Garry Kasparov: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{Short description|Russian chess grandmaster~~, political activist and writer (born 1963)~~}}

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'''Garry Kimovich Kasparov'''{{Efn|{{~~lang-~~langx|ru|Гарри Кимович Каспаров}}, {{IPA|ru|ˈɡarʲɪ ˈkʲiməvʲɪtɕ kɐˈsparəf|pron}}}} (born '''Garik Kimovich Weinstein'''{{efn|{{~~lang-~~langx|ru|Гарик Кимович Вайнштейн|translit=Garik Kimovich Vainshteyn}}}} on 13 April 1963) is a Russian [[Grandmaster (chess)|chess grandmaster]], former [[World Chess Champion]] (1985–2000), political activist and [[writer]]. His peak [[FIDE]] chess [[Elo rating system|rating]] of 2851,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chess.com/article/view/who-is-the-strongest-chess-player |title=Who is the Strongest Chess Player? |access-date=2 March 2009 |date=27 October 2008 |work=Bill Wall |publisher=Chess.com |archive-date=31 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331020751/https://www.chess.com/article/view/who-is-the-strongest-chess-player |url-status=live }}</ref> achieved in 1999, was the highest recorded until being surpassed by [[Magnus Carlsen]] in 2013. From 1984 until his retirement from regular competitive chess in 2005, Kasparov was ranked world no. 1 for a record 255 months overall. Kasparov also [[#Other records|holds records]] for the most consecutive professional tournament victories (15) and [[Chess Oscar]]s (11).

Kasparov became the youngest-ever undisputed world champion in [[World Chess Championship 1985|1985]] at age 22 by defeating then-champion [[Anatoly Karpov]].<ref>[[Ruslan Ponomariov]] won the disputed [[FIDE]] title, at the age of 18, when the world title was split</ref> He defended the title against Karpov three times, in [[World Chess Championship 1986|1986]], [[World Chess Championship 1987|1987]] and [[World Chess Championship 1990|1990]]. Kasparov held the official FIDE world title until 1993, when a dispute with FIDE led him to set up a rival organisation, the [[Professional Chess Association]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Garry-Kasparov|title=Garry Kasparov {{!}} Biography & Facts|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=3 August 2017|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203040544/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Garry-Kasparov|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1997, he became the first world champion to lose a match to a computer under standard [[time control]]s when he was defeated by the [[IBM]] supercomputer [[Deep Blue (chess computer)|Deep Blue]] in a [[Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov|highly publicised match]]. He continued to hold the "Classical" world title until his defeat by [[Vladimir Kramnik]] in 2000. Despite losing the PCA title, he continued winning tournaments and was the world's highest-rated player at the time of his official retirement. Kasparov coached Carlsen in 2009–10, during which time Carlsen rose to world no. 1. Kasparov stood unsuccessfully for FIDE president in 2013–2014.

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== Early life ==

[[File:Kasparov-2.jpg|thumb|alt=refer to caption|Kasparov at age 11, Vilnius, 1974]]

Kasparov was born Garik Kimovich Weinstein ({{~~lang-~~langx|ru|Гарик Кимович Вайнштейн|translit=Garik Kimovich Vainshtein}}) in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azerbaijan SSR]] (now [[Azerbaijan]]), [[Soviet Union]]. His father, Kim Moiseyevich Weinstein, was [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Jewish]] and his mother, Klara Shagenovna Kasparova, was [[Armenians|Armenian]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newsweek.com/chess-champion-garry-kasparov-russias-great-red-hope-64973|title=Chess Champion Garry Kasparov is Russia's Great Red Hope|date=7 May 2012|author=Masha Gessen|magazine=Newsweek|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703023238/https://www.newsweek.com/chess-champion-garry-kasparov-russias-great-red-hope-64973|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|first=Garry|last=Kasparov|title=Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, Part 1: 1973–1985|year=2011|publisher=Everyman Chess}}: "I am absolutely sure that the Garry Kasparov, who became leader of the chess world, professed the same values as Garik Weinstein, who once, following the example of his father, became fascinated by chess..."</ref><ref name="biography">[http://www.kasparov.ru/note.php?id=44993207033D9 Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810032953/http://www.kasparov.ru/note.php?id=44993207033D9 |date=10 August 2011 }} on Kasparov.ru site {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>''White King and Red Queen'' by Daniel Johnson, {{ISBN|1-84354-609-4}}</ref> Both of his mother's parents were Armenians from [[Nagorno-Karabakh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kasparov.com/a-short-tribute-to-my-mother/ |title=A Short Tribute to My Mother |last=Kasparov |first=Garry |date=26 December 2020 |website=Kasparov |access-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226223547/https://www.kasparov.com/a-short-tribute-to-my-mother/ |archive-date=26 December 2020}}</ref> Kasparov has described himself as a "self-appointed Christian", although "very indifferent"<ref>{{cite web|url=~~http~~https://www.foxnews.com/story/~~0,2933,301057,00.html~~transcript-kasparov-to-start-campaign-promoting-values-of-democracy |title=Transcript: Kasparov to Start Campaign Promoting 'Values of Democracy' |publisher=Fox News |access-date=20 October 2013 |url-status=~~dead~~live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521160837/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,301057,00.html |archive-date=21 May 2013 }}</ref> and identifying as [[Russians|Russian]]: "[A]lthough I'm half-Armenian, half-Jewish, I consider myself Russian because Russian is my native tongue, and I grew up with Russian culture."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/garry-kasparov/|title=Garry Kasparov on Conversations with Bill Kristol|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=24 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324164902/http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/garry-kasparov/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/transcript/garry-kasparov-transcript/|title=Garry Kasparov Transcript – Conversations with Bill Kristol|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426083528/http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/transcript/garry-kasparov-transcript/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kasparov and his family had to flee [[Baku pogrom|anti-Armenian pogroms in Baku]] in January 1990 that were coordinated by local leaders with Soviet acquiescence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Kasparov63/status/1317876091181256704|title=I think I got a good education on the subject when my family and I had to flee Baku at night to escape the January 1990 pogroms against Armenians that were coordinated by local leaders with Soviet acquiescence. The Sumgait pogrom was just two years old at the time.|website=Twitter.com|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=31 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731005040/https://twitter.com/Kasparov63/status/1317876091181256704|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chess champ flees Baku - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/01/19/Chess-champ-flees-Baku/1636632725200/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref>

According to Kasparov himself, he was named after United States President [[Harry S. Truman|Harry Truman]],<ref>{{cite twitter|number=1497337272672399367|user=kasparov63|title=As my namesake Harry Truman said…|date=25 February 2022|publisher=[[ChessBase]]}}</ref> "whom my father admired for taking a strong stand against communism. It was a rare name in Russia, until [[Harry Potter]] came along."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/garry-kasparov-talks-about-his-life |title=Garry Kasparov talks about his life |last=Pelley |first=Rich |date=15 February 2022 |website=ChessBase |access-date=24 April 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424003545/https://en.chessbase.com/post/garry-kasparov-talks-about-his-life |archive-date=24 April 2022}}</ref>

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On 2 June 2016, Kasparov played against fifteen chess players in a simultaneous exhibition in the [[:de:Kaiser-Friedrich-Halle|Kaiser-Friedrich-Halle]] of [[Mönchengladbach]]. He won all games.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chess24.com/en/watch/live-tournaments/kasparov-simultaneous-moenchengladbach|title=Kasparov simultaneous exhibition Mönchengladbach|access-date=21 July 2016|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916215755/https://chess24.com/en/watch/live-tournaments/kasparov-simultaneous-moenchengladbach|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Candidate for FIDE presidency ====

On 7 October 2013, Kasparov announced his candidacy for World Chess Federation president during a reception in [[Tallinn]], Estonia, where the 84th FIDE Congress took place.<ref>{{cite news | title = Kasparov Announces Candidacy for FIDE President | publisher = [[Chess.com]] | date = 7 October 2013 | url = http://www.chess.com/news/breaking-kasparov-announces-candidacy-for-fide-president-1854 | access-date = 8 October 2013 | archive-date = 9 October 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131009072032/http://www.chess.com/news/breaking-kasparov-announces-candidacy-for-fide-president-1854 | url-status = live }}</ref> He was supported by reigning world champion and FIDE #1 ranked player Carlsen.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=ru:Карлсен: поддерживаю Каспарова на выборах президента FIDE|url=http://www.championat.com/other/news-1849106-karlsen-podderzhivaju-kasparova-na-vyborakh-prezidenta-fide.html|date=4 June 2014|publisher=Championat.com|access-date=8 June 2014|language=ru|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143806/http://www.championat.com/other/news-1849106-karlsen-podderzhivaju-kasparova-na-vyborakh-prezidenta-fide.html|url-status=live}}</ref> At the FIDE General Assembly in August 2014, Kasparov lost the presidential election to the incumbent [[Kirsan Ilyumzhinov]], with a vote of 110–61.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chess.com/news/breaking-ilyumzhinov-beats-kasparov-110-61-at-fide-presidential-elections-4528|title=Ilyumzhinov Beats Kasparov 110–61 at FIDE Presidential Elections|date=11 August 2014|website=Chess.com|language=en-US|access-date=13 August 2016|archive-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921015246/https://www.chess.com/news/breaking-ilyumzhinov-beats-kasparov-110-61-at-fide-presidential-elections-4528|url-status=live}}</ref>

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=== Return from chess retirement ===

Kasparov came out of retirement to participate in the inaugural [[Grand Chess Tour#Grand Chess Tour 2017|St. Louis Rapid and Blitz]] tournament from 14 to 19 August 2017, scoring 3.5/9 in the rapid and 9/18 in the blitz, representing Croatia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hina.hr/news/9564889|work=[[HINA]]|title=Kasparov participates in St Louis tournament under Croatian flag|date=August 18, 2017}}</ref> He finished eighth in a strong field of ten, including Nakamura, Caruana, former world champion Anand and the eventual winner, [[Levon Aronian]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2017-07-15/chess-legend-kasparov-picks-st-louis-competition-for-return|title=Chess Legend Kasparov Picks St. Louis Competition for Return|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|date=15 July 2017|access-date=16 August 2017|first=Jim|last=Salter|archive-date=17 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817043227/https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2017-07-15/chess-legend-kasparov-picks-st-louis-competition-for-return|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2017/08/15/chess-legend-garry-kasparov-proving-hes-still-got-it-in-first-competitive-tournament-in-12-years/|title=Chess legend Garry Kasparov proving he's still got it in first competitive tournament in 12 years|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=15 August 2017|access-date=16 August 2017|first=Marissa|last=Payne|archive-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825021613/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2017/08/15/chess-legend-garry-kasparov-proving-hes-still-got-it-in-first-competitive-tournament-in-12-years/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kasparov promised that any tournament money he earned would go towards charities to promote chess in Africa.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Payne |first1=Marissa |title=Chess legend Garry Kasparov proving he's still got it in first competitive tournament in 12 years |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2017/08/15/chess-legend-garry-kasparov-proving-hes-still-got-it-in-first-competitive-tournament-in-12-years/ |access-date=10 August 2021 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=15 August 2017 |archive-date=8 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308000811/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2017/08/15/chess-legend-garry-kasparov-proving-hes-still-got-it-in-first-competitive-tournament-in-12-years/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2020, he participated in 9LX, a [[Chess 960]] tournament, and finished eighth of a field of ten players.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://uschesschamps.com/tags/2020-champions-showdown-chess-9lx| title = 2020 Champions Showdown: Chess 9LX {{!}} www.uschesschamps.com| access-date = 16 November 2021| archive-date = 16 November 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211116172516/https://uschesschamps.com/tags/2020-champions-showdown-chess-9lx| url-status = live}}</ref> His game against Carlsen, who tied for first place, was drawn.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/kasparov-carlsen-chess9lx |title=Kasparov Escapes Vs Carlsen In 1st Clash In 16 Years |last=Doggers |first=Peter |date=12 September 2020 |website=Chess.com |access-date=26 September 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926010232/https://www.chess.com/news/view/kasparov-carlsen-chess9lx |archive-date=26 September 2020}}</ref>

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Kasparov holds the record for the longest time as the [[List of FIDE chess world number ones|No. 1 rated player in the world]]—from 1984 to 2005 (Kramnik shared the No. 1 ranking with him once, in the January 1996 FIDE rating list).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chess.eusa.ed.ac.uk/Chess/Trivia/AlltimeList.html |title=All Time rankings |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126000035/http://chess.eusa.ed.ac.uk/Chess/Trivia/AlltimeList.html |archive-date=26 November 2009 }}</ref> He headed the [[Professional Chess Association|PCA]] rating list during the split from FIDE. At the time of his retirement, he was still ranked No. 1 in the world, with a rating of 2812. His rating has fallen inactive since the January 2006 rating list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fide.com/ratings/toparc.phtml?cod=81 |title=FIDE Archive: Top 100 Players July 2005 |access-date=11 August 2007 |date=18 April 2007 |publisher=World Chess Federation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629035231/http://www.fide.com/ratings/toparc.phtml?cod=81 |archive-date=29 June 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In January 1990, Kasparov achieved the (then) highest FIDE rating ever, passing 2800 and breaking Fischer's old record of 2785. By the July 1999 and January 2000 FIDE rating lists, Kasparov had reached a 2851 [[Elo rating system|Elo rating]], at that time the highest rating ever achieved.<ref>[https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic270.html The Week in Chess 270] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930232038/https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic270.html |date=30 September 2011 }}, [[The Week in Chess]], 10 January 2000.</ref> He held that record until Carlsen attained a new record high rating of 2861 in January 2013.<ref name="chessvibesDec2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.chessvibes.com/reports/carlsen-beats-kasparovs-rating-record-in-london |title=Carlsen beats Kasparov's rating record in London |date=8 December 2012 |publisher=Chessvibes |access-date=3 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116094745/http://www.chessvibes.com/reports/carlsen-beats-kasparovs-rating-record-in-london |archive-date=16 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Other achievements===

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[[Acorn Computers]] acted as one of the sponsors for Kasparov's Candidates semi-final match against Korchnoi in 1983. This was Kasparov's first introduction to computers. Kasparov was awarded a [[BBC Micro]], which he took back with him to Baku, making it perhaps one of the first Western-made microcomputers to reach the Soviet Union at that time.<ref>{{cite web |title=How it all started |date=24 December 2017 |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/garry-kasparov-on-how-it-all-started |access-date=14 October 2019 |archive-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014160038/https://en.chessbase.com/post/garry-kasparov-on-how-it-all-started |url-status=live }}</ref>

Computer chess magazine editor Frederic Friedel consulted with Kasparov in 1985 on how a chess database program would be useful preparation for competition. Friedel founded [[Chessbase]] two years later, and he gave a copy of the program to Kasparov, who started using it in his preparation.<ref>Garry Kasparov. ''Deep Thinking''.</ref> That same year, Kasparov played against thirty-two chess computers in Hamburg, winning all games.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/feb/11/the-chess-master-and-the-computer/|title=The Chess Master and the Computer by Garry Kasparov|magazine=The New York Review of Books|access-date=2 May 2015|last1=Kasparov|first1=Garry|archive-date=2 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502140710/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/feb/11/the-chess-master-and-the-computer/|url-status=live}}</ref> Several commercially available Kasparov computers were made in the 1980s, the Saitek Kasparov Turbo King models.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacious-mind.com/html/turbo_king.html |title=Saitek Kasparov Model 320 Turbo King (1987) Electronic Chess Computer |website=Spacious-mind.com |date= |access-date=2022-06-11 |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926193401/http://www.spacious-mind.com/html/turbo_king.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/turbo_king.html |title=Turbo King |website=Chesscomputeruk.com |date= |access-date=2022-06-11 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619053106/http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/turbo_king.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{~~cite web |url=https://www.manualslib.com/manual/1223814/Kasparov-Turbo-16k.html~~citation |title=KASPAROV TURBO 16K OWNER'S MANUAL ~~Pdf Download |website=ManualsLib.com~~ |date= ~~|access-date=2022-06-11 |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611001510/https://www.manualslib.com/manual/1223814/Kasparov-Turbo-16k.html |url-status=live~~ }}</ref> On 22 October 1989, Kasparov defeated the chess computer [[Deep Thought (chess computer)|Deep Thought]] in both games of a two-game match.<ref>{{Cite book

| last1 = Kasparov

| first1 = Garry

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[[File:Kasparov-18.jpg|thumb|alt=refer to caption|right|Kasparov wearing 3D glasses in his match against the program [[X3D Fritz]]]]

In January 2003, he engaged in a six-game classical time control match, with a $1 million prize fund, against [[Deep Junior]]. It was billed as the FIDE "Man vs. Machine" world championship.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=599 |title=Kasparov vs Deep Junior in January 2003 |date=15 November 2002 |access-date=11 August 2007 |publisher=ChessBase |archive-date=26 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223847/http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=599 |url-status=live }}</ref> The engine evaluated three million positions per second.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/fun.games/02/08/cnna.kasparov/ |title=Kasparov: "Intuition versus the brute force of calculation" |access-date=11 August 2007 |date=10 February 2003 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=11 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911023617/http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/fun.games/02/08/cnna.kasparov/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After one win each and three draws, it was all up to the final game. After reaching a decent position, Kasparov offered a draw, which was accepted by the Deep Junior team. Asked why he had offered the draw, Kasparov said he feared making a blunder.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thechessdrum.net/tournaments/Kasparov-DeepJr/ |title=Kasparov & Deep Junior fight 3–3 to draw! |access-date=11 August 2007 |last=Shabazz |first=Damian |publisher=The Chess Drum |archive-date=27 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927222722/http://www.thechessdrum.net/tournaments/Kasparov-DeepJr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Deep Junior was the first machine to beat Kasparov with Black and at a standard time control.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kasparov knows more about Deep Junior than we do |publisher=[[ChessBase]] |date=15 February 2003 |url=http://en.chessbase.com/home/TabId/211/PostId/4000799 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130829184940/http://en.chessbase.com/home/TabId/211/PostId/4000799 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 August 2013 |access-date=27 August 2013 }}</ref>▼

[[Kasparov versus the World]] was a game that took place in 1999. Kasparov conducted the white moves while more than 50,000 people from all over the globe played against him. The game was a huge mixture of tactical and strategical ideas, with Kasparov saying: "It is the greatest game in the history of chess. The sheer number of ideas, the complexity, and the contribution it has made to chess make it the most important game ever played."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-21 |title=Kasparov versus the World – Michael Nielsen |url=https://michaelnielsen.org/blog/kasparov-versus-the-world/#:~:text=In%201999,%20world%20chess%20champion%20Garry |access-date=2024-10-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> After 62 moves, Kasparov won the game.

▲In January 2003, he engaged in a six-game classical time control match, with a $1 million prize fund, against [[Junior (chess program)|Deep Junior]]. It was billed as the FIDE "Man vs. Machine" world championship.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=599 |title=Kasparov vs Deep Junior in January 2003 |date=15 November 2002 |access-date=11 August 2007 |publisher=ChessBase |archive-date=26 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223847/http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=599 |url-status=live }}</ref> The engine evaluated three million positions per second.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/fun.games/02/08/cnna.kasparov/ |title=Kasparov: "Intuition versus the brute force of calculation" |access-date=11 August 2007 |date=10 February 2003 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=11 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911023617/http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/fun.games/02/08/cnna.kasparov/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After one win each and three draws, it was all up to the final game. After reaching a decent position, Kasparov offered a draw, which was accepted by the Deep Junior team. Asked why he had offered the draw, Kasparov said he feared making a blunder.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thechessdrum.net/tournaments/Kasparov-DeepJr/ |title=Kasparov & Deep Junior fight 3–3 to draw! |access-date=11 August 2007 |last=Shabazz |first=Damian |publisher=The Chess Drum |archive-date=27 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927222722/http://www.thechessdrum.net/tournaments/Kasparov-DeepJr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Deep Junior was the first machine to beat Kasparov with Black and at a standard time control.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kasparov knows more about Deep Junior than we do |publisher=[[ChessBase]] |date=15 February 2003 |url=http://en.chessbase.com/home/TabId/211/PostId/4000799 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130829184940/http://en.chessbase.com/home/TabId/211/PostId/4000799 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 August 2013 |access-date=27 August 2013 }}</ref>

In June 2003, [[Mindscape (company)|Mindscape]] released the computer game ''[[Kasparov Chessmate]]'', with Kasparov himself listed as a co-designer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kasparov Chessmate for Windows (2003)|url=https://www.mobygames.com/game/windows/kasparov-chessmate|access-date=17 February 2021|website=MobyGames|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001020642/https://www.mobygames.com/game/windows/kasparov-chessmate|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2003, he engaged in a four-game match against the computer program [[X3D Fritz]], using a virtual board, [[3D glasses]] and a [[speech recognition]] system. After two draws and one win apiece, the X3D Man–Machine match ended in a draw. Kasparov received $175,000 and took home a golden trophy. He continued to regret the blunder in the second game that cost him a crucial point. He felt that he had outplayed the machine overall and performed well: "I only made one mistake but unfortunately that one mistake lost the game."<ref>{{cite web | title = Kasparov vs X3D Fritz match finishes 2–2 after game four draw | publisher = [[ChessBase]] | date = 19 November 2003 | url = http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=1312 | access-date = 19 November 2009 | archive-date = 4 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110604222717/http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=1312 | url-status = live }}</ref>

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===Armenia===

In a 2020 interview discussing the [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]], Kasparov stated that the [[Republic of Artsakh]] has a right to independence and that Azerbaijan has no sovereign right over it. He considers this stance to be objective and without bias, as Soviet law allowed for autonomous republics (such as the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]]) to vote for independence separately and were given an equal right for self-determination, a factor he felt often went ignored.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kasparov: Start of Karabakh Tragedy Was Sumgait Pogrom |url=https://mirrorspectator.com/2020/10/15/kasparov-start-of-karabakh-tragedy-was-sumgait-pogrom/ |work=[[The Armenian Mirror-Spectator]] |date=15 October 2020 |access-date=16 October 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026005825/https://mirrorspectator.com/2020/10/15/kasparov-start-of-karabakh-tragedy-was-sumgait-pogrom/ |archive-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> Kasparov recalled that he was criticised by Armenians for not taking a strong stance when the [[Karabakh movement]] began in 1988, explaining that he was living in [[Baku]] with 200,000 other Armenians at the time and did not want to increase tensions.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Garry Kasparov |user=Kasparov63 |number=1318202135490723841 |date=19 October 2020 |title=An English translation of a part of my Ekho of Moscow interview on the past and present of conflict in Azerbaijan, Armenian, and Nagorno-Karabakh, which spurred troll forces to get my Russian FB page blocked.}}</ref> Kasparov and his family later fled Baku in January 1990 to escape [[Baku pogrom|pogroms against Armenians]].<ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/kasparov63/status/1317876091181256704 |title=I think I got a good education on the subject when my family and I had to flee Baku at night to escape the January 1990 pogroms against Armenians that were coordinated by local leaders with Soviet acquiescence. |last=Kasparov |first=Garry |user=Kasparov63 |number=1317876091181256704 |date=18 October 2020 |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://kasparovchessfoundation.org/About/bio.html |title=Kasparov Chess Foundation - Bio |website=kasparovchessfoundation.org |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225100427/http://kasparovchessfoundation.org/About/bio.html |archive-date=25 December 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kasparov has declined invitations back to visit Baku, stating he would only return "if every other Armenian born there can do it without a problem and without special favors from the government."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kasparov on Growing up in Baku Uniting Human Spirit – Asbarez.com |date=21 July 2003 |url=https://asbarez.com/kasparov-on-growing-up-in-baku-uniting-human-spirit/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |language=en-US |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126155046/https://asbarez.com/kasparov-on-growing-up-in-baku-uniting-human-spirit/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

He welcomed the [[2018 Armenian revolution|Velvet Revolution]] in [[Armenia]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/kasparov-armenia-unrest-political-bellwether|title=Kasparov: Armenia Unrest Is Political Bellwether|publisher=Voice of America|language=en|access-date=18 February 2020|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218145547/https://www.voanews.com/europe/kasparov-armenia-unrest-political-bellwether|url-status=live}}</ref> Kasparov supports [[Armenian genocide recognition]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Kasparov63/status/988758617607286784|title=A day of mourning and of hope. My solidarity and admiration for the heroic people of Armenia on the anniversary of the Genocide, who once again face the tide of history with courage and determination|last=Kasparov|first=Garry|date=24 April 2018|website=@Kasparov63|language=en|access-date=18 February 2020|archive-date=9 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709055310/https://twitter.com/Kasparov63/status/988758617607286784|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.am/eng/news/263724.html|title=Garry Kasparov: We must be brave enough to call evil by its name|website=news.am|language=en|access-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218145547/https://news.am/eng/news/263724.html|archive-date=18 February 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Kasparov63/status/856554032420225024|title=My note on Armenian Genocide Mem Day. 'Denial of atrocity is denial of humanity–of the victims and of ourselves.'|last=Kasparov|first=Garry|date=24 April 2017|website=@Kasparov63|language=en|access-date=18 February 2020|archive-date=9 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709061705/https://twitter.com/Kasparov63/status/856554032420225024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/803160 | title=Garry Kasparov calls on the world to recognise Armenian Genocide | date=24 April 2015 | access-date=3 January 2021 | archive-date=10 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610225707/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/803160 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Other international affairs===

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Kasparov is the chief advisor for the book publisher [[Everyman Chess]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://everymanchess.com/|title=Everyman Chess: Publishers of chess books and eBooks|website=Everyman Chess|access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref> He works closely with [[Mig Greengard]] and his comments can often be found on Greengard's blog.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uschess.org/index.php/September/Interview-with-Mig-Greengard.html | title=The United States Chess Federation – Interview with Mig Greengard |website=Uschess.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.chessninja.com/dailydirt/ | title=The Daily Dirt Chess News Blog|website=chessninja.com }}</ref> Kasparov collaborated with [[Max Levchin]] and [[Peter Thiel]] on ''The Blueprint'', a book calling for a revival of world innovation, planned for release in March 2013 but cancelled after the authors disagreed on its contents.<ref>[https://www.technologyreview.com/s/429690/why-we-cant-solve-big-problems/ Why We Can't Solve Big Problems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312224531/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/429690/why-we-cant-solve-big-problems/ |date=12 March 2017 }}, ''MIT Technology Review'', 24 October 2012.</ref> In an editorial comment on Google's [[AlphaZero]] chess-playing system, Kasparov argued that chess has become the model for reasoning in the same way that the fruit fly ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' became a model organism for geneticists: "I was pleased to see that AlphaZero had a dynamic, open style like my own," he wrote in late 2018.<ref>Garry Kasparov, "Chess, a Drosophila of reasoning". ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' 7 December 2018: Vol. 362, Issue 6419, pp. 1087. {{doi|10.1126/science.aaw2221}} [https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aaw2221 Full text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210144619/http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/1087.full |date=10 December 2018 }}</ref>

Kasparov served as a consultant for the 2020 [[Netflix]] miniseries ''[[The Queen's Gambit (miniseries)|The Queen's Gambit]]'' and gave an interview to ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' on his contributions.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pahwa|first=Nitish|date=17 November 2020|title=World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov on What The Queen's Gambit Gets Right|url=https://slate.com/culture/2020/11/queens-gambit-garry-kasparov-interview-netflix-chess-adviser.html|access-date=17 February 2021|work=Slate|language=en|archive-date=18 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218171930/https://slate.com/culture/2020/11/queens-gambit-garry-kasparov-interview-netflix-chess-adviser.html|url-status=live}}</ref> That same year, Kasparov collaborated with [[Matt Calkins]], founder and CEO of [[Appian Corporation|Appian]], on ''~~HYPERAUTOMATION~~Hyperautomation'', a book about [[Low-code development platform|low-code development]] and the future of business automation. Kasparov wrote the foreword where he discusses his experiences with human–machine relationships.<ref>{{cite web|title=All about automation: A deep dive into automation for a great cause|url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/all-about-automation-a-deep-dive-into-automation-for-a-great-cause/|access-date=18 February 2021|website=TechRepublic|date=5 November 2020|language=en|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125020329/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/all-about-automation-a-deep-dive-into-automation-for-a-great-cause/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|~~last~~title=~~Foreword by Garry Kasparov~~Hyperautomation|~~url~~last=~~https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1237642165~~Calkins|~~title~~first=~~Hyperautomation~~Matt|date=2020|isbn=978-1-7357329-0-9|location=[Pennsauken, NJ, USA]|oclc=1237642165|~~access-date~~publisher=18BookBaby}} ~~February~~Foreword ~~2021|archive-date=22~~by ~~March~~Garry ~~2022|archive-url=https://web~~Kasparov.~~archive.org/web/20220322122244/https://www.worldcat.org/title/hyperautomation/oclc/1237642165|url-status=live}}~~</ref> ''The New York Times'' published an essay by Kasparov titled "Garry Kasparov: What We Believe About Reality" in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kasparov |first=Garry |date=2021-06-02 |title=Garry Kasparov: What We Believe About Reality |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/02/special-series/garry-kasparov-what-we-believe-about-reality.html |access-date=2022-10-15 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The essay is part of a series called ''The Big Ideas: What Do We Believe''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Big Ideas: What Do We Believe? |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/column/the-big-ideas-what-do-we-believe |access-date=2022-10-15 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This work was later published in a compendium titled ''Question Everything: A Stone Reader.''<ref>{{Cite book |title=Question Everything: A Stone Reader |publisher=W. W. Norton (Liverlight) |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-324-09183-7 |editor-last=Catapano |editor-first=Peter |edition=1st |pages=83–86}}</ref>

=== Bibliography ===

Line 520 ⟶ 522:

* ''[[Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine]]'', documentary film.

* [[Kasparov Chess]], Internet chess club.

* [[Kasparov versus the World]]

* [[List of chess games between Kasparov and Kramnik]]

* [[Committee 2008]]

Line 532 ⟶ 533:

* {{Official website}}

* {{Chessgames player|15940}}

* {{Curlie|Games/Board_Games/Abstract/Battle_Games/Chess/People/World_Champions/Kasparov,_Garry/}}

* Garry Kasparov, [http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110011031 "Man of the Year?"], ''[[OpinionJournal.com|OpinionJournal]]'', 23 December 2007

* [[Edward Winter (chess historian)|Edward Winter]], [http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/fischerkasparov.html List of Books About Fischer and Kasparov]