Law enforcement in Sudan: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->

{{Merge from|Prisons in Sudan|discuss=Talk:Law enforcement in Sudan#Proposed merge of Prisons in Sudan into Law enforcement in Sudan|date=October 2020}}

[[File:Emblem of the Sudanese Police Force.svg|thumb|Sudanese Police Force Emblem.]]This'''Law articleenforcement discussesin Sudan''' is the law enforcement inof the country of [[Sudan]]'''.

== History ==

The [[British Army during the Victorian Era|British army]] assigned a captain to the central administration for [[police]] duties in 1898.<ref name="loc2015">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Ofcansky|first=Thomas P.|title=The Sudan Police Force|editor-last=Berry|editor1-first=LaVerle|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Sudan.pdf|encyclopedia=Sudan: a country study|date=2015|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|others=|year=|isbn=978-0-8444-0750-0|edition=5th|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=348-350348–350|postscript=. {{PD-notice}} Though published in 2015, this work covers events in the whole of Sudan (including present-day South Sudan) until the 2011 secession of South Sudan.}}</ref> He commanded 30 British army officers and helped to organize provincial police forces.<ref name="loc2015" /> In 1901 the authorities decentralized the police to improve efficiency.<ref name="loc2015" /> The government assumed responsibility for administrative control of the police in 1908, but provincial governors retained operational control of the forces.<ref name="loc2015" /> In 1928 the British established the Sudan Police Force (SPF) under the Ministry of Interior.<ref name="loc2015" /> Throughout the colonial period, the police lacked the resources and manpower to deploy officers throughout Sudan.<ref name="loc2015" /> Instead, the government gave tribal leaders authority to maintain order among their people and to enlist a limited number of “retainers” to help them in law-enforcement duties.<ref name="loc2015" /> This communal security system remained in effect until the early 1970s.<ref name="loc2015" />

The Sudan Police College opened in [[Khartoum]] in 1937 to train all policemen and administrators in a one- or two-year course.<ref name="loc2015" /> Graduates could transfer between the two services initially, but by 1948 training had become too specialized to allow this practice.<ref name="loc2015" /> In 1969 the authorities built a police laboratory to enhance criminal-investigation capabilities.<ref name="loc2015" />

The SPF faced several challenges during the [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|colonial]] and early postcolonial periods.<ref name="loc2015" /> On June 4, 1951, a group of police officers met to discuss recent labor unrest in Khartoum, [[Khartoum North|North Khartoum]], and [[Omdurman]].<ref name="loc2015" /> The British commandant broke up the meeting.<ref name="loc2015" /> The police officers then staged a demonstration that resulted in the dismissal of the ringleaders, who refused an order to return to barracks.<ref name="loc2015" /> On June 8–9, companies from the [[Sudan Camel Corps|Camel Corps]] and the [[Eastern Arab Corps]] arrived in Khartoum from [[El-Obeid|Al-Obeid]] and [[Kassala]] to prevent further unrest while the SDF disarmed the police.<ref name="loc2015" /> A few days later, the authorities allowed 670 police officers to return to duty but sacked 222 others.<ref name="loc2015" /> The British released a report in July that blamed the unrest on incompetent British officers who commanded the police and on wretched housing conditions.<ref name="loc2015" /> In the aftermath of this report, workmen built new housing and renovated old barracks.<ref name="loc2015" />

The SPF and army worked together from 1965 to 1969 to quell the unrest caused by the rebellion in the Southern provinces.<ref name="loc2015" /> By 1970, SPF headquarters included administration, immigration, nationality, public affairs, training, and security administration.<ref name="loc2015" /> These divisions also existed at provincial levels.<ref name="loc2015" /> Each provincial police force had about 2,000 officers.<ref name="loc2015" /> Khartoum frequently modified the command and administration of the SPF.<ref name="loc2015" />

Prior to 1977, women served in the police after learning basic administrative duties and working on criminal cases involving women as witnesses or defendants.<ref name="loc2015" /> In 1977 four women completed the two year course at the Sudan Police College and became the first females to join the ranks.<ref name="loc2015" /> A limited number of women served in the SPF and generally worked in administrative sections, on juvenile delinquency matters, or criminal cases that involved female Sudanese witnesses or defendants.<ref name="loc2015" />

The police reported to the minister of interior until 1979, when that post was abolished, and various ministers became responsible for different areas of police work.<ref name="loc2015" /> This arrangement proved unwieldy, however, and the Police Act of 1979 instituted a unified command in which the head of the force reported to the president.<ref name="loc2015" /> After al-Numayri'sthe overthrow of President [[Jaafar Nimeiry]] in fall1985, the cabinet position of minister of interior was restored, and the director general of police was made responsible to the minister.<ref name="loc2015" />

Central police headquarters in Khartoum was organized into several divisions—such as administration, training, and security affairs—each commanded by a police major general.<ref name="loc2015" /> The main operational elements included the traffic police and the riot police.<ref name="loc2015" /> The 1979 legislation brought specialized police units, such as one for the [[Sudan Railways]], under the SPF’sSPF's authority.<ref name="loc2015" /> Khartoum headquarters maintained liaison and cooperated with the [[Interpol|International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)]] and agencies involved in combating international drug trafficking.<ref name="loc2015" />

The government's new administrative system delegated many powers to the regional level, but law enforcement outside major urban areas was organized at the state level.<ref name="loc2015" /> Thus, the SPF was subdivided into state commands, which were organized according to the same divisions found in the national headquarters.<ref name="loc2015" /> Local police directors reported to state police commissioners, who in turn were responsible to the SPF director general in Khartoum.<ref name="loc2015" /> Each provincial command had its own budget.<ref name="loc2015" />

The SPF expanded from roughly 7,500 officers and men in 1956 to about 18,000 in 1970 and 30,000 by 2005.<ref name="loc2015" />

== Police organizations ==

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=== Popular Police Forces ===

The Popular Police Forces, created in 1989, were estimated to have at least 35,000 members who technically were under the supervision of the director general of police.<ref name="loc2015" /> In fact, thebut PPF was little more than an Islamist vigilante group that supposedly assisted the UPF.<ref name="loc2015" /> Itit operated as a politicized militia that sought to enforce “moral standards” among the country’scountry's Islamic population.<ref name="loc2015" /> The PPF, not surprisingly, had a poor human-rights record.<ref name="loc2015" /> It was dissolved by the transitional government after the [[Sudanese Revolution]].<ref>phttps[https://unitams.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/s_2020_614_e.pdf S/2020/614 - UNITAMS]</ref>

== Border control ==

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== See also ==

{{Commons|Category:Police of Sudan|Police of Sudan}}

* [[Prisons in Sudan]]