prefix stated: "The United States, because of the constantly increasing immigration of Chinese labourers to the territory of the United States and the embarrassments consequent upon such immigration now desires to negotiate a modification of the existing TReaties which shall not be in direct contravention to their spirit."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Conclusion.2C_ratification.2C_and_proclamation">Conclusion, ratification, and proclamation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angell_Treaty_of_1880&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Conclusion, ratification, and proclamation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The dates for establishing the treaty were:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <ul> <li>Conclusion in Beijing: November 17, 1880</li> <li>Ratification advised by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>: May 5, 1881</li> <li>Ratification by the United States Presndeent: May 9, 1881</li> <li>Ratification exchange: July 19, 1881</li> <li>Proclamation: October 5, 1881</li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Subsequent_changes">Subsequent changes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angell_Treaty_of_1880&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Subsequent changes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> of 1882 (passed May 6, 1882), passed unilaterally by the United States, extended the exclusion period for Chinese laborers to 20 years, and also required Chinese laborers departing the United States to get a re-entry permit if they wished to re-enter. Later, the <a href="/wiki/Scott_Act_(1888)" title="Scott Act (1888)">Scott Act</a> would forbid the return of Chinese laborers who had departed the United States.</p> <p>Two cases that appeared before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" title="United States Supreme Court" class="mw-redirect">United States Supreme Court</a> in the 1880s referenced the Angell Treaty:</p> <ul> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chew_Heong_v._United_States&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chew Heong v. United States (page does not exist)">Chew Heong v. United States</a></i> (1884): Heong, who had departed the United States for China prior to the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act, did not have the re-entry permit mandated by the Act. Heong would have been able to re-enter under the legal regime as it existed at the time of departure, which was shaped by the Burlingame Treaty and the Angell Treaty. When denied re-entry into the United States, he contested the decision. The Supreme Court decided in his favor.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chae_Chan_Ping_v._United_States" title="Chae Chan Ping v. United States">Chae Chan Ping v. United States</a></i> (1889): Ping, who had departed the United States prior to the Scott Act, had obtained a re-entry permit as required by the Chinese Exclusion Act. However, upon his return after the passage of the Scott Act, he was denied re-entry. He contested the decision, citing the Burlingame Treaty and Angell Treaty, but the Supreme Court sided with the government.</li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angell_Treaty_of_1880&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fjc-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fjc_1-0">^{<i><b>a</b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fjc_1-1">^{<i><b>b</b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fjc_1-2">^{<i><b>c</b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/tu_exclusion_doc_1.html">"Chew Heong v. United States: Chinese Exclusion and the Federal Courts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngell+Treaty+of+1880&amp;rft.btitle=Chew+Heong+v.+United+States%3A+Chinese+Exclusion+and+the+Federal+Courts&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fhistory%2Fhome.nsf%2Fpage%2Ftu_exclusion_doc_1.html&amp;rft.pub=Federal+Judicial+Center&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-i2us-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-i2us_2-0">^{<i><b>a</b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-i2us_2-1">^{<i><b>b</b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-i2us_2-2">^{<i><b>c</b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://immigrationtounitedstates.org/343-angell-treaty-of-1880.html">"Angell Treaty of 1880"</a>. Immigration to the United States<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngell+Treaty+of+1880&amp;rft.btitle=Angell+Treaty+of+1880&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimmigrationtounitedstates.org%2F343-angell-treaty-of-1880.html&amp;rft.pub=Immigration+to+the+United+States&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-harpweek-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harpweek_3-0">^{<i><b>a</b></i>}</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harpweek_3-1">^{<i><b>b</b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://immigrants.harpweek.com/ChineseAmericans/2KeyIssues/BurlingameTreatyRevision1880.htm">"Burlingame Treaty Revision (1880)"</a>. Harpweek<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngell+Treaty+of+1880&amp;rft.btitle=Burlingame+Treaty+Revision+%281880%29&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimmigrants.harpweek.com%2FChineseAmericans%2F2KeyIssues%2FBurlingameTreatyRevision1880.htm&amp;rft.pub=Harpweek&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Dr. Steiner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stcl.edu/faculty_pages/faculty_folders/steiner/aalexclusion/exclusion.ppt">"The Chinese Exclusion Acts: Asian Americans and the Law"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngell+Treaty+of+1880&amp;rft.au=Dr.+Steiner&amp;rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Exclusion+Acts%3A+Asian+Americans+and+the+Law&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcl.edu%2Ffaculty_pages%2Ffaculty_folders%2Fsteiner%2Faalexclusion%2Fexclusion.ppt&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/chinese-immigration">"Milestones: 1866–1898. Chinese Immigration and the Chinese Exclusion Acts"</a>. U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngell+Treaty+of+1880&amp;rft.btitle=Milestones%3A+1866%E2%80%931898.+Chinese+Immigration+and+the+Chinese+Exclusion+Acts&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1866-1898%2Fchinese-immigration&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State+Office+of+the+Historian&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Scott, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6U_DPS4vfO0C&amp;pg=PA77&amp;lpg=PA77&amp;dq=%22treaty+regulating+immigration+from+china%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ovPyk0Nmkp&amp;sig=MwKtx51QSmO3PWuN31ast-qrqdM&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwAmoVChMIsMzIlsjcyAIVUs5jCh2CAQY2#v=onepage&amp;q=%22treaty%20regulating%20immigration%20from%20china%22&amp;f=false"><i>China and the International System, 1840-1949: Power, Presence, and Perceptions in a Century of Humiliation</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngell+Treaty+of+1880&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Scott&amp;rft.btitle=China+and+the+International+System%2C+1840-1949%3A+Power%2C+Presence%2C+and+Perceptions+in+a+Century+of+Humiliation&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6U_DPS4vfO0C%26pg%3DPA77%26lpg%3DPA77%26dq%3D%2522treaty%2Bregulating%2Bimmigration%2Bfrom%2Bchina%2522%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DovPyk0Nmkp%26sig%3DMwKtx51QSmO3PWuN31ast-qrqdM%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CCwQ6AEwAmoVChMIsMzIlsjcyAIVUs5jCh2CAQY2%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522treaty%2520regulating%2520immigration%2520from%2520china%2522%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanfranciscochinatown.com/history/1880proclaimation.html">"Presidential Proclamation"</a>. Chinatown San Francisco<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngell+Treaty+of+1880&amp;rft.btitle=Presidential+Proclamation&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanfranciscochinatown.com%2Fhistory%2F1880proclaimation.html&amp;rft.pub=Chinatown+San+Francisco&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1221 Cached time: 20151025212823 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false CPU time usage: 0.100 seconds Real time usage: 0.110 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 397/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 10921/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 4/40 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Lua time usage: 0.032/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1.8 MB/50 MB Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0--> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 86.578 1 - Template:Reflist 100.00% 86.578 1 - -total 77.34% 66.957 6 - Template:Cite_web 5.55% 4.807 1 - Template:Cite_book --> '

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