-e - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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From archaic forms ending in e, from Middle English -e, from the coalescence of multiple various endings from Old English.
Silent.
-e
- Used for archaizing.
1993, “10-13. Kenosha”, in Wisconsin Annual Events, page 38:
YE OLDE ENGLISHE CHRISTMASSE FEASTE: Nine course authentic Renaissance festival banquet.
1996, Jon Orwant, Perl 5 Interactive Course, →ISBN, page 679:
Ye Olde Webbe page / Whither thou goest, there thou be.
1999 June 14, Tina Clarke, “Re: How to make LINKS open in new Browser Window?”, in microsoft.public.frontpage.client (Usenet), message-ID <7k1f5j$607$1@news5.svr.pol.co.uk>:
Go on tell what prob your having at the mo with ye olde computere! You don't get this crusty without one...do u?
Usually all words of the noun phrase are suffixed, unless the word already ends in e (e.g. smalle quainte towne for "small quaint town"). Commonly used with ye olde and other archaic terms. The consonant at the end of the word is often doubled if it is preceded by a historically short vowel, according to the rules of English spelling (e.g. hogge for "hog", bidde for "bid", etc.).
-e
- The plural ending of many nouns.
- Generally, -e is used in nouns with final stress and -s otherwise. However, a certain number of inherited nouns deviate (in either direction) and newer loanwords often take -s even after final stress. Small irregular classes are plurals in -ere, -ers, and -ens.
- A rather large number of plurals in -e show phonetic pecularities such as the following:
From Proto-Albanian *-jā, from Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂ ~ *-yéh₂s.
-e (definite -ja, plural -e)
- -en (see usage notes below)
From Middle High German -en, from a merger of various Old High German suffixes. The use for the masculine nominative of the adjective (except in south-eastern dialects) goes back to generalisation of the accusative form. The use for the first-person singular goes back to generalisation of Old High German -ōm, -ēm in weak classes II and III, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-mi.
-e
- A common noun plural ending, especially in feminines.
- A common adjectival declension ending, especially in the masculine nominative/accusative and the weak dative of all genders.
- A common conjugation ending, especially in the infinitive, first-person singular and plural, and third-person plural.
Use of the forms -e and -en
- In Ripuarian and eastern Moselle Franconian, the basic form of the suffix is -e. It becomes -en before vowel-initial words, especially within the noun or verb phrase (thus similarly to French liaison). Optionally the same may also occur before h, d, t, z.
- In western Moselle Franconian, the basic form of the suffix is -en, but the final -n is lost when followed by a consonant other than h, d, t, z – a process called Eifeler Regel and also active in Luxembourgish.
- These two systems are ultimately very similar, the only major difference being the form the suffix takes in pausa, i.e. in isolation or before a speech pause. For simplicity, therefore, Wiktionary's coverage of Central Franconian uses the e-form as general lemma form for all dialects. The -n must then be added depending on the phonetic environment and the dialect in question.
Use in the feminine and plural of adjectives
- The nominative/accusative of masculine adjectives always takes the suffix -e, whereas the neuter never does: ene jode Mann (“a good man”), e deck Stöck (“a thick piece”). In the feminine and plural, however, there is variation. The traditional rule in Kölsch is that adjectives take -e only after voiceless stems: en decke Zupp (“a thick soup”), but en jot Zupp (“a good soup”) because the stem in the latter case is jod-. Exceptionally, the suffix -ig becomes -ije.
- Today this rule is no longer followed strictly and one may hear -e after all obstruents, be they voiceless or voiced (thus optionally en jode Zupp). We therefore give both forms, but order them according to the traditional rule. After vowels and sonorants, true native speakers still avoid the e-suffix in the feminine and plural reliably enough that we may disregard it.
- On the other hand, more southern dialects tend to drop -e even after voiceless obstruents. When a lemma is restricted to such a dialect, it is of course possible to reverse the order or strike the e-form entirely.
-e (adverb-forming suffix)
- used to form adverbs from adjectives
- jednoduchý (“simple”) + -e → jednoduše (“simply”)
Inherited from Old Czech -ě, from Proto-Slavic *-ę.
-e n (noun-forming suffix)
- forms diminutive nouns, usually terms for young animals
Inherited from Old Czech -ě, from Proto-Slavic *-ě.
-e
- desinence used to form dative singular and locative singular of some feminine nouns
- desinence used to form genitive singular, nominative plural, accusative plural and vocative plural of some feminine nouns
- desinence used to form vocative singular of some masculine animate nouns
- desinence used to form genitive singular, accusative singular and accusative plural of some masculine animate nouns
- desinence used to form vocative singular and locative singular of some masculine inanimate nouns
- desinence used to form genitive singular, nominative plural, accusative plural and vocative plural of some masculine inanimate nouns
- -e/-ě in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017
-e
- Marks the infinitive of many or most verbs, and is usually appended to borrowed verbs.
- Marks the singular/definite of adjectives.
- Marks the plural of some nouns.
-e
- Used to form the female equivalent of occupations or other identifying traits.
-e
- Placed after a number written in digits, to form its corresponding ordinal number.
The e is sometimes written in superscript, like in French (2e, 8e), but this is discouraged by the Dutch Language Union.[1]
From various suffixes of the Middle Dutch [Term?] adjective inflection.
-e
- Used to create the inflected form of an adjective, which is used after a definite determiner, or before masculine, feminine, and plural nouns in general.
See Appendix:Dutch parts of speech
-e m or f
- Used to form nouns from adjectives, denoting a person that possesses the quality of the adjective.
- volwassen (“adult”) + -e → volwassene (“an adult”)
-e f
- Attached to geographical adjectives to indicate a female inhabitant.
- Amerikaans (“American”) + -e → Amerikaanse (“a female American”)
From Middle Dutch -e, from Old Dutch -i, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.
-e f
- (archaic, rare) Used to form abstract nouns from adjectives; the nouns express the quality of the adjective.
From Middle Dutch -e, the ending of the first and third person singular subjunctive.
-e
- (archaic) Used to form the singular subjunctive of a verb.
From the Latin and Italian adverbial suffix -e (as in bene (“well”)), perhaps reinforced by Russian -е (-e) and Polish -e.
-e
From Proto-Finnic *-ëk and Proto-Finnic *-ëh. Cognate to Finnish -e.
-e (genitive -e, partitive -et)
- Derives nouns from verbs.
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
-e (genitive -me, partitive -et)
- Derives nouns from verbs.
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
-e (genitive -eda, partitive -edat)
- Derives adjectives.
Declension of -e (ÕS type 2/õpik, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -e | -edad | |
accusative | nom. | ||
gen. | -eda | ||
genitive | -edate | ||
partitive | -edat | -edaid | |
illative | -edasse | -edatesse -edaisse | |
inessive | -edas | -edates -edais | |
elative | -edast | -edatest -edaist | |
allative | -edale | -edatele -edaile | |
adessive | -edal | -edatel -edail | |
ablative | -edalt | -edatelt -edailt | |
translative | -edaks | -edateks -edaiks | |
terminative | -edani | -edateni | |
essive | -edana | -edatena | |
abessive | -edata | -edateta | |
comitative | -edaga | -edatega |
Conflated:
- Proto-Finnic *-ëk, from Proto-Uralic *-ek
- Proto-Finnic *-ëh, from Proto-Uralic *-eš; cognate with Proto-Samic *-ës
Historically, the former (*-ëk) was deverbal, while the latter (*-ëh) was denominal.
-e
- Used for forming nouns from verbs or adjectives.
Inflection of -e (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | -e | -eet | |
genitive | -een | -eiden -eitten | |
partitive | -etta | -eita | |
illative | -eeseen | -eisiin -eihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -e | -eet | |
accusative | nom. | -e | -eet |
gen. | -een | ||
genitive | -een | -eiden -eitten | |
partitive | -etta | -eita | |
inessive | -eessa | -eissa | |
elative | -eesta | -eista | |
illative | -eeseen | -eisiin -eihin | |
adessive | -eella | -eilla | |
ablative | -eelta | -eilta | |
allative | -eelle | -eille | |
essive | -eena | -eina | |
translative | -eeksi | -eiksi | |
abessive | -eetta | -eitta | |
instructive | — | -ein | |
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -e (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Inflection of -e (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | -e | -eet | |
genitive | -een | -eiden -eitten | |
partitive | -että | -eitä | |
illative | -eeseen | -eisiin -eihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -e | -eet | |
accusative | nom. | -e | -eet |
gen. | -een | ||
genitive | -een | -eiden -eitten | |
partitive | -että | -eitä | |
inessive | -eessä | -eissä | |
elative | -eestä | -eistä | |
illative | -eeseen | -eisiin -eihin | |
adessive | -eellä | -eillä | |
ablative | -eeltä | -eiltä | |
allative | -eelle | -eille | |
essive | -eenä | -einä | |
translative | -eeksi | -eiksi | |
abessive | -eettä | -eittä | |
instructive | — | -ein | |
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -e (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Note that if the stem has gradation, it is (almost always) preserved, but very often inverted.
- silent; causing previous silent consonant to become pronounced, and causing nasal vowels to become replaced by oral vowels + nasal consonants
-e f
In the third person, from Latin -at; in the first person generally by analogy.
-e
-e
-e (plural -es)
-e
- forms the perfect participle of a verb
Skul re·e anga nengbea
- After going to school I was tired
From Middle High German -e, from Old High German -ī, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.
-e
- (now chiefly unproductive) used to form nouns from adjectives, sometimes with umlaut of the root vowel; the nouns express the quality of the adjective
From Middle High German -e, a merger of various Old High German vocalic endings.
Further information on -e as noun plural suffix
The plural suffix -e derives from a merger of Old High German -a and -i. Neuters usually remained unchanged in the nominative and accusative plural. The spread of the suffix to the neuter occurred by analogy with the masculine, whose declension was otherwise identical. Moreover, there were neuters ending in -e already in the singular; this -e tended to be apocopated, leading to reinterpretation of the fuller form as the plural (e.g. Middle High German stücke > modern Stück, pl. Stücke). Another mainly neuter plural suffix is -er, which see.
Umlaut originally occurred only when the Old High German ending had been -i, but from the High Middle Ages up to the present there has been a steady trend towards analogical expansion of umlaut in masculines, to the degree that umlautable monosyllables with umlautless plural have become rare (e.g. Hunde, Tage). In feminines, umlaut was seldom expanded, but the umlautless forms have switched to the weak suffix -en; therefore the e-plural in feminines is now always accompanied by umlaut (excepted are the suffixes -nis and -sal, both of which vary between feminine and neuter gender). Neuters are not umlauted (the only exception being Floß).
-e
- used to form the plural of some nouns; in masculines and feminines, but not in neuters, usually triggering umlaut of the root vowel
- (chiefly archaic) used to form the dative of strong masculine and neuter nouns ending in a stressed syllable
- used to form various declined adjective forms, notably the nominative/accusative feminine singular
- used to form the 1st person singular present indicative (and subjunctive) of a verb
- used to form the 3rd person singular present subjunctive of a verb
- gehen → er gehe
- used to form the 1st and 3rd person singular past subjunctive of a verb
/d/ coalesces with /t/ of -st, unstressed /u/ weakens to /ə/. See also pronunciation notes at du.
-e
- (colloquial) Contraction of du after 2nd person singular forms of a verb.
Masculine weak noun endings attached to a stem, diachronically from Proto-Germanic *-ô. -in is used as a female equivalent, see there.
- -∅ (zero derivation; for the masculine nominative singular form, other forms are the same)
-e m (weak, genitive -en, plural -en, feminine -in)
- derives nouns referring to a person with a trait specified by the stem, from adjective or noun stems, often from toponyms
- schwedisch or Schweden→ Schwede, Schwedin
- Latin catholicus → Katholik, Katholikin
- jung → Junge
- chinesisch → Chinese, Chinesin (surface analysis)
- Schwaben → Schwabe, Schwäbin
- Synonym: -er (which of the two suffixes is used is not entirely predictable, they may be interchangeable in some cases)
See -in for the feminine forms.
-e
- Possessive (and genitive) suffix: [from 1055]
- (with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) his, her, its …
- ház → (a) háza, az ő háza (“his/her/its house”) élet → (az) élete, az ő élete (“his/her/its life”) barát → (a) barátja (“his/her/its friend”) kapu → (a) kapuja (“his/her/its gate”) palota → (a) palotája (“his/her/its palace”) kert → (a) kertje (“his/her/its garden”) betű → (a) betűje (“his/her/its letter”) vese → (a) veséje (“his/her/its kidney”)
- (with a singular possessor) …-'s, of … (third-person singular, single possession)
- Anna háza (“Anna’s house”), a felkelő nap háza (“the house of the rising sun”) Anna élete (“Anna’s life”), a város élete (“the life of the city”) a király palotája (“the king’s palace”) a ház kapuja (“the gate of the house”) Anna kertje (“Anna’s garden”), a tulipán kertje (“the garden of the tulip”)
- (with a plural possessor) …-s’, of …-s (third-person plural, single possession)
- a szüleim háza (“my parents’ house”), a trópusi növények háza (“[the] house of [the] tropical plants”, literally “the tropical plants’ house”) a szüleim élete (“my parents’ lives”, literally “my parents’ life”), a könyvek élete (“[the] lives of [the] books”, literally “the books’ life”) az uralkodók palotája (“the rulers’ palace”) a szüleim kertje (“my parents’ garden”), Az elágazó ösvények kertje (“The Garden of Forking Paths”)
- (with instantaneous time expressions) … ago (referring to a preceding point in time considered as an instant)
- (with durative time expressions) for … (referring to some duration that precedes the point of time in question)
- Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje várunk rád. ― We have been waiting for you for a century / two years / an hour / a long time.
- Synonym: óta (less common in this sense; more commonly means “since”)
- (mostly with quantities, often following -ik) of …, out of … (partitive sense)
- Synonym: (only with countable quantities) közül
- jó (jav-) (“the greater/better part”) → a java még hátravan (“the best/bulk is yet to come”, literally “its best/bulk is…”)
- legnagyobbik (“the biggest one”) → a bikák legnagyobbika (“the biggest [one] of the bulls”, synonymous with a legnagyobb bika)
- (with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) his, her, its …
- (personal suffix) [from the end of the 12th century]
- Third-person singular personal suffix in back-vowel verbs. Today it can be found in the third-person singular definite forms (indicative past and imperative conjugations) as part of the suffix -ja/-je, -ta/-te.
- Third-person singular personal suffix in back-vowel conjugated infinitives and in the declined and postposition forms of the third-person personal pronoun ő (“he/she/it”).
- tanulni (“to study”) → tanulnia kell (“he/she must study”, literally “it is necessary for him/her to study”)
- kérni (“to request, ask for”) → kérnie kell (“he/she must request [it]”, literally “it is necessary for him/her to request”)
- -ról (“about”) → róla (“about him/her/it”)
- -től (“from”) → tőle (“from him/her/it”)
- után (“after”) → utána (“after him/her/it”)
- fölött (“above”) → fölötte (“above him/her/it”)
- (possessive suffix) Variants:
- -a is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -e is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -ja is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-; final -o changes to -ó-.
- -je is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -e changes to -é-; final -ö changes to -ő-.
- This suffix (in all forms) is normally used for the third-person singular possessive (single possession) but, after an explicit plural possessor, it also expresses the third-person plural possessive (single possession), e.g. “the children’s ball” (a gyerekek labdája). If the possessor is implicit (not named, only marked by a suffix), the plural possessive suffix must be used, e.g. “their ball” (a labdájuk, see -juk and its variants).
- (personal suffix) Variants:
- Note that the corresponding (third-person singular) indicative mood of front-vowel verbs is -i, e.g. kéri (“s/he requests it”).
Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | -e | — |
accusative | -ét | — |
dative | -ének | — |
instrumental | -ével | — |
causal-final | -éért | — |
translative | -évé | — |
terminative | -éig | — |
essive-formal | -eként | — |
essive-modal | -éül | — |
inessive | -ében | — |
superessive | -én | — |
adessive | -énél | — |
illative | -ébe | — |
sublative | -ére | — |
allative | -éhez | — |
elative | -éből | — |
delative | -éről | — |
ablative | -étől | — |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
-éé | — |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
-ééi | — |
- From e (“this”).
- From Proto-Finno-Ugric *-ë (interrogative particle).
- -é (rare, mostly dialectal)
-e (clitic)
- whether, if
- Nem tudom, [hogy] voltál-e már Budapesten. ― I don't know if you've ever been in Budapest.
- (folksy) Suffix for yes/no tag questions. Always optional since word order and intonation make the question clear.
- Látod-e már a mezőket? ― Can you see the fields yet?
- 1857, János Arany, A walesi bárdok (The Bards of Wales), translated by Watson Kirkconnell[1]
- Van-e ott folyó és földje jó? / Legelőin fű kövér? / Használt-e a megöntözés: / A pártos honfivér?
- Are stream and mountain fair to see? / Are meadow grasses good? / Do corn-lands bear a crop more rare / Since wash’d with rebel’s blood?
- (Note: From a grammatical point of view, the Hungarian text could also include -e at “…földje jó-e?” and “…fű kövér-e?” or alternatively, all instances of -e could be removed without changing the meaning.)
- Are stream and mountain fair to see? / Are meadow grasses good? / Do corn-lands bear a crop more rare / Since wash’d with rebel’s blood?
- Van-e ott folyó és földje jó? / Legelőin fű kövér? / Használt-e a megöntözés: / A pártos honfivér?
Always written with a hyphen. Used in tag (yes/no) questions, but not all such questions use -e: in most cases a question is indicated only by emphasis and question mark. Always attached to the main word (usually the verb) of the predicate of the phrase.
-e
- (personal suffix, archaic) Used to form the third-person singular indicative past indefinite, for front-vowel verbs. The back-vowel version is -a. The suffix currently used in this place is -t, -tt, -ett or -ött. For the full paradigm, see the usage template.
See at -a.
-e
- (obsolete participle suffix) Synonym of -ő (present-participle suffix) The back-vowel version is -a. Sometimes it also occurs as -é or -i.
- (whether, if): -e in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- (whether, if): -e in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).
Borrowed from Esperanto -e, from Latin -ē.
-e
- -ly; used to form adverbs
Any adjective can be converted into an adverb by swapping the -a suffix by -e.
-e
- ending for names of consonants
Conflated:
- From Proto-Finnic *-ëk.
- From Proto-Finnic *-ëh.
Cognates include Finnish -e and Estonian -e.
The two suffixes do retain a distinct inflection in the Soikkola, Hevaha and Ylä-Laukaa dialects.
-e
(back-vocalic)
|
(front-vocalic)
|
From Old Irish -e, from Proto-Celtic *-iyā, from Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂.
-e f
- Used to form abstract nouns from adjectives
Simplification of *-nn-ne.
-e
- Alternative form of -ne (used after -nn in pronouns)
Irish emphatic suffixes
Person | After a broad consonant | After a slender consonant |
---|---|---|
1 sg. | -sa | -se |
2 sg. | ||
3 sg. m. | -san | -sean |
3 sg. f. | -sa | -se |
1 pl. | -na | -ne -e (after nn in pronouns) |
2 pl. | -sa | -se |
3 pl. | -san | -sean |
Emphatic suffixes are added to nouns modified by a possessive determiner to emphasize the possessor; to verbs, predicate adjectives, and predicate nouns to emphasize the subject; and to inflected prepositions to emphasize the object. |
From Old Irish -e, from Proto-Celtic *-yās, from Proto-Indo-European *-yeh₂-s.
-e
- Used to form the genitive singular of second-declension nouns
- Used to form the feminine genitive singular of first-declension adjectives
From a variety of Old Irish nominative and accusative plural endings including -i in masculine and feminine i-stems and in feminine ī-stems, -e in neuter i-stems, and -ea in some consonant stems; from various Proto-Celtic endings.
-e
- Used to form the plural of certain nouns
From Old Irish -iu, from Proto-Celtic *-yūs, from Proto-Indo-European *-yōs.
-e
- Used to form the comparative degree of adjectives
-e (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
- used with a stem to form the third-person present of regular -ere verbs and those -ire verbs that don't take "isco"
-e
From Old Latin -ēd (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?), from Proto-Italic *-ēd, probably from a combination of Proto-Indo-European suffixes, but morphologically opaque. Compare perhaps Proto-Germanic *-ê and Proto-Slavic *-ě (adverbial suffixes), though these are also of disputed derivation. (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /eː/, [eː]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /e/, [ɛː]
-ē (comparative -ius, superlative -issimē)
The suffix -ē is usually added to a first/second-declension adjective stem to form an adverb of manner.
- Examples:
- → Esperanto: -e
A regularly declined form of -us.
- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /e/, [ɛ]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /e/, [ɛː]
-e
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
-e
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
-e
From Proto-Slavic *-ę.
-e n
From Old Dutch -i, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.
-e f
- Used to form abstract nouns from adjectives, mostly those expressing physical properties.
This suffix originally triggered umlaut of the root vowel. This is seen in some words (kelde, from cout), but not in others (coude).
- Dutch: -e
From a variety of Old English adjectival inflectional suffixes.
-e
- Forms the weak singular and plural of adjectives.
- “-e, suf.(3).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
From Old French -e, -ee, from Latin -ātus, -āta. Compare -at, -te, -ite.
-e (no longer productive)
- Forms nouns denoting an office or function.
- Forms pseudo-participial nouns from verbs or other nouns:
From Old English -a.
-e (no longer productive)
- Forms agent nouns from verbal or nominal stems.
- “-e, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-24.
-e
- Alternative form of -y
-e
- Alternative form of -yf
-e
- Alternative form of -ie
-e
- first person singular demonstrative suffix, equivalent to this (specifically, an object far from both the speaker and listener)
This suffix typically triggers gemination of the final consonant of the noun to which it is applied, if there is one.
- Harrison, Sheldon P., Mokilese Reference Grammar, University of Hawaii Press 1977
-e
- Classifier with no specific meaning.
- Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.[2], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page 195
-e
- Used to form ingressive verbs.
- Štěpán Pavlík (2017) The Description of Namuzi Language[3], Prague: Charles University (PhD Thesis), page 49
-e
- an incorporating final
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/e-final-1287
From West Germanic *-ā, from Proto-Germanic *-ê, which survives otherwise only in Gothic (and possibly Old Norse).
-e
- forming adverbs from adjectives; -ly
- -a, -æ — Northumbrian
From Proto-West Germanic *-ī. Beyond that, generally from Proto-Germanic *-ijaz. Note though that -wintre is from Proto-Germanic *-wintruz, since Proto-Germanic u-stem adjectives became ja-stems in West Germanic. Other suffixes derived from u-stem nouns, such as -flēre, might also have been zero derivations in Proto-Germanic.
-e
- forms adjectival suffixes from nouns, often with the meaning "having" (typically causes i-umlaut)
- ān (“one”) + willa (“will”) + -e → ānwille (“stubborn”)
- fela (“many”) + word (“word”) + -e → felawyrde (“long-winded”)
- fīf (“five”) + flōr (“floor”) + -e → fīfflēre (“five-story”)
- fiþer- (“four”) + sċēat (“corner”) + -e → fiþersċīete (“square”)
- forþ (“forward”) + gang (“going”) + -e → forþgenġe (“progressive”)
- īdel (“empty”) + hand (“hand”) + -e → īdelhende (“empty-handed”)
- lang (“long”) + līf (“life”) + -e → langlīfe (“long-lived”)
- ofer- (“over-”) + ǣt (“eating”) + -e → oferǣte (“gluttonous”)
- or- (“out of”) + blōd (“blood”) + -e → orblēde (“bled out”)
- sċeolh (“crooked”) + ēage (“eye”) + -e → sċeolhīeġe (“crosseyed”)
- sīd (“hanging down”) + feax (“hair on the head”) + -e → sīdfiexe (“long-haired”)
- twelf (“twelve”) + winter (“year”) + -e → twelfwintre (“twelve years old”)
- twi- (“two”) + eċġ (“edge”) + -e → twieċġe (“double-edged”)
- twi- (“two”) + fōt (“foot”) + -e → twifēte (“bipedal”)
- un- (“un-”) + ċēap (“cost”) + -e → unċīepe (“free”)
Declension of -e — Strong
- -i — Early Anglian
Likely borrowed from the subjunctive singular Proto-West Germanic *-ē after high vowel apocope resulted in the loss of inherited Proto-West Germanic *-u in heavy stem verbs, and then analogically extended to light stem verbs.
-e
- Used to form the first person singular present indicative of strong verbs and class I weak verbs
-e
- Marks the accusative, genitive, and dative singular and the nominative and accusative plural of ō-stem feminine nouns
-e
- used to form feminine forms of nouns and adjectives
From Proto-Celtic *-iyā (whence also Welsh -edd and Cornish -edh), from Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂. Cognate with Ancient Greek -ίᾱ (-íā) and Latin -ia.
-e f
- Forms concrete or abstract nouns from adjectives.
This suffix palatalises the preceding consonant(s) when one of the following is true:
- The consonant(s) are a single intervocalic coronal consonant or -nd-.
- The consonant(s) are -mb-, -ng- or any lone intervocalic non-coronal consonant, in turn preceded by an unrounded vowel.
Other consonants and clusters are generally not palatalised by the suffix, unless the cluster previously had an /e/ or /i/ between the consonants in the cluster that was lost to syncope. However, sometimes palatalization spreads analogically.
Feminine iā-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | -eL | -iL | -i |
Vocative | -eL | -iL | -i |
Accusative | -iN | -iL | -i |
Genitive | -e | -eL | -eN |
Dative | -iL | -ib | -ib |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
|
- Irish: -e
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьje.
-e n
- forms neuter nouns denoting a place, typically from a prepositional phrase
- forms adverbs from adjectives, causes softening
- Polish: -e
Inherited from Old Polish -e, from Proto-Slavic *-ьje. Doublet of -ion and -ium.
- IPA(key): /ɛ/
- (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /ˈe/
- Rhymes: -ɛ
- Syllabification: e
- Homophones: e, ę, -ę
-e n (feminine -a)
- forms neuter nouns denoting a place, typically from a prepositional phrase
- forms some plural forms
- forms adverbs from adjectives, causes softening
- -e in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Representing French feminine nouns.
-e
A neologistic suffix that replaces -o and -a in nouns and adjectives.
-e n (plural -es)
- (gender-neutral, neologism, informal) suffix used to form gender-neutral singular nouns
-e
- Forms the nominative plural of vocalic oikoclitic masculine nouns
- Forms the nominative plural of vocalic oikoclitic adjectives
- Forms the oblique of oikoclitic adjectives
- Attaches to the perfective stem to form the third-person plural past tense.
Few conservative dialects use -a to form the oblique feminine singular of oikoclitic adjectives.
Inherited from Latin -ae (“first-declension ending”).
-e
- This form of the plural is indefinite, and used for feminine nouns in the nominative/accusative and genitive/dative cases which end in -ă, and some neuter nouns (with may or may not take plural -uri):
- mame, from mamă, fem.
- vise (also visuri), from vis, neut.
Inherited from Latin -e (“second-declension vocative ending”).
-e
- Vocative singular (masculine/neuter)
- This suffix is absorbed in masculine and neuter definite nouns in -le:
Inherited from Latin -ere, the ending of the present active infinitive form of third conjugation verbs. Cognate with Spanish -er, Italian -ere, etc.
-e
- A suffix forming infinitives of many verbs.
From Old Frisian -a, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōn. Cognates include West Frisian -e and German -en.
-e (type 2 form -je)
- Used to form verbs from nouns and adjectives.
Conjugation of -e (weak type 1)
- Horst Haider Munske, editor (2001), “Das Saterfriesische”, in Handbuch des Friesischen [Handbook of Frisian studies], Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, →ISBN, page 414
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ę.
-e (Cyrillic spelling -е)
- Suffix appended to words to create a neuter noun, usually denoting a young animal, plant, place name or is used as a collective noun.
-e (Cyrillic spelling -е)
- Suffix appended to the truncated stem (up to the second syllable) of a proper name to create a masculine or feminine hypocoristic.
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-e, from Proto-Indo-European *-e, not a desinence per se but a thematic vowel in e-grade.
-e (Cyrillic spelling -е)
Inherited from Latin -et, the third-person singular present active indicative ending of second conjugation verbs, and Latin -it, the third-person singular present active indicative ending of third and fourth conjugation verbs.
-e (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
- suffix indicating the third-person singular (also used with usted) present indicative of -er and -ir verbs
Inherited from Latin -em, the first-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs, and Latin -et, the third-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs.
-e (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
- suffix indicating the first- and third-person singular present subjunctive of -ar verbs
Inherited from Latin -ē, Latin -e, and Latin -ī, the second-person singular present active imperative endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively.
-e (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
Neologistic suffix between -a and -o.
-e gender-neutral (noun-forming suffix, plural -es)
- (neologism) forms gender-neutral words
- abogade (“lawyer”)
- abuele (“grandparent”)
- alumne (“student”)
- amigue (“friend”)
- argentine (“Argentinian”)
- elle (“they, sie (gender-neutral third-person pronoun)”)
- enemigue (“enemy”)
- extranjere (“foreigner”)
- hermane (“sibling”)
- hije (“offspring”)
- latine (“someone of Latin American descent”)
- médique (“physician”)
- niete (“grandchild”)
- niñe (“child”)
- novie (“romantic partner”)
- prime (“cousin”)
- sobrine (“nibling”)
- vecine (“neighbor”)
- “-e”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Other scripts | |
---|---|
Ajami | ـيْ, ـيِ |
-e
- (without TAM infix, with -si-, or with -ka-) subjunctive marker
- ili mwende nyumbani ― such that you would go home
18th century, Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasir, Al-Inkishafi[4], translation from R. Allen (1946) “Inkishafi—a translation from the Swahili”, in African Studies, volume 5, number 4, →DOI, pages 243–249, stanza 11:
هُنِلِزِ نَمِ كَلِ بَيْنِ ، لِوَاپُ نَسُرَ نِسِ كَتَيْ
- Hunelezi nami kali baini, liwapo na-sura nisi katae.
- Can't you tell it me plainly that I may admit it?
- (without TAM infix) imperative marker
- ikumbukwe ― let it be remembered
Borrowed verbs with indicative form not ending in -a do not take this suffix.
Swahili TAM markers | |
---|---|
Initial | |
Positive infinitive | ku-/kw-1 |
Negative infinitive | kuto- |
Habitual | hu-1 |
Telegrammic | ka-1 |
Final | |
General (positive indicative) | -a |
Positive subjunctive | -e |
Negative present | -i |
Second person plural | -ni |
Infix position positive subject concord | |
Positive past | -li- |
Positive present | -na- |
Positive future | -ta- |
Negative subjunctive | -si-1 |
Positive present conditional | -nge- |
Negative present conditional | -singe- |
Positive past conditional | -ngali- |
Negative past conditional | -singali- |
Gnomic | -a-1 |
Perfect | -me- |
"Already" past | -lisha- |
"Already" present | -mesha-/-sha- |
"If/When" | -ki-1 |
"If not" | -sipo- |
Consecutive | -ka-1 |
Infix position negative subject concord | |
Negative past | -ku-1 |
Negative future | -ta- |
"Not yet" | -ja-1 |
Negative present conditional | -nge- |
Negative past conditional | -ngali- |
Relative | |
Past | -li- |
Present | -na- |
Future | -taka- |
Negative | -si- |
1 Can take stress and therefore does not require -ku-/-kw- in monosyllabic verbs. |
-e
-e
- Conjugates verbs into the subjunctive mood (archaic except for the past subjunctive of vara: vore)
- Marker of definiteness on past participles ending in -ad
- Marker of plural on past participles ending in -ad
- Marker of definiteness on superlatives ending in -ast
- Marker of definiteness on adjectives describing nouns with masculine semantic gender (sex)
- Creates diminutives of given names and certain nouns, -ie, -y
preceding vowel | ||
---|---|---|
A / I / O / U | E / İ / Ö / Ü | |
postconsonantal | -a | -e |
postvocalic | -ya | -ye |
Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ke.
-e (inflectional)
Form of -a after the vowels E / İ / Ö / Ü.
- to (puts the word into the dative case)
-e
- Aissen, Judith (1987) Tzotzil Clause Structure, p. 3. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. →ISBN
ALIV | -e |
---|---|
Brazilian standard | -e |
New Tribes | -e |
-e
- Forms adverbs with a participle-like meaning from verbs; must be accompanied by the prefix t- and an indicator specifying the role of the verb argument to which the participle refers (intransitive argument w-, transitive agent n-, or transitive patient ∅-).
- Forms adverbs from verbs, expressing the purpose of the movement described by a main motion verb or copula to which the derived term becomes subordinate: in order to, for the purpose of, to, for
This suffix can trigger syllable reduction on the preceding syllable. The suffix takes the form -ke when the preceding syllable is reducible and has an onset of k, -ye when the preceding syllable ends in i, -e when it ends in u or ü or a reduced syllable, and -∅ (a null suffix) after other vowels (a, e, o, ö).
It is unclear if t- -e is best analyzed as an adverbializing circumfix or as a separate unspecified person prefix t- and adverbializing suffix -e.
The derivation expressing destination of motion also takes prefixes.
- Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “-e”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana[5], Lyon, pages 151–152, 154, 437