Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sem- - Wiktionary, the free dictionary

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*sem-

together, one

*sḗm (“one”)
*sm̥- (“one”)
*sēm-i (“half”)
*sem-ǵʰo-
- Proto-Albanian: *semdza
  - Albanian: gjithë
- Proto-Italic: *senɣeloi
  - Latin: singulī
*som-^[1]^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sam- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sam- (see there for further descendants)
*ḱóm-som-^?
- >? Proto-Hellenic: *ksun (possibly)
  - Mycenaean Greek: 𐀓𐀱 (ku-su)
  - Ancient Greek: σύν (sún), ξύν (xún) — Homeric, Old Attic, σούν (soún) — Boeotian (see there for further descendants)
*som-H-ós (“same”)
*sem-h₁ (“couple”, dual)
- *sm̥-h₁-o- (“a couple", a few”)
  - Proto-Germanic: *sumaz (“some, certain”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἁμός (hamós), ἁμῆ (hamê), ἅμα (háma), ἅμ’ (hám’) — apocopic, ἁμᾶ (hamâ) — Laconian, Doric
    - Greek: άμα (áma)
*sem-h₂-lo-
- Proto-Celtic: *samal (“like, as”)
  - Old Irish: samail, amal
  - Proto-Brythonic: *aṽal
    - Welsh: fel
    - Cornish: avel
    - Breton: evel
- Proto-Germanic: *simlê (“ever, always”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὁμαλός (homalós, “even, level”)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: similis (see there for further descendants)
  - Latin: simul (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Latin: insimul (see there for further descendants)
*sm̥- (compounding stem)
*sm̥-kŕ̥t (“one time”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sakŕ̥t (see there for further descendants)
*sm̥-ló-m (or with *h₂el- (“ale”)?)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *sumlą > *sumblą (“gathering”) (see there for further descendants)
*sm̥mo-
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ամէն (amēn), ամեն (amen)
    - Armenian: ամեն (amen), ամենա- (amena-)
*sḿ̥-teros (“one of the two”)^[3]
- Proto-Celtic: *santeros (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *hə́teros
  - Ancient Greek: ἕτερος (héteros)
    Aeolic Greek: ἄτερος (áteros)
    
    Doric Greek: ἅτερος (háteros), ὥτερος (hṓteros)
*sem-kʷih₁- (with *kʷyeh₁-)
- Proto-Armenian: *hangi-
  - Old Armenian: հանգչիմ (hangčʻim, “to rest”), հանգնում (hangnum)
    - Armenian: հանգչել (hangčʻel), հանգուցյալ (hangucʻyal)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sam-čyaH-
  - Proto-Iranian: *ham-čyaH-
    - Alanic:
      - Ossetian: ӕнцад (æncad, “quiet, tranquil”)
    - Khwarezmian: [script needed] (hncy-, “to rest, repose”)
    - Proto-Sogdic:
      - Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾncʾy, “to stay, remain”)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Germanic: *samanai (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *sōmiz, *sōmijaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *sin-
  - Proto-West Germanic: *sin-
    - Old English: sin-, sine-
    - Old Saxon: sin-
    - Old High German: sin-
  - Old Norse: sí-
    - Faroese: sí-
  - ⇒ Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (sinteins, “daily, every day”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sadʰá, *s(u)mád
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sadʰá, *s(u)mád
    - Sanskrit: सध (sadhá), सह (sahá, “together, with”)
      - Pali: saha
        → Khmer: សហ (saʼhaʼ)
      - → Marathi: सह (sah)
    - Sanskrit: सुमत् (sumát), स्मत् (smát, “with”)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: simītū

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “*sem-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 903
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*som-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 646
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*somo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 351

Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), Bern, München: Francke Verlag

Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Draw (water)”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 169
Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Put in order”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 472
Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Once”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 410
Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Alone”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 12
Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “One”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 399
Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Half”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 253
Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Seasons”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 504
Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Some”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 532
Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Same”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 499
Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “With”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 646