Ashikaga Yoshimitsu: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia


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{{nihongo|'''Ashikaga Yoshimitsu'''|足利 義満||extra=September 25, 1358 – May 31, 1408}} was the third ''[[shōgun]]'' of the [[Ashikaga shogunate]], ruling from 1368 to 1394 during the [[Muromachi period]] of [[Japan]]. Yoshimitsu was [[Ashikaga Yoshiakira]]'s third son but the oldest son to survive, his childhood name being Haruō ({{lang|ja|春王}}). Yoshimitsu was appointed ''shōgun'', a hereditary title as head of the military estate, in 1368 at the age of ten; at twenty he was admitted to the imperial court as Acting Grand Counselor (''Gon Dainagon'' {{lang|ja|権大納言}}).

In 1379, Yoshimitsu reorganized the institutional framework of the Gozan Zen {{lang|ja|五山禅}} establishment before, two years later, becoming the first person of the [[Samurai|warrior]] (samurai) class to host a reigning emperor at his private residence. In 1392, he negotiated the end of the [[Nanboku-chō period|Nanboku-chō]] imperial schism that had plagued politics for over half a century. Two years later he became Grand Chancellor of State (''[[Daijō-daijin|DajōDaijō daijin]]'' {{lang|ja|太政大臣}}), the highest-ranking member of the imperial court.

Retiring from that and all public offices in 1395, Yoshimitsu took the tonsure and moved into his Kitayama-dono ({{lang|ja|北山殿}}) retirement villa which, among other things, boasted a pavilion two-thirds covered in gold leaf (''Kinkaku shariden'' {{lang|ja|金閣舎利殿}}). There, he received envoys from the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and [[Joseon]] courts on at least six occasions and forged the terms of a Sino-Japanese trade agreement that endured for over a century. In recognition for his diplomatic efforts (and overt displays of subservience), the Chinese sovereign pronounced Yoshimitsu "King of Japan" (''Nihon kokuō'' {{lang|ja|日本国王}}).

In 1407, he set into motion a plan to become "DajōDaijō tenno" ({{lang|ja|太上天皇}}), a title customarily applied to a retired emperor. Although unrealized due to his sudden death the following year, this last venture was particularly audacious because Yoshimitsu never actually sat on the Japanese throne.<ref>Stavros, Matthew, and Norika Kurioka. "Imperial Progress to the Muromachi Palace, 1381 A Study and Annotated Translation of Sakayuku Hana". ''Japan Review'' 28 (2015): 3–46. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43684115</ref> Late in his career, it appears Yoshimitsu sought to legitimize his transcendent authority through the idiom of Buddhist kingship, deploying ritual, symbols, and monumentalism to cast him as a universal monarch or dharma king, not unlike his counterparts in Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stavros|first=Matthew|date=December 2017|title=Monuments and Mandalas in Medieval Kyoto: Reading Buddhist Kingship in the Urban Plan of Ashikaga Yoshimitsu|url=https://hjas.org/issues/december-2017|journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies|volume=77|issue=2|pages=321–361|via=Project Muse|doi=10.1353/jas.2017.0029|s2cid=194880921}}</ref> His posthumous name was Rokuon'in ({{lang|ja|鹿苑院}}).

==Biography==