Eurasian teal: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

Line 2:

{{Speciesbox

|image=Eurasian teal (Anas crecca) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg

|image_caption=Wintering male from Mangaon, Maharashtra, India [[File: Eurasian Teal (Anas crecca) (W1CDR0001378 BD3).ogg|thumb|center|Calls of Eurasian teals]]

|status=LC

|status_system=IUCN3.1

|status_ref=<ref name=IUCN"iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |titleauthor=CommonBirdLife Teal:International |date=2020 |title=''Anas crecca'' |authorvolume=BirdLife International2020 |author-link=BirdLife International | page=e.T22680321A181692388 |yeardoi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22680321A181692388.en |access-date=1119 DecemberNovember 20202021}}</ref>

|genus=Anas

|species=crecca

Line 16:

}}

The '''Eurasian teal''' ('''''Anas crecca'''''), '''common teal''', or '''Eurasian green-winged teal''' is a common and widespread [[duck]] whichthat breeds in [[temperate]] [[Palearctic|Eurosiberia]] and [[bird migration|migrates]] south in winter.<ref name=arzel2007/> The Eurasian teal is often called simply the '''teal''' due to being the only one of these small [[dabbling duck]]s in much of its range.<ref name=Carboneras/> The bird gives its name to the blue-green colour [[teal]].

It is a highly gregarious duck outside the breeding season and can form large flocks. It is commonly found in sheltered wetlands and feeds on seeds and aquatic invertebrates. The [[North America]]n [[green-winged teal]] (''A.&nbsp;carolinensis'') was formerly (and sometimes is still) considered a [[subspecies]] of ''A.&nbsp;crecca''.

Line 23:

The Eurasian teal belongs to the "true" teals, a group of small ''[[Anas]]'' dabbling ducks closely related to the [[mallard]] (''A. platyrhynchos'') and its relatives; that latter group in fact seems to have [[Evolution|evolved]] from a true teal. It forms a [[superspecies]] with the [[green-winged teal]] and the [[Yellow-billed teal|speckled teal]] (''A. flavirostris''). A proposed [[subspecies]], ''A. c. nimia'' of the [[Aleutian Islands]], differs only in slightly larger size; it is probably not distinct.<ref name=Carboneras/><ref name=Livezey/><ref name=Johnson/>

Whether the Eurasian and green-winged teals are to be treated as one or two species is still being reviewed by the [[American Ornithologists' Union|AOU]],<ref name=SACC/> while the [[IUCNInternational Union for Conservation of Nature]] and [[BirdLife International]] separate them nowadays.<ref name=IUCN"iucn status 19 November 2021" /> Despite the almost identical and highly [[apomorph]]ic [[nuptial plumage]] of their males, which continues to puzzle scientists, they seem well distinct species, as indicated by a wealth of behavioural, morphological, and molecular data.<ref name=Livezey/><ref name=Johnson/><ref name=Ahlberg/><ref name=Sangster/>

The Eurasian teal was first scientifically named by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his 1758 edition of ''[[Systema naturae]]''. His [[Latin]] description reads: ''[Anas] macula alarum viridi, linea alba supra infraque oculos'' – "a duck with green speculum, a white line above and below the eyes" – and his primary reference was the bird's description in his earlier work ''Fauna Svecica''.<ref name=Linnaeus1746/> In fact, the description he used in ''Systema Naturae'' was the name under which the bird went in the ''Fauna Svecica'', demonstrating the value of his new [[binomial nomenclature]] by compressing the long-winded names formerly used in [[biological classification]] into much simpler [[scientific name]]s like ''Anas crecca''. Linnaeus also noted in his description that earlier authors had already written about the Eurasan teal at length: [[Conrad Gessner]]<ref name=Gessner/> had described it in the ''[[Historiae animalium (Gesner)|Historiae animalium]]'' as the ''anas parva'' ("small duck") among his ''querquedulae'' ("teals"); [[Ulisse Aldrovandi]]<ref name=Aldrovandi/> had called it ''phascade'' or ''querquedula minor'' ("lesser teal"), and was duly referenced by [[Francis Willughby]]<ref name=Willughby/> who named the species ''querquedula secunda Aldrovandi'' ("the second teal of AldrovandusAldrovandi"{{refn|group=note|Aldrovandi's "first teal" was the [[Garganey]], which was consequently scientifically described as ''Anas querquedula'' ("teal-duck").<ref name=Linnaeus1758p126/>}}). [[John Ray]]<ref name=Ray/> may be credited with formally introducing the name "common teal", while [[Eleazar Albin]]<ref name=Albin/> called it simply "the teal". As regards the [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] Linnaeus simply remarked that it inhabits [[freshwater]] ecosystems in [[Europe]].<ref name=Linnaeus1758p126/>

The scientific name is from [[Latin]] ''Anas'', "duck" and ''kricka'', the Swedish name for this species.<ref name=job90>{{cite book |last=Jobling |first=James A |year=2010|title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names |url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling |publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n46 46], 121}}</ref> The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] of Linnaeus is [[onomatopoetic]], referring to the male's characteristic call which was already discussed by Linnaeus' sources.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} The scientific name of the Eurasian teal—unchanged since Linnaeus' time— therefore translates as "duck that makes ''cryc''"; common names like the [[Bokmål]] ''krikkand'', [[Danish (language)|Danish]] ''krikand'' and [[German (language)|German]] ''Krickente'' mean the same.

Line 53:

{{Gallery|mode=packed

|Eurasian Teal (Anas crecca), femaleSlimbridge.jpg|Female, [[WWT Slimbridge]] in [[Gloucestershire]], England

|Kogamo 06g1729.jpg|Drake in [[eclipse plumage]] (rightmost bird), hen and young

}}

Line 62:

The Eurasian teal breeds across the [[Palearctic]] and mostly winters well south of its breeding range. However, in the milder climate of [[temperate]] [[Europe]], the summer and winter ranges overlap. For example, in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Ireland]] a small summer population breeds, but far greater numbers of [[Siberia]]n birds arrive in winter. In the [[Caucasus]] region, western [[Asia Minor]], along the northern shores of the [[Black Sea]], and even on the south coast of [[Iceland]] and on the [[Vestmannaeyjar]], the species can be encountered all year, too.<ref name=mbc8792/>

In winter, there are high densities around the [[Mediterranean]], including the entire [[Iberian Peninsula]] and extending west to [[Mauretania]]; on [[Japan]] and [[Taiwan]]; as well as in [[South Asia]]. Other important wintering locations include almost the entire length of the [[Nile Valley]], the [[Near East]] and [[Persian Gulf]] region, the mountain ranges of northern [[Iran]], and [[South Korea]] and continental [[East Asia|East]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. More isolated wintering grounds are [[Lake Victoria]], the [[Senegal River]] estuary, the swamps of the upper [[Congo River]], the [[Inner Niger Delta|inland]] and [[Niger Delta|sea deltas]] of the [[Niger River]], and the central [[Indus River]] valley. Vagrants have been seen in inland [[Zaire]], [[Malaysia]], on [[Greenland]], and on the [[Marianas]], [[Palau]] and [[Yap]] in [[Micronesia]];<ref name=Wiles/> they are regularly recorded on the [[North America]]n coasts south to [[California]] and [[South Carolina]].,<ref name=mbc8792/> including annual sightings on the island of [[Newfoundland]].<ref name=eBird/>

From tracking wintering teal in Italy, most individuals departed the wintering grounds between mid-February and March, using the Black-Sea-Mediterranean flyway to reach their breeding grounds, from central Europe to east of the Urals, by May. This slow migration is due to long stopovers near the start of migration, mainly in south-eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Giunchi, D. |author2=Baldaccini, N.E. |author3=Lenzoni, A. |author4=Luschi, P. |author5=Sorrenti, M. |author6=Cerritelli, G. |author7=Vanni, L. |year=2019|title=Spring migratory routes and stopover duration of satellite‐trackedsatellite-tracked Eurasian Teals ''Anas crecca'' wintering in Italy |journal=Ibis|volume=161|pages=117–130|doi=10.1111/ibi.12602|issue=2|doi-access=free |hdl=11568/920031 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Altogether, the Eurasian teal is much less common than its American counterpart, though still very plentiful. Its numbers are mainly assessed by counts of wintering birds; some 750,000 are recorded annually around the [[Mediterranean]] and [[Black Sea]]s, 250,000 in [[temperate]] western [[Europe]], and more than 110,000 in [[Japan]]. In 1990 and 1991, a more detailed census was undertaken, yielding over 210,000 birds wintering in [[Iran]], some 109,000 in [[Pakistan]], about 77,000 in [[Azerbaijan]], some 37,000 in [[India]], 28,000 in [[Israel]], over 14,000 in [[Turkmenistan]] and almost 12,000 in [[Taiwan]]. It appears to be holding its own currently, with its slow decline of maybe 1–2% annually in the 1990s – presumably mainly due to drainage and [[pollution]] of wetlands – not warranting action other than continuing to monitor the population and possibly providing better protection for [[habitat]] on the wintering grounds. The [[IUCN]] and [[BirdLife International]] classify the Eurasian teal as a species of [[Least Concern]], unchanged from their assessment before the split of the more numerous ''A. carolinensis''.<ref name=IUCN"iucn status 19 November 2021" /><ref name=Carboneras/><ref name=mbc8792/>

The Eurasian teal is one of the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' ([[AEWA]]) applies.

==Behaviour==

[[File:Anas crecca MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.18.3.jpg|thumb|Eggs at [[Muséum de Toulouse]]]]

This [[dabbling duck]] is highly gregarious outside of the breeding season and will form large flocks. In flight, the fast, twisting flocks resemble [[wader]]s; despite its short legs, it is also rather nimble on the ground by ducks' standards. In the breeding season, it is a common inhabitant of sheltered [[freshwater]] [[wetland]]s with some tall vegetation, such as [[taiga]] bogs or small [[lake]]s and [[pond]]s with extensive [[reedbed]]s. In winter, it is often seen in [[brackish]] waters and even in sheltered [[inlet]]s and [[lagoon]]s along the seashore.<ref name=mbc8792/>

Line 86:

<ref name=Albin>[[Eleazar Albin|Albin, Eleazar]] (1731–1738): ''A natural history of the birds'' (3 volumes). William Innys, London. [https://archive.today/20121209082333/http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=270841 Vol.1, p.95, plate 100; vol. 2, p.91, plate 102]</ref>

<ref name=Aldrovandi>{{Cite book |author=Aldrovandi, Ulisse (Ulyssis Aldrovandus) |author-link=Ulisse Aldrovandi |year=1637 |url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=273391 |title=Ornithologia |edition=2nd |volume=vol. 3: ''Tomus tertius ac postremus'' |language=la |publisher=Nicolò Tebaldini |location=Bologna [Bononia] |pages=207–209 |access-date=2009-01-06 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121211064344/http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=273391 |archive-date=2012-12-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=AnAge>{{cite web |website=AnAge |year=2009 |url=http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Anas_crecca |title=Anas crecca life history data |access-date=6 January 2009}}</ref>

Line 92:

<ref name=arzel2007>{{cite journal |last1=Arzel |first1=C. |last2=Elmberg |first2=J. |last3=Guillemain |first3=M. |title=A flyway perspective of foraging activity in Eurasian Green-winged Teal |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |date=January 2007 |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=81–91 |doi=10.1139/z06-201|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-641 }}</ref>

<ref name=Carboneras>{{cite book |last=Carboneras |first=Carles |year=1992 |title=Family Anatidae (Ducks, Geese and Swans) |editor-last1=del Hoyo |editor-first1=Josep |editor-last2=Elliott |editor-first2=Andrew |editor-last3=Sargatal |editor-first3=Jordi |workseries=[[Handbook of Birds of the World]] |volume=Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks |pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/536 536–629, plates 40–50] |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona |isbn=84-87334-10-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/536 }}</ref>

<ref name=Gessner>{{cite book |last=Gessner |first=Conrad |author-link=Conrad Gessner |year=1555 |url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=279472 |title=Historiae animalium |volume=vol. 3 |language=la |publisher=Christoph Froschauer |location=Zürich [Tigurium] |pages=103–105 |access-date=2009-01-06 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205030701/http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=279472 |archive-date=2012-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=Johnson>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Kevin P. |last2=Sorenson |first2=Michael D. |year=1999 |title=Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus Anas): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence |journal=[[Auk (journal)|Auk]] |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=792–805 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v116n03/p0792-p0805.pdf |doi=10.2307/4089339|jstor=4089339 }}</ref>

Line 100 ⟶ 101:

<ref name=Ahlberg>{{cite journal |last1=Laurie-Ahlberg |first1=C.C. |last2=McKinney |first2=F. |title=The nod-swim display of male Green-winged Teal (''Anas crecca'') |doi=10.1016/0003-3472(79)90136-2 |year=1979 |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=27 |pages=165–172|s2cid=53155090 }}</ref>

<ref name=Linnaeus1746>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus, Carl]] (1746): 109. ''[https://archive.org/details/faunasvecicasist00linn/page/38/mode/2up ''Anas macula alarum viridi: linea alba supra infraque oculos]. In: Fauna Svecica Sistens Animalia Sveciæ Regni, etc.'' (1st ed.): 39–40 [in Latin]. Conrad & Georg Jacob Wishoff, Leiden ("Lugdunum Batavorum").</ref>

<ref name=Livezey>{{cite journal |last=Livezey |first=Bradley C. |year=1991 |title=A phylogenetic analysis and classification of recent dabbling ducks (Tribe Anatini) based on comparative morphology |journal=[[Auk (journal)|Auk]] |volume=108 |issue=3 |pages=471–507 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v108n03/p0471-p0507.pdf |doi=10.2307/4088089|jstor=4088089 }}</ref>

<ref name=Linnaeus1758p126>{{cite book |last1=Linnaeus |first1=Carl |title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. |date=1758 |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.visual.linnann-bl-16-1 |pages=126–127}}</ref>

<ref name=Linnaeus1758p126>{{harvnb|Linnaeus|1758|pp=126–127}}</ref>

<ref name=mbc8792>{{cite book |last1=Madge |first1=S. |last2=Burn |first2=H. |year=1987 |title=Wildfowl, an Identification Guide to the Ducks, Geese and Swans of the World |publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |isbn=0713636475}}</ref>

<ref name=Ray>{{cite book |author=Ray, John (Joannis Raii) |author-link=John Ray |year=1713 |url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=269292 |title=Synopsis methodica avium & piscium: opus posthumum, etc. |volume=vol. 1 |language=la |publisher=William Innys |location=London |pages=147–148 |access-date=2009-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716064329/http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=269292 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=eBird>{{cite web |author=eBird |authorlink=eBird.org |year=2023 |work=eBird Status and Trends, Data Version: 2022; Released: 2023. |url=https://ebird.org/species/gnwtea/L1460612 |title=Green-winged Teal |access-date=7 March 2024}}</ref>

<ref name=Sangster>{{cite journal |last1=Sangster |first1=George |last2=Knox |first2=Alan G. |last3=Helbig |first3=Andreas J. |last4=Parkin |first4=David T. |title=Taxonomic recommendations for European birds |doi=10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00026.x |year=2002 |journal=Ibis |volume=144 |pages=153–159}}</ref>

Line 126 ⟶ 131:

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:teal, Eurasian}}

[[Category:Anas]]

[[Category:Dabbling ducks]]