Arnis: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia


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{{About||the small town in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany|Arnis, Germany}}

{{Use Philippine English|date=January 2023}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=MayDecember 20202023}}

{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=July 2019}}

{{MoreOriginal citations neededresearch|date=July 2019}}}}

{{Original research|date=July 2019}}

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{{Infobox martial art

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* [[Bruce Lee]]<ref name="fmaPulseBruce">{{cite web|title=Bruce Lee and Escrima|url=http://www.fmapulse.com/content/fma-corner-bruce-lee-and-escrima|author=Perry Gil S. Mallari|date=November 28, 2011|publisher=FMA Pulse|access-date=August 11, 2015|archive-date=January 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104073536/http://www.fmapulse.com/content/fma-corner-bruce-lee-and-escrima|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* [[Terry Lim]]

* Mark Mikita

* Doug Marcaida

* John Hutchinson

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* Ernesto Presas, Jr

* [https://fmapulse.com/fma-legends/grandmaster-jose-mena-1917-2005/ Jose Mena]

* [[Juan Miguel Zubiri|Juan Miguel (Migz) Zubiri]]<ref name="Spin.ph">{{cite web|title=To help cope with twin bouts of COVID-19, Migz Zubiri turned to arnis

|url=https://www.spin.ph/life/people/to-cope-with-twin-bouts-of-covid-19-migz-zubiri-turned-to-arnis-a1017-20201122|author=Leon Mangubat|date=November 22, 2020|publisher=Spin.ph|access-date=May 31, 2022|archive-date=|archive-url=|url-status=}}</ref>

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'''Arnis''', also known as '''kali''' or '''eskrima'''/'''escrima''', is the national [[martial art]] of the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Pangilinan | first=Leon Jr. | title = In Focus: 9 Facts You May Not Know About Philippine National Symbols | url = http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/9-facts-you-may-not-know-about-philippine-national-symbols/ | date = October 3, 2014 | access-date = January 8, 2019 | publisher = [[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]] | archive-date = November 26, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161126154959/http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/9-facts-you-may-not-know-about-philippine-national-symbols/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> TheThese three terms are, roughlysometimes, interchangeable umbrella termsin forreferring theto traditional [[martial arts]] of the [[Philippines]] ("[[Filipino Martial Arts]]", or FMA), which emphasize [[martial arts weapons|weapon-based fighting]] with [[stick fighting|sticks]], [[knife fighting|knives]], [[bladed weapon]]s, and various [[improvised weapon]]s, as well as "open hand" techniques without weapons.

There have beenwere campaigns for arnis along with other Philippine martial arts to be nominated in the [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]],; alongand with other Philippine martial arts. Asas of 2018, [[UNESCO]] has inscribed nine martial-arts–relatedarts-related intangible heritages.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists?text=&6term%5B%5D%3Dvocabulary_ich-125&multinational=3&display1=inscriptionID#tabs |title=Browse the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Register of good safeguarding practices |date= |website=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref>

==Name==

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'''Eskrima''' (also spelled '''escrima''') is a derived from the Spanish word for [[fencing]], ''esgrima''.<ref>{{cite web | title=History of Filipino Martial Arts | url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Modules/Modules/escrima/eskrima.htm | website=Seasite.niu.edu | access-date=November 11, 2009 | archive-date=July 25, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725010011/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Modules/Modules/escrima/eskrima.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title =Warriors Eskrima&nbsp;– Worcestershire | url =http://www.warriorseskrima.com/info1.htm | website =Warriorseskrima.com | access-date =November 11, 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090519091155/http://www.warriorseskrima.com/info1.htm | archive-date =May 19, 2009 | url-status =dead }}</ref> Their [[cognate]] in French is ''escrime'' and is related to the English term 'skirmish'.

The name '''kali''' is most likely derived from the [[History of the Philippines (900–1565)|pre-Hispanic]] Filipino term for blades and fencing, ''[[kalis]]'' ([[Spanish orthography|Spanish spelling]]: "''calis''"),<ref name="lascoKalis">{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/7785019|title=Kalis – The Precolonial Fighting Art of the Philippines|author=Lorenz Lasco|date=2011|publisher=Dalumat Ejournal}}</ref> documented by [[Ferdinand Magellan]]'s expedition chronicler [[Antonio Pigafetta]] during their journey through the Visayas and in old Spanish to Filipino Mother Tongue dictionaries and vocabulary books dating from 1612 to the late 1800s, such as in [[Tomas Pinpin#Books printed|''Vocabulario de Lengua Tagala'']] by Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura.<ref name="mallariEtymologyKali">{{cite web |url=http://www.fmapulse.com/content/fma-corner-etymology-basis-usage-term-kali |title=Etymology as the Basis of Usage of the Term Kali |author=Perry Gil Mallari |date=May 10, 2011 |publisher=FMA Pulse |access-date=July 5, 2015 |archive-date=August 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819190226/http://www.fmapulse.com/content/fma-corner-etymology-basis-usage-term-kali |url-status=dead }}</ref> The term ''calis'' in various forms was present in these old Spanish documents in Ilocano,<ref name="ilocanoCarro">{{cite book|title=Vocabulario de la lengua Ilocana|last=Carro|first=Andres|page=75|date=1849|url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_ilo_vocab-1}}</ref> Ibanag (''calli-t''; pronounced as kal-lî),<ref name="bugarinRodriguezYbanag">{{cite book|title=Diccionario Ybanag-Español |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npJkAAAAMAAJ |last1=Bugarin |first1=Jose |last2=Rodriguez |first2=Ramon |date=1854}}</ref> Kapampangan,<ref name="bergano">{{cite book|title=Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga en Romance |last=Bergaño|first=Fr. Diego|date=1732|page=[https://archive.org/details/aqn8189.0001.001.umich.edu/page/73 73]|url=https://archive.org/details/aqn8189.0001.001.umich.edu}}</ref> Tagalog,<ref name="sanbuenaventura">{{cite book |title=Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala |last=de San Buenaventura |first=Fr. Pedrio |date=1613 |url=http://sb.tagalogstudies.org/2010/10/18.html |websitevia=Sb.tagalogstudies.org |access-date=November 30, 2015 |archive-date=November 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112202155/http://sb.tagalogstudies.org/2010/10/18.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bicolano (''caris''),<ref name="deMarcosBicol">{{cite book |title=Vocabulario de la lengua Bicol |url=https://archive.org/details/aqa2025.0001.001.umich.edu |last=de Marcos |first=Lisboa |date=1865}}</ref> Waray (''caris''),<ref name="deLaRosaWaray">{{cite book |title=Diccionario español-bisaya para las provincias de Sámar y Leyte |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AQH5491.0001.001?view=toc|last=de la Rosa |first=Sanchez |date=1914}}</ref> Hiligaynon,<ref name="mentridaPanay">{{cite book |title=Diccionario de la lengua Bisaya Hiligueina y Haraya de la Isla de Panay|last=de Mentrida|first=Alonso|date=1841}}</ref> Cebuano (''calix, baladao''<ref name="pigafettaPrimoViaggio">{{cite book|title=Primo viaggio intorno al mondo|last=Pigafetta|first=Antonio|date=1525|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42884/42884-h/42884-h.htm}}</ref> – "''kalis balaraw''/dagger" and ''cales''<ref name="bisayaEncarnacion">{{cite book |title=Diccionario Español-Bisaya |last=de la Encarnacion |first=Fr. Juan Felis |date=1866 |url=https://archive.org/details/diccionarioespa00unkngoog}}</ref>), and Moro-Maguindanao in Mindanao (''calis'' – the kris, weapon).<ref name="moroMaguindanaoEspanol">{{cite book |last1=Juanmarti |first1=P. Jacinto |title=Diccionario Moro-Maguindanao-Español |date=1892 |publisher=Tipografía "Amigos del país" |location=[[Manila]] |url=https://archive.org/details/afu8736.0001.001.umich.edu/page/n45 |access-date=February 10, 2019}}</ref> In some of these dictionaries, the term calis refers to a sword or knife [[Kris|kris or keris]], while in others it refers to both swords and knives and their usage as well as a form of ''esgrima'' [[Baston (weapon)|stick fighting]].<ref name="bergano" /><ref name="sanbuenaventura" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=de Mentrida |first=Alonso |url=https://digital.soas.ac.uk/AA00001460/00001/4x |title=Vocabulario de la lengua bisaya, hiligueina y hara de la isla de Panay y Sugbú y para las demás islas |year=1637 |pages=70 |quote=Esgrimir = Naquigcalis}}</ref> While Mirafuente posits that the original term was ''kali'' and that the letter "S" was added later, the late Grandmaster [[Remy Presas]] suggests that the "S" was dropped in modern times and became presently more known as ''kali'' in FMA circles.

There exist numerous similar terms of reference for martial arts such as ''kalirongan'', ''kaliradman'', and ''pagkalikali''.<ref name="arnisAPatling">{{cite web|url=http://www.ina.fr/video/CPF04006871/arnis-a-patling-video.html |title=Arnis à Patling |author=Institut National de l'Audiovisuel |website=Ina.fr |access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref> These may be the origin of the term ''kali'' or they may have evolved from it.<ref name="ReferenceA">[[Remy Presas]], 1974, ''Modern Arnis'', pp. 10–12, {{ISBN|971-08-6041-0}}.</ref>

In their book ''Cebuano Eskrima: Beyond the Myth'' however, Dr. Ned Nepangue and Celestino Macachor contend that the term ''kali'' in reference to [[Filipino martial arts]] did not exist until the Buenaventura Mirafuente wrote in the preface of the first known published book on arnis, ''Mga Karunungan sa Larong Arnis'' by Placido Yambao, the term ''kali'' as the native mother fighting art of the Philippine islands.<ref name="CebuanoEskrima">{{cite book |last1=Nepangue|first1=Ned R., MD |last2=Macachor|first2=Celestino C. |title=Cebuano Eskrima: Beyond the Myth |publisher=Clinton |isbn=978-1-4257-4621-6 |date=2007}}</ref>

<!--:* One theory is that the word comes from ''tjakalele'',<ref name="ReferenceA">[[Remy Presas]], 1974, ''Modern Arnis'', pp. 10–12, {{ISBN|971-08-6041-0}}.</ref> a tribal style of stick-fencing from Indonesia. This is supported by the similarities between tjakalele and eskrima techniques, as well as Mindanao's proximity to Indonesia.

:* According to Guro [[Dan Inosanto]], Kali is a [[portmanteau]] of the [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] words "kamot", meaning hand, and "lihok", meaning motion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N-z7QkYP3Xw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/N-z7QkYP3Xw| archive-date=2021-12-December 11, 2021 |url-status=live|title=The Bladed Hand: The Global Impact of Filipino Martial Arts|last=Ignacio|first=Jay|date=April 15, 2010|website=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="blackeaglehistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.black-eagle.org/history.htm|title=Black Eagle (Detailed history of Eskrima) |website=Black-eagle.org |access-date=November 30, 2015}}</ref>

:* In the [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]] language, ''kali'' means "to dig" and "to stab".<ref name="KaliChanged">Federico Lazo, "Kali Caused the Change of the Word Kali to the Words Arnis and Escrima", 2008, ''Filipino Martial Arts Digest''</ref>

:* According to Grandmaster [[Vic Sanchez]], the [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinense]] term ''Kalirongan'' means "Karunungan ng Lihim" or "Wisdom of (the) Secret (fighting arts)" or "Wisdom of Kali".

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It is also known as ''estoque'' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]] for [[rapier]]), ''estocada'' (Spanish for thrust or stab) and ''garrote'' (Spanish for club). In [[Luzon]] it may go by the name of ''arnis de mano'' or ''arnes de mano''.

The indigenous martial art that the Spanish encountered in 1610 was not yet called "eskrima" at that time. During those times, this martial art was known as ''paccalicali-t'' (pronounced as ''pakkali-kalî'') to the [[Ibanags]],<ref name="epanolIbanag">{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WE2AQAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PA223|title=Diccionario español-ibanag o sea Tesauro Hispano- Cagayán sacado de los manuscritos antiguos |author=Ramirez y Giraudier |date=1867|page=223}}</ref> ''didyadid ya'' (later changed to ''kabaroan'') to the [[Ilocano people|Ilokanos]], ''sitbatan'' or ''kalirongan'' to [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinenses]], ''sinawali'' ("to weave") to the [[Kapampangans]], ''calis'' or ''pananandata'' ("use of weapons") to the [[Tagalogs]], ''pagaradman'' to the [[Hiligaynon people|Ilonggos]] and ''kaliradman'' to the [[Cebuano people|Cebuanos]]{{Source?|date=May 2024}}. [[Kuntao|Kuntaw]] and [[Silat]] are separate martial arts that are also practiced in the Philippine archipelago.{{Citation Herneeded|date=May name is Lola, she was a showgirl2024}}.

But that was thirty years ago, when they used to have a show

Now it's a disco, but not for Lola

Still in dress she used to wear

Faded feathers in her hair

She sits there so refined, and drinks herself half-blind

She lost her youth and she lost her Tony

Now she's lost her mind

==Historical accounts==

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==Origins==

Tracing the origin of ''arnis'' is as of now still in the process of research. As ''arnis'' was an art usually practisedpracticed by the poor or commoner class (as opposed to [[nobility]] or [[warrior]] classes), most practitioners lacked the scholarly education to create any kind of written record. While the same can be said of many martial arts, this is especially true for arnis because almost all of its history is anecdotal, oral or promotional. The origin of arnis can be traced back to native "[[Pintados]]" or then "Tintadus" fighting techniques during [[Military history of the Philippines|conflicts among the various Prehispanic Filipino tribes or kingdomssettlements]], though the current form has Spanish influence from old [[fencing]] which originated in Spain in the 15th century. It has other influences as well, as settlers and traders travelling through the Malay Archipelago brought the influence of [[silat]] as well as [[Chinese martial arts|Chinese]] and [[Indian martial arts]].<ref>Mark V. Wiley (1997). ''Filipino Martial Culture''. Tuttle Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8048-2088-0}}.</ref>{{Page needed|date=July 2022}}<ref>Sam Buot (1991–2009) 'Eskrima-Arnis, Martial Arts of the Philippines.</ref>{{Page needed|date=July 2022}} Some of the population still practise localized Chinese fighting methods known as [[kuntao|kuntaw]].▼

{{More citations needed|date=June 2017}}

▲As ''arnis'' was an art usually practised by the poor or commoner class (as opposed to [[nobility]] or [[warrior]] classes), most practitioners lacked the scholarly education to create any kind of written record. While the same can be said of many martial arts, this is especially true for arnis because almost all of its history is anecdotal, oral or promotional. The origin of arnis can be traced back to native "[[Pintados]]" or then "Tintadus" fighting techniques during [[Military history of the Philippines|conflicts among the various Prehispanic Filipino tribes or kingdoms]], though the current form has Spanish influence from old [[fencing]] which originated in Spain in the 15th century. It has other influences as well, as settlers and traders travelling through the Malay Archipelago brought the influence of [[silat]] as well as [[Chinese martial arts|Chinese]] and [[Indian martial arts]].<ref>Mark V. Wiley (1997). ''Filipino Martial Culture''. Tuttle Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8048-2088-0}}.</ref>{{Page needed|date=July 2022}}<ref>Sam Buot (1991–2009) 'Eskrima-Arnis, Martial Arts of the Philippines.</ref>{{Page needed|date=July 2022}} Some of the population still practise localized Chinese fighting methods known as [[kuntao|kuntaw]].

It has also been theorized that the Filipino art of arnis may have roots in [[India]] and came to the Philippines via people who traveled through [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]] to the Philippine islands. [[Silambam]], a stick/staff-based ancient martial art of [[India]] influenced many martial arts in Asia like [[silat]]. As such, arnis may share ancestry with these systems&nbsp;–systems– some arnis moves are similar to the short stick (kali or kaji) and other weapon based fighting styles of Silambam{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}.

When the Spaniards first arrived in the Philippines, they already observed weapons-based martial arts practisedpracticed by the natives, which may or may not be related to present-day Arnis. The earliest written records of Filipino culture and life, including martial arts, come from the first Spanish explorers. Some early expeditions fought native tribesmen armed with sticks and knives.<ref name="Draeger">{{cite book |last =[[Donn F. Draeger]] & Robert W. Smith |title = Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts |year = 1969 |publisher = Kodansha International |isbn =978-0-87011-436-6 }}</ref> In 1521, [[Ferdinand Magellan]] was killed in [[Cebu]] at the [[Battle of Mactan]] by the forces of [[Datu]] [[Lapulapu]], the chief of Mactan. Some Arnisadors hold that Lapulapu's men killed Magellan in a sword-fight, though historical evidence proves otherwise. The only eyewitness account of the battle by chronicler, [[Antonio Pigafetta]], tells that Magellan was stabbed in the face and the arm with spears and overwhelmed by multiple warriors who hacked and stabbed at him:

<blockquote>The natives continued to pursue us, and picking up the same spear four or six times, hurled it at us again and again. Recognizing the captain, so many turned upon him that they knocked his helmet off his head twice, but he always stood firmly like a good knight, together with some others. Thus did we fight for more than one hour, refusing to retire farther. ''An Indian hurled a bamboo spear into the captain's face'', but the latter immediately killed him with his lance, which he left in the Indian's body. Then, trying to lay hand on sword, he could draw it out but halfway, because he had been wounded in the arm with a bamboo spear. When the natives saw that, they all hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, only being larger. That caused the captain to fall face downward, when immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide. ''When they wounded him, he turned back many times to see whether we were all in the boats.'' Thereupon, beholding him dead, we, wounded, retreated, as best we could, to the boats, which were already pulling off.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/magellan.htm |title=The Death of Magellan, 1521 |publisher=Eyewitness to History.com}}</ref></blockquote>

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[[File:Katipuneros.jpg|thumb|285x285px|[[Katipunan]]]]

Due to the conflict-ridden nature of the Philippine archipelago, where [[Military history of the Philippines|port-kingdomssettlements (Kedatuans, Rajahnates and Sultanates) were often at war with one another or raiding each other]], warriors were forged in the many wars in the islands, thus during the precolonial era, the geographical area acquired a reputation for its capable mercenaries, which were soon employed all across South, Southeast and East Asia. [[Lucoes]] (warriors from [[Luzon]]) aided the Burmese king in his invasion of [[Siam]] in 1547 AD. At the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the [[Toungoo Dynasty|Burmese]] king in the defense of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}.<ref name="Pigafetta">{{Cite journal

| last = Pigafetta

| first = Antonio

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| orig-year = 1524

}}</ref>

The former [[Sultanate of Malacca|sultan]] of [[Sultanate of Malacca|Malacca]] decided to retake his city from the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] with a fleet of ships from Lusung in 1525 AD.<ref name="AD. SOURCE 1777, page 194">The former sultan of Malacca decided to retake his city from the Portuguese with a fleet of ships from Lusung in 1525 AD. SOURCE: Barros, Joao de, Decada terciera de Asia de Ioano de Barros dos feitos que os Portugueses fezarao no descubrimiento dos mares e terras de Oriente [1628], Lisbon, 1777, courtesy of William Henry Scott, Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1994, page 194.</ref> Lucoes influence even manifested in East Asia at [[Japan]] where Lucoes sailors initially guided Portuguese ships to the Shogunate<ref>Bayao, Bras, Letter to the king dated Goa 1 November 1, 1540, Archivo Nacional de Torre de Tombo: Corpo Cronologico, parte 1, maco 68, doc. 63, courtesy of William Henry Scott, Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1994, page 194.</ref> and even South Asia in [[Sri Lanka]] where Lungshanoid pottery from Luzon were found in burials there.<ref>"Quest of the Dragon and Bird Clan; The Golden Age (Volume III)" -Lungshanoid (Glossary)- By Paul Kekai Manansala</ref>

Pinto noted that there were a number of them in the Islamic fleets that went to battle with the Portuguese in the Philippines during the 16th century. The Sultan of Aceh as well as Suleiman, the Ottoman Commander who was brother of the Viceroy of Cairo, gave one of them (Sapetu Diraja) the task of ruling and holding Aru (northeast Sumatra) in 1540. Pinto also says one was named leader of the Malays remaining in the Moluccas Islands after the Portuguese conquest in 1511.<ref name="Pinto">{{Cite document

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What is certain is that the Spaniards brought with them and used their [[Historical European martial arts#Renaissance|bladed weapon arts]] (including the system of [[Destreza]] developed by [[Jerónimo Sánchez de Carranza|Carranza]]) when they started colonizing the archipelago in the 16th century. What is also known is that the Spaniards recruited soldiers from [[Mexican settlement in the Philippines|Mexico]]<ref>"In 1637 the military force maintained in the islands consisted of one thousand seven hundred and two Spaniards and one hundred and forty Indians." ~''Memorial de D. Juan Grau y Monfalcon, Procurador General de las Islas Filipinas, Docs. Inéditos del Archivo de Indias, vi, p. 425.'' "In 1787 ''the garrison at Manila consisted of one regiment of Mexicans comprising one thousand three hundred men, two artillery companies of eighty men each, three cavalry companies of fifty men each.''" ''La Pérouse, ii, p. 368.''</ref> and [[Peru]]<ref>[http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm "SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE"] (Zamboanga City History)

"He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from [[Peru]], as he made his voyage to [[Acapulco]] from that kingdom."</ref> and sent them to fortify the Philippines and they had also trained mercenaries and warriors from local people like the [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinenses]], [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangans]], [[Tagalog people|Tagalogs]], [[Ilonggo people|Ilonggos]], [[Cebuano people|Cebuanos]] and [[Waray people|Warays]] to pacify regions and put down revolts, thereby positing the possible cross-training between Arnis de Mano and the [[Venezuela]]n Martial Art of [[Juego del garrote]]. Of the Kapampangans, [[Casimiro Díaz|Fray Casimiro Díaz]] relates in 1718:

<blockquote><poem>''Los primeros que se decidieron á experimentar fortuna fueron los pampangos, nación la más belicosa y noble de estas Islas, y cercana á Manila. Y era lo peor hallarse ejercitada en el arte militar en nuestras escuelas en los presidios de Ternate, Zamboanga, Joló, Caraga y otras partes, donde se conoció bien su valor; pero este necesita del abrigo del nuestro, y así decían que un español y tres pampangos, valían por cuatro españoles.''<ref name="revistaAgustinianaVolumenXI">{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/details/laciudaddedios11madruoft|title=Ciudad de Dios – Revista agustiniana dedicada al Santo Obispo de Hipona en su admirable conversión á la fe.|volume= XI|location=Valladolid |publisher=Colegio de Agustinos Filipinos |date=1886}}</ref>

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The first who decided to experiment with their fortune (revolt) were the Pampangos, the most warlike and prominent people of these islands, and close to Manila. And it was all the worse because these people had been trained in the military art in our own schools in the [[presidio]]s (fortified outposts) of [[Ternate]], [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]], [[Jolo]], [[Caraga]] and other places where their valor was well known; but this needs the help of ours, and so they say that a Spaniard plus three Pampangos equal four Spaniards.<ref name="WarriorMercenaryMacabebes">{{cite news |url=http://www.manilatimes.net/macabebes-as-warriors-and-mercenaries/109319/ |title=MACABEBES as WARRIORS and MERCENARIES |author=Perry Gil S. Mallari |newspaper=The Manila Times |date=July 5, 2014}}</ref></poem></blockquote>

LogicIt dictatesis likely then that these native warriors and foreign soldiers would have passed on to very close friends and family members these newly learned skills to augment already existing and effective local ones. They would have also shared tactics and techniques with each other when placed in the same military group and fighting on the same side in foreign regions such as [[Spanish Formosa|Formosa]], [[Mindanao]], the [[Maluku Islands|Moluccas]]<ref name="revistaAgustinianaVolumenXI" /> and the [[Mariana Islands|Marianas]].<ref name="micronesianPampangosMarianas">{{cite journal|title=The Pampangos in the Mariana Mission 1668–1684|url=http://marshall.csu.edu.au/MJHSS/Issue2005/MJHSS2005_101.pdf|last=de Viana|first=Augusto V. |journal=Micronesian Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences |volume= 4|issue= 1, Dry Season Issue |publisher=[[Charles Sturt University]], Australia|date=June 2005|location=[[National Historical Institute]], Manila |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514021845/http://marshall.csu.edu.au/MJHSS/Issue2005/MJHSS2005_101.pdf |archive-date=May 14, 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref>

One of the more prominent features of Arnis that point to possible Spanish influence is the ''Espada y Daga'' (Spanish for "sword and dagger") method, a term also used in Spanish fencing. Filipino ''espada y daga'' differs somewhat from European [[rapier]] and dagger techniques; the stances are different as weapons used in Arnis are typically shorter than European swords.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://fencingclassics.wordpress.com/2008/12/08/eskrima-spanish-rapier-and-the-lost-continent-of-mu/ | title=Eskrima, Spanish rapier, and the Lost Continent of Mu | author=J. Christoph Amberger| date=December 8, 2008 }}</ref> According to Grandmaster Federico Lazo† (1938–2010), unlike in European [[historical fencing]], there is no lunging in the Northern Ilocano ''Kabaroan'' style of Arnis&nbsp;– it is more of an evasive art. On the other hand, it is present in some Visayan styles documented by FMA researchers Celestino Macachor and Ned Nepangue such as ''Yasay Sable Estocada'' from [[Bago, Negros Occidental|Bago]].<ref name="yaysaySableVid1">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-QO5xr4Efc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/h-QO5xr4Efc| archive-date=2021-12-December 11, 2021 |url-status=live|title=Yasay Sable sparring |author=Lapulapu Viñas Arnis Huck Combat System |publisher=YouTube |date=December 8, 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Having done comparative studies, [[Kalis Ilustrisimo]] archivist Romeo Macapagal also estimates that 40% of the blade-oriented style of [[Antonio Ilustrisimo|Antonio "Tatang" Ilustrisimo]]† (1904–1997) descends from European styles, brought by the Spanish.<ref name="musingsMacapagal">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.realfighting.com/issue7/romyframe.html |title= ?|website=Real Fighting |date=February 21, 2008 |access-date=December 1, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221002253/http://www.realfighting.com/issue7/romyframe.html |archive-date=February 21, 2008 }}</ref> Some authors state that these Filipino Martial Arts were also cross-trained with martial arts brought over by Spanish soldiers and Jesuit priests.<ref>[https://public-history-weekly.degruyter.com/9-2021-3/history-capoeira-eskrima/#_ftnen13 Nepangue and Macachor, Cebuano Eskrima, 67-78.]</ref>

After the Spanish colonized the Philippines, a decree was set that prohibited civilians from carrying full-sized swords (such as the [[Kris]] and the [[Kampilan]]). Despite this, the practitioners found ways to maintain and keep the arts alive, using sticks made out of rattan rather than swords, as well as small knives wielded like swords. Some of the arts were passed down from one generation to the other. Sometimes the art took the form choreographed dances such as the ''Sakuting'' stick dance<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=sakuting |title=sakuting |publisher=YouTube |access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref> or during mock battles at ''Moro-moro'' (''[[Moros y Cristianos]]'') stage plays. Also as a result, a unique and complex stick-based technique evolved in the [[Visayas]] and [[Luzon]] regions. The southern [[Mindanao]] retains almost exclusively blade-oriented techniques, as the Spaniards and Americans never fully conquered the southern parts of this island.<ref>{{cite book| last = Wiley| first = Mark V.| title = Filipino Martial Culture| publisher = Tuttle Publishing| year = 1997| location = Vermont| isbn = 0-8048-2088-0}}</ref>

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[[Image:Filipino knives.jpg|thumb|Various Filipino knives]]

The Philippines has what is known as a ''blade culture''.<ref name="EnduringKnifeCulture">{{cite web|url=http://www.fmapulse.com/content/fma-corner-enduring-knife-culture-philippines|title=The Enduring Knife Culture in the Philippines|author=Perry Gil S. Mallari|publisher=FMA Pulse|date=July 14, 2009|access-date=April 18, 2014|archive-date=April 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414031405/http://www.fmapulse.com/content/fma-corner-enduring-knife-culture-philippines|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="BladeCultureFirearms">{{cite web|url=http://www.fmapulse.com/content/fma-corner-filipino-blade-culture-and-advent-firearms|title=Filipino Blade Culture and the Advent of Firearms|author=Perry Gil S. Mallari|publisher=FMA Pulse|date=June 8, 2010|access-date=April 20, 2014|archive-date=November 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113141535/http://www.fmapulse.com/content/fma-corner-filipino-blade-culture-and-advent-firearms|url-status=dead}}</ref> Unlike in the West where [[Middle Ages|Medieval]] and [[Renaissance]] combative and self-defense [[Historical European martial arts|blade arts]] have gone almost extinct (having devolved into [[Fencing|sport fencing]] with the advent of firearms),<ref name="reclaimingTheBlade">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0961079/|title=Reclaiming the Blade documentary|author=Daniel McNicoll|publisher=Galatia Films}}</ref> blade fighting in the Philippines is a living art. Local folk in the Philippines are much more likely to carry knives than guns. They are commonly carried as tools by farmers, used by street vendors to prepare coconuts, pineapples, watermelons, other fruits and meats, and [[Balisong (knife)|balisongs]] are cheap to procure in the streets as well as being easily concealed. In fact, in some areas in the countryside, carrying a farming knife like the ''itak'' or [[Bolo knife|''bolo'']] was a sign that one was making a living because of the nature of work in those areas.<ref name="espera1">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DdEif2otFMs&feature=player_detailpage#t=288s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/DdEif2otFMs| archive-date=2021-12-December 11, 2021 |url-status=live|title=GM Henry Espera Talks About How He Started Out With Kali|author=Isagani Gabriel Jr|date=April 16, 2012|publisher=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In the country of [[Palau]], the local term for [[Filipino people|Filipino]] is ''chad ra oles'', which literally means "people of the knife" because of Filipinos' reputation for carrying knives and using them in fights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://marshall.csu.edu.au/MJHSS/Issue2006/MJHSS2006_148.pdf|title=From Soul to Somnelence: The Palau Community Association of Guam, 1948 To 1997|author=Francesca K. Remengesau, Dirk Anthony Ballendorf|publisher=Micronesial Journal of The Humanities and Social Sciences|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070908122319/http://marshall.csu.edu.au/MJHSS/Issue2006/MJHSS2006_148.pdf|archive-date=September 8, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Asia-Pacific and the Americas ===

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=== Philippine Revolution ===

Contrary to the view of some modern historians{{Who|date=April 2024}} that it was only guns that won the Philippine revolutionaries [[Philippine Revolution|against the Spaniards]], blades also played a large part.

During the 1898 [[Battle of Manila (1898)|Battle of Manila]], a report from ''[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]'' went:<ref name="cincinnatiKnifeWounds">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2676841/the_cincinnati_enquirer/|title=Parang, Bolo, Kris, Kampilan, are The Malay Names for the Big Knives with which Natives Slash the Spanish Soldiers|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=July 23, 1898|newspaper=[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]|access-date=June 24, 2015|location=Cincinnati, Ohio|page=9|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}{{Open access}}</ref>

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=== Spread ===

{{More citations needed|date=June 2017}}

[[File:Kali seminar 2.jpg|thumb|Kali stick seminar group at Ben Poon's Riseup Crossfit center, by [[Terry Lim]], in [[Melbourne]], Australia]]

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===''Mano Mano''===

{{Main|Suntukan}}

''[[Mano Mano]]'' is the empty-hand component of [[Filipino martial arts]], particularly Arnis. The term translates as "hands" or "hand-[to]-hand" and comes from the Spanish ''mano'' ("hand"). It is also known as ''[[suntukan]]'' or ''panununtukan'' in [[Luzon]] and ''pangamot'' in the [[Visayas]], as well as ''De Cadena'', ''Cadena de Mano'' or ''Arnis de Mano'' in some FMA systems. American colonists referred to it as "combat judo" or "Filipino boxing".▼

▲''[[Mano Mano]]'' is the empty-hand component of [[Filipino martial arts]], particularly Arnis. The term translates as "hands" or "hand-[to]-hand" and comes from the Spanish ''mano'' ("hand"). It is also known as ''[[suntukan]]'' or ''panununtukan'' in [[Luzon]] and ''pangamot'' in the [[Visayas]], as well as ''De Cadena'', ''Cadena de Mano'' or ''Arnis de Mano'' in some FMA systems. American colonists referred to it as "combat judo" or "Filipino boxing".

''Mano mano'' moves include [[Sikaran|kicking]], [[Suntukan|punching]], locking, throwing, and ''[[dumog]]'' (grappling). Filipino martial artists regard empty hands as another weapon, and all movements of ''Mano Mano'' are directly based on weapon techniques. In Arnis, weapons are seen as extensions of the body, so training with weapons naturally leads to proficiency in bare-handed combat. For this reason, ''Mano Mano'' is often taught in higher grades after weapons training has been mastered, as advanced students are expected to be able to apply experience with weapons to unarmed fighting. This not always the case though, as some systems of Arnis start with (and at times only consist of) empty hands fighting{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}.

Some notable masters of ''Mano Mano'' include:

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The Chinese and Malay communities of the Philippines have practiced eskrima together with [[Kuntao|Kuntaw]] and [[Silat]] for centuries, so much so that many North Americans mistakenly believe silat to have originated in the Philippines.

Some of the modern styles, particularly doce[[Doce paresPares]] and [[Modern Arnis]] contain some elements of [[Japanese Martial Arts]] such as joint locks, throws, blocks, strikes, and groundwork, taken from: [[Jujutsu]], [[Judo]], [[Aikido]] and [[Karate]] as some of the founders obtained black belt Dan grades in some of these systems. Some eskrima styles are complementary with Chinese [[Wing Chun]] because of the nervous system conditioning and body mechanics when striking, twirling or swinging sticks.

In Western countries, it is common to practice eskrima in conjunction with other martial arts, particularly [[Wing Chun]], [[Jeet Kune Do]] and silat. As a result, there is some confusion between styles, systems, and lineage, because some people cross-train without giving due credit to the founders or principles of their arts. For example, [[Kenpo#American Kenpō|American Kenpo]] and [[Kajukenbo]] cross-training traces back to the interactions between Chinese, Japanese and Filipino immigrants in territorial/pre-statehood Hawaii, and to a lesser extent in other parts of the United States. In the United States the cross-training between eskrima and Jeet Kune Do Concepts as headed by [[Dan Inosanto]] of the Inosanto Academy in Marina del Rey, California, goes according to the maxim "Absorb what is useful, reject what is useless".