Israel–Hamas war: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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The war began when Hamas-led militant groups [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel|launched a surprise attack on Israel]] on 7 October, involving a barrage of several thousand [[Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel|rockets]] concurrent to an estimated 3,000 militants breaching the [[Gaza–Israel barrier]] and attacking Israeli civilian communities and military bases. During this attack, 1,139 Israelis and foreign nationals including 766 civilians and 373 security personnel were killed,{{efn|These casualty numbers exclude the invading Palestinian militants who died in the subsequent fighting with Israeli armed personnel.}} while [[Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis|252 Israelis and foreigners were taken captive]] to the Gaza Strip.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas says it has enough Israeli captives to free all Palestinian prisoners |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/hamas-says-it-has-enough-israeli-captives-to-free-all-palestinian-prisoners |agency=[[Al Jazeera English|Al-Jazeera]] |date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163709/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/hamas-says-it-has-enough-israeli-captives-to-free-all-palestinian-prisoners |url-status=live}}</ref> Hamas said its attack was in response to Israel's continued [[Israeli occupation|occupation]], [[Israeli settlements|settlement]] expansion, persisting [[blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockade]], and threats to the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]], as well as the plight of [[Palestinian refugees]] and prisoners.<ref name="McKernan-2023">{{#invoke:cite news||last1=McKernan |first1=Bethan |last2=Michaelson |first2=Ruth |last3=Graham-Harrison |first3=Emma |last4=Kierszenbaum |first4=Quique |last5=Balousha |first5=Hazem |last6=Taha |first6=Sufian |last7=Sherwood |first7=Harriet |last8=Beaumont |first8=Peter |date=14 October 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/seven-days-of-terror-that-shook-the-world-and-changed-the-middle-east |title=Seven days of terror that shook the world and changed the Middle East |work=[[The Observer]] |access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Khoury |first=Jack |date=21 January 2024 |title=Hamas Releases Memo Explaining Why It Waged War on Israel; Gazans Question Timing, Cite Criticism of Hamas |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-01-21/ty-article/.premium/hamas-releases-memo-explaining-why-it-waged-war-on-israel-gazans-question-timing/0000018d-2d3a-db77-ad9f-ff3abfd30000 |access-date=23 January 2024 |work=Haaretz |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207035849/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-01-21/ty-article/.premium/hamas-releases-memo-explaining-why-it-waged-war-on-israel-gazans-question-timing/0000018d-2d3a-db77-ad9f-ff3abfd30000 |url-status=live}}</ref> After clearing militants from its territory, Israel [[2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip|tightened its blockade]] and launched [[Bombing of Gaza|one of the deadliest and most destructive bombing campaigns]] in modern history,<ref>{{cite web |last=Frankel |first=Julia |title=Israel's military campaign in Gaza is among the most destructive in history, experts say |website=PBS NewsHour |agency=Associated Press |date=21 December 2023 |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/israels-military-campaign-in-gaza-is-among-the-most-destructive-in-history-experts-say |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422042427/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/israels-military-campaign-in-gaza-is-among-the-most-destructive-in-history-experts-say |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Israeli bombardment destroyed over 70% of Gaza homes: Report |website=Al Jazeera |date=31 December 2023 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/31/israeli-bombardment-destroyed-over-70-of-gaza-homes-media-office |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423191214/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/31/israeli-bombardment-destroyed-over-70-of-gaza-homes-media-office |url-status=live}}</ref> before commencing a [[Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)|large-scale ground invasion]] on 27 October with the stated objectives of destroying Hamas and releasing the hostages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Can Israel achieve its war goals in Gaza? |url=https://www.ft.com/content/282ffdcd-70c0-4da5-9a7e-5a31d7677fe5 |access-date=6 May 2024 |website=Financial Times |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407032619/https://www.ft.com/content/282ffdcd-70c0-4da5-9a7e-5a31d7677fe5 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Netanyahu says IDF will control Gaza after war, rejects notion of international force |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-says-idf-will-control-gaza-after-war-rejects-notion-of-international-force/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112163219/https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-says-idf-will-control-gaza-after-war-rejects-notion-of-international-force/ |archive-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>

As of 9 May 20042024, more than 34,904 Palestinians in Gaza have been killed, including at least 7,797 children and 4,959 women.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-10 |title=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - occupied Palestinian territory {{!}} Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel - reported impact {{!}} Day 217 |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-reported-impact-day-217 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - occupied Palestinian territory |language=en}}</ref>{{Dubious|May 2024|UN changes reported casualty figures}} About 10,000 others are still missing and presumed trapped under rubble.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Batrawy |first=Aya |date=February 29, 2024 |title=Gaza's death toll now exceeds 30,000. Here's why it's an incomplete count |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/02/29/1234159514/gaza-death-toll-30000-palestinians-israel-hamas-war |access-date=February 29, 2024 |website=NPR |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305085448/https://www.npr.org/2024/02/29/1234159514/gaza-death-toll-30000-palestinians-israel-hamas-war |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Abu Shahma |first1=Mohammad |last2=Asrar |first2=Shakeeb |last3=Antonopoulos |first3=Konstantinos |title=Under the rubble: The missing in Gaza |website=aljazeera.com |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=5 March 2024 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/longform/2023/12/28/under-the-rubble-the-missing-in-gaza |archive-date=6 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306030651/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/longform/2023/12/28/under-the-rubble-the-missing-in-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref> Nearly all of the strip's 2.3 million Palestinian population has been [[internally displaced]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=29 December 2023 |title=Israel Widens Attack on Hamas; Palestinians Pour Into Southern Gaza |agency=[[Voice of America]] |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/palestinians-pour-into-southern-gaza-israel-widens-attacks-on-hamas-/7417882.html}}</ref> as well as around 500,000 Israelis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Around Half A Million Israelis Displaced Inside Israel: Military |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/around-half-a-million-israelis-displaced-inside-israel-military-139782b3 |access-date=28 April 2024 |work=www.barrons.com |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119040557/https://www.barrons.com/news/around-half-a-million-israelis-displaced-inside-israel-military-139782b3 |url-status=live}}</ref> Israel's tightened blockade cut off basic necessities and its attacks on infrastructure have led to a [[2023–2024 Gaza humanitarian crisis|humanitarian crisis]] in the Gaza Strip, including a [[Timeline of the Gaza Strip healthcare collapse|collapse of the healthcare system]] and an [[Gaza Strip famine|impending famine]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Lakhani |first=Nina |date=27 February 2024 |title=Israel is deliberately starving Palestinians, UN rights expert says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/27/un-israel-food-starvation-palestinians-war-crime-genocide |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=27 February 2024 |archive-date=28 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228041844/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/27/un-israel-food-starvation-palestinians-war-crime-genocide |url-status=live}}</ref> By early 2024, Israeli forces had damaged or destroyed [[Domicide|more than half of Gaza's houses]],<ref name="BBC65">{{cite web |last1=Palumbo |first1=Daniele |last2=Abutaleb |first2=Abdelrahman |last3=Cusiac |first3=Paul |last4=Rivault |first4=Erwan |title=At least half of Gaza's buildings damaged or destroyed, new analysis shows |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-68006607 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240131003228/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68006607 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |language=en |date=30 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Environmental damage of Gaza caused by the Israel–Hamas war|at least a third of its tree cover and farmland]],<ref name=":23">{{cite web |title=No Traces of Life, Israel's Ecocide in Gaza 2023 - 2024 |url=https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/ecocide-in-gaza |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=Forensic Architecture |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408103854/https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/ecocide-in-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":04">{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Kaamil |last2=Gayle |first2=Damien |last3=Mousa |first3=Aseel |date=2024-03-29 |title='Ecocide in Gaza': does scale of environmental destruction amount to a war crime? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/mar/29/gaza-israel-palestinian-war-ecocide-environmental-destruction-pollution-rome-statute-war-crimes-aoe |access-date=2024-04-07 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> [[School airstrikes in the Israel–Hamas war|most of its schools]] [[List of universities and colleges in the State of Palestine|and universities]],<ref name="AJS">{{cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=How Israel has destroyed Gaza's schools and universities |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/24/how-israel-has-destroyed-gazas-schools-and-universities |accessdate=26 April 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124211224/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/24/how-israel-has-destroyed-gazas-schools-and-universities |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Destruction of cultural heritage during the 2023 Israeli invasion of Gaza|hundreds of cultural landmarks]],<ref name="hfp65">{{cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Kaamil |date=2024-04-28 |title='Everything beautiful has been destroyed': Palestinians mourn a city in tatters |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/04/everything-beautiful-has-been-destroyed-palestinians-mourn-a-city-in-tatters |access-date=2024-03-27 |work=The Observer |language=en-GB |issn=0029-7712 |quote="A recent report by the Palestinian culture ministry into Israeli damage to Palestinian heritage said Israel’s bombardment of Gaza had destroyed 207 buildings of cultural or historical significance, including 144 in the old city and 25 religious sites."}}</ref> and [[Israeli razing of cemeteries and necroviolence against Palestinians|dozens of cemeteries]].<ref name="cnn65">{{#invoke:cite news||date=20 January 2024|title=At least 16 cemeteries in Gaza have been desecrated by Israeli forces, satellite imagery and videos reveal|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/20/middleeast/israel-gaza-cemeteries-desecrated-investigation-intl-cmd/index.html|last=Diamond|first=Jeremy|access-date=20 January 2024|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> A [[2023 Israel–Hamas ceasefire|seven-day truce]] took place in late November 2023 during which captives were exchanged.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/israel/counterinsurgency-trap-gaza|title=The Counterinsurgency Trap in Gaza|journal=Foreign Affairs|date=5 February 2024|last1=Clarke|first1=Colin P.|volume=103|number=2|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|issn=2327-7793|oclc=863038729|access-date=22 March 2024|archive-date=20 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320161135/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/israel/counterinsurgency-trap-gaza|url-status=live}}</ref> Israel's upcoming [[Rafah offensive|offensive in Rafah]], criticized by the international community, is nearing execution while ceasefire negotiations remain ongoing.<ref name="2024ceasefireNYT">{{cite web |last1=Ni |first1=Vincent |last2=Frayer |first2=Lauren |date=2024-05-06 |title=Hamas has accepted a cease-fire deal proposed by Egypt and Qatar |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/05/06/1249360882/israel-hamas-cease-fire |accessdate=2024-05-06 |publisher=[[NPR]] |language=en-US |department=Middle East crisis—explained |archive-date=6 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506181322/https://www.npr.org/2024/05/06/1249360882/israel-hamas-cease-fire |url-status=live}}</ref>

The war has had significant international repercussions. [[2023 Israel–Hamas war protests|Large protests]] have occurred across the world, primarily pro-Palestinian ones calling for a ceasefire and an end to the Israeli occupation. Israel's actions have been denounced in the [[Muslim world|Islamic world]] and much of the [[Global North and Global South|Global South]]. In December 2023, [[South Africa]] launched proceedings at the [[International Court of Justice]] [[South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)|alleging that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza]]. Israel has received significant support from its traditional [[Western world|Western]] allies, [[United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war|most notably the United States]], which has provided Israel extensive military aid throughout the war and has [[veto]]ed multiple [[UN Security Council]] ceasefire resolutions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Germany, a Loyal Israel Ally, Begins to Shift Tone as Gaza Toll Mounts|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/europe/germany-israel-gaza.html|publisher=NYT|date=29 March 2024|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329144021/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/europe/germany-israel-gaza.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, the self-proclaimed [[Axis of Resistance]] has [[Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria (2023–present)|attacked American military bases in the Middle East]], and the [[Yemen]]i [[Houthi movement]] started [[Red Sea crisis|attacks on commercial ships]] they alleged were linked to Israel, incurring a US-led [[Operation Prosperity Guardian|military response]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Yemen's Houthis 'will not stop' Red Sea attacks until Israel ends Gaza war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/12/19/yemens-houthis-will-not-stop-red-sea-attacks-until-israel-stops-gaza-war |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=19 December 2023 |access-date=9 February 2024 |quote=The Houthis would only halt their attacks if Israel's "crimes in Gaza stop and food, medicines and fuel are allowed to reach its besieged population", al-Bukhaiti said. |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208211147/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/12/19/yemens-houthis-will-not-stop-red-sea-attacks-until-israel-stops-gaza-war |url-status=live}}</ref>