Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia
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{{Short description|American electronics company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems, (MITS)Inc.
| logo = MITS LOGO 1973.svg
| type = Private
| industry = [[Computer hardware]]
| fate = Acquired by [[Pertec Computer]] in 1977
| founded = {{Start date and age|1969|12}} in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]], [[United States]]
| founder = [[Ed Roberts (computer engineer)|Ed Roberts]], [[Forrest Mims]]
| hq_location_city = Albuquerque, New Mexico
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| homepage =
}}
'''Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems, Inc.''' ('''MITS'''), was an American electronics company founded in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]] that began manufacturing electronic [[calculator]]s in 1971 and personal [[computers]] in 1975.<ref name = "CC Nov 1984">{{cite magazine | last = Mims | first = Forrest M. | title = The Altair story: the early days at MITS | magazine = Creative Computing | volume = 10 | issue = 11 | page = 17 | date = November 1984 | url = http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v10n11/17_The_Altair_story_early_d.php | access-date = 2009-07-27 | archive-date = 2007-04-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070408035039/http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v10n11/17_The_Altair_story_early_d.php | url-status = dead }}</ref>
}}</ref>
[[Ed Roberts (computer engineer)|Ed Roberts]] and [[Forrest Mims]] founded MITS in December 1969 to produce miniaturized [[telemetry]] modules for model rockets such as a roll rate sensor.<ref name = " Model Rocketry Apr 1970" >{{cite journal | last = Mandell | first = Gorden | title = From the launching pad | journal = Model Rocketry | volume = 2 | issue = 9 | page = 5 | publisher = Model Rocketry, Inc | location = Cambridge, MA | date = April 1970 | url = http://www.ninfinger.org/~sven/rockets/ModelRocketry/ModelRocketry.html }}The editor describes the first MITS modules with photo of the units.</ref> In 1971, Roberts redirected the company into the electronic calculator market and the MITS 816 desktop calculator kit was featured on the November 1971 cover of ''[[Popular Electronics]]''.<ref name="MITS 816"/> The calculators were very successful and sales topped one million dollars in 1973. A brutal calculator price war left the company deeply in debt by 1974.
Roberts then developed the first commercially successful [[microcomputer]], the [[Altair 8800]], which was featured on the January 1975 cover of ''Popular Electronics''. Hobbyists flooded MITS with orders for the $397 computer kit. [[Paul Allen]] and [[Bill Gates]] saw the [[magazine]] and began writing [[software]] for the Altair, later called [[Altair BASIC]].<ref name="BBCTL">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5085630.stm|title=Bill Gates: A Timeline|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|date=July 15, 2006|accessdateaccess-date=July 17, 2010}}</ref> They moved to Albuquerque to work for MITS and in July 1975 started [[Microsoft]].
MITS's annual sales had reached $6 million by 1977 when they were acquired by [[Pertec Computer]]. The operations were soon merged into the larger company and the MITS brand disappeared. Roberts retired to [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] where he studied medicine and became a small town medical doctor.<ref name = "AJC 1997">{{cite news | last = Emerson | first = Bo | title = Doctor of Invention: Computer pioneer keeping it personal as a small-town doc | work = The Atlanta Journal -Constitution | page = M.01 | date = April 27, 1997}}</ref>
== Origin ==
=== Founders ===
[[Henry Edward Roberts]] studied Electrical Engineering at the [[University of Miami]] before enlisting in the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] in 1962.<ref name = "Zannos 2002">{{cite book | last = Zannos | first = Susan | title = Edward Roberts and the Story of the Personal Computer | publisher = Mitchell Lane Publishers | year = 2002 | page = [https://archive.org/details/edwardrobertssto0000zann/page/15 15] | isbn = 978-1-58415-118-0 | url = https://archive.org/details/edwardrobertssto0000zann/page/15 }}</ref> He soon became an electronics instructor at the [[Cryptography|Cryptographic]] Equipment Maintenance School at [[Lackland Air Force Base]] in [[San Antonio]], [[Texas]].<ref>{{sfnp|Roberts (|Mims|1974), |loc=back cover, author biography</ref>}} To augment his meager enlisted man's pay, Roberts worked on several off-duty projects and even set up a one-man company, Reliance Engineering. The most notable job was to create the electronics that animated the Christmas characters in the window display of [[Joske's]] department store in San Antonio. In 1965, he was selected for an Air Force program to complete his college degree, and became a commissioned officer. Roberts earned an Electrical Engineering degree from [[Oklahoma State University]] in 1968 and was assigned to the Weapons Laboratory at [[Kirtland Air Force Base|Kirtland AFB]] in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]].<ref>{{sfnp|Mims (|1986), |pages=24–27.</ref>}}
Forrest Mims was interested in science and electronics as a youth and even built an [[analog computer]] while in high school.<ref name = "ME 1987">{{cite magazine | last = Mims | first = Forrest | title = A Homebrew Analog Computer |magazine= Modern Electronics | volume = 4 | issue = 12 | pages =39–41 | date = December 1987 | issn = 0748-9889}}Mims describes the analog computer he built in high school. The article has a photograph and schematics of the computer.</ref> Mims graduated from [[Texas A&M University]] in 1966 (major in government with minors in English and history) then became a commissioned officer in the U.S. Air Force.<ref name = "Blind">{{cite news | title = New Device Helps The Blind | work = The San Antonio Light | page = 2 | date = April 15, 1966| quote = Although a political science major at A&M, Mims's second interest obviously is 'science and inventing things.'}}</ref> While serving in [[Vietnam]] as an intelligence officer, Mims continued his model rocket hobby.<ref name = "Rocketry in Vietnam">{{cite journal | last = Mims | first = Forrest M. | title = Model Rocketry in Vietnam | journal = Model Rocketry | volume = 2 | issue = 4 | pages =23–25 | publisher = Model Rocketry, Inc | location = Cambridge, MA | date = January 1970 | url = http://www.ninfinger.org/~sven/rockets/ModelRocketry/ModelRocketry.html}}</ref> At Texas A&M, Mims developed an infrared obstacle-sensing device and he experimented with it at the Saigon School for Blind Boys and Girls. Launching model rockets in an area accustomed to rocket attacks and working with blind children resulted in a story in the military newspaper, [[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|''Stars and Stripes'']].<ref name = "Stars Stripes 1967">{{cite journal | title = There Is No Substitute For Talent | journal = Pacific Stars and Stripes | volume = 23 | issue = 291 | page =9 | location = Tokyo, Japan | date = October 19, 1967}}</ref> This caught the attention of an Air Force Colonel, who arranged for Mims to be assigned to the Weapons Laboratory at Kirtland AFB even though Mims lacked an engineering degree.<ref>{{sfnp|Mims (|1986), |pages=62–69.</ref>}}
Roberts and Mims were both assigned to the Lab's Laser Group in 1968. Roberts had reactivated Reliance Engineering and built an infrared intrusion alarm for his uncle's fish farm in [[Florida]]. Later, Roberts and Stan Cagle, a civilian worker who also went to Oklahoma State, started building a power supply they hoped to sell.<ref>{{sfnp|Mims (|1986), |pages=27–28.</ref>}} Mims became an advisor to the Albuquerque Model Rocket Club and met the publisher of [[Model Rocketry (magazine)|''Model Rocketry'']] magazine in July 1969. Mims told him about a transistorized tracking light that he had used on night launches of rockets in Vietnam. This led to an article in the September 1969 issue of ''Model Rocketry''; "Transistorized Tracking Light for Night Launched Model Rockets" by Captain Forrest Mims.<ref name = "Tracking Light">{{cite journal | last = Mims | first = Forrest M. | title = Transistorized Tracking Light for Night Launched Model Rockets | journal = Model Rocketry | volume = 1 | issue = 11 | pages =9–11 | publisher = Model Rocketry, Inc | location = Cambridge, MA | date = September 1969 | url = http://www.ninfinger.org/~sven/rockets/ModelRocketry/ModelRocketry.html}}</ref> Mims became a regular contributor to ''Model Rocketry''.
===Model rocket kits===
[[File:MITS Rocket Light Flasher.jpg|thumb|right| Transistorized tracking light for model rockets. The product that launched MITS]]
Manned space flight and the race to the moon in the 1960s made model rocketry a popular hobby. Roberts, Mims, Cagle and another Air Force officer from the Lab, Bob Zaller, decided they could design and sell electronics kits to model rocket hobbyists.<ref name="Albuquerque Tribune Jan 1970">{{cite news | last = Carlin | first = Margie | title = Want to Fly a Rocket? Albq Academy Is the Pad | work = Albuquerque Tribune | page = B10 | date = January 30, 1970}} Summary: Feature story on Albuquerque Model Rocketry Club. The club was organized by Air Force Captain Forrest Mims. Mims and three other Albuquerque engineers, Ed Roberts, Dan Cagle and Robert Zaller, have formed a new company, Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems.</ref> Roberts wanted to call the new company Reliance Engineering, Mims wanted to form an acronym similar to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's MIT. Cagle came up with Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems, MITS.<ref>{{sfnp|Mims (|1986), |page=29.</ref>}} The December 1969 issue of ''Model Rocketry'' (circulation 15,000) carried a press release that began:
<blockquote>Reliance Engineering in Albuquerque, New Mexico has announced the formation of a subsidiary company for the manufacture of miniaturized electronic and telemetry systems designed for model rockets. The company is called Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS). Reliance Engineering president Henry Roberts announced that "MITS is presently conducting an intensive research program involving high quality miniature telemetry systems."</blockquote>
<blockquote> The first commercially available model rocket telemetry transmitter is among the first items to be offered by MITS. Accessory modules including a tone beacon, temperature sensor, and a roll rate sensor, as well as tracking lights, ground systems for data reduction, and light weight, water activated batteries will soon be available.<ref name = "Press Release 1969">{{cite journal | title = New Product Notes | journal = Model Rocketry | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | page =37 | publisher = Model Rocketry, Inc | location = Cambridge, MA | date = December 1969 | url = http://www.ninfinger.org/~sven/rockets/ModelRocketry/ModelRocketry.html}}</ref> </blockquote>
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They designed and built the telemetry modules in their homes and garages but they were only able to sell a few hundred units. Mims had sold a feature article about the new solid-state device, light-emitting diodes, to ''[[Popular Electronics]]'' (circulation 400,000) that May. With the hope of selling kits to the larger readership; Roberts and Mims designed a device that would transmit voice over a beam of light, the Opticom. The editors accepted the project story and both articles were featured on the cover of the November 1970 issue. The payment for the articles was $400 but meeting Les Solomon, ''[[Popular Electronics]]'' technical editor, proved to be significant to both Mims and Roberts future success.
In August 1970, Les Solomon, his wife and daughter were on vacation in the southwest and arranged to visit Mims, Roberts and their families. At that time, [[Daniel Meyer (engineer)|Dan Meyer]] and [[Don Lancaster]] were among the most prolific authors in ''Popular Electronics''. Meyer had built a million dollar a year business that sold kits of parts to build the project that he and Lancaster wrote about.<ref name = "News Express 1972">{{cite news | last = Barnes | first = Bill | title = Do-It Yourselfers Propel Kit Maker to High Levels | work = San Antonio Express-News | page = 10, Business Section | date = November 19, 1972}}</ref> Mims and Roberts wanted to do the same and quizzed Solomon on the kit business. Solomon gave them some statistics but said there was no way of knowing how many kits an article would sell, maybe a hundred, maybe a thousand.<ref>{{sfnp|Mims (|1986), |pages=32–34.</ref>}}
MITS had purchased components to build 200 Opticoms but only sold around 100 units. Roberts wanted to design a new electronic calculator kit but his partners wanted out. Bob Zaller had already left MITS and Forrest Mims was out of the Air Force and wanted to become a full-time writer. Roberts bought his 3 partners out for $600 in cash and $350 in equipment.<ref>{{sfnp|Mims (|1986), |pages=34–36.</ref>}} (Roberts' four-year commitment to the Air Force ended in mid-1972.) Mims and Roberts remained friends and collaborated on books, magazines and instruction manuals. <!-- Bob Zaller returned to MITS later. Mims pg. 31 -->
== Calculators ==
[[File:MITS Calculator 1200 Series 1973 advertisement.jpg|thumb|right| Sales had reached $100,000 per month when this advertisement ran in March 1973.]]
Ed Roberts' interest in computers began in high school when he built a simple digital computer from relays. His first real experience with computers came while at [[Oklahoma State University]] where engineering students had free access to an [[IBM 1620]] computer. Roberts' office at Weapons Laboratory had the state of the art [[Hewlett-Packard 9100A]] programmable calculator in 1968. In July 1970, a semiconductor company, [[Electronic Arrays]], announced a set of six LSI ICs that would make a four-function calculator.<ref name = "EAS100">{{cite journal | title = New Products: Do-it-yourself Electronic Calculator | journal = Computer | volume = 3 | issue = 6 | pages =38–41 | publisher = IEEE | date = November 1970 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GJ2wAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Electronic+Arrays%22+Calculator | doi = 10.1109/C-M.1970.216730 | quote = Electronic Arrays has developed the EAS100, a set of MOS LSI circuits for a 16 digit calculator with 8 digit display capability.}}</ref><ref name = "Calculator Patent">{{US patent reference | number = 3800129 | y = 1974 | m = 03 | d = 26 | inventor = Richard H. Umstattd | title = MOS Desk Calculator}} The Electronic Arrays, Inc. calculator chip set that was used in the MITS 816 calculator.</ref> Roberts was determined to design a calculator kit.
To fund the new project, Roberts sold 15% of MITS to fellow Air Force officer, Lieutenant William Yates. He also got an investment from another Weapons Laboratory officer, Major Ed Laughlin. Several other officers and scientist at the lab were interested in this state of the art calculator kit and helped with the design. Forrest Mims wrote the assembly manual in return for a calculator kit.
The MITS 816 was known as a "four-function" calculator; it could add, subtract, multiply and divide. The display was only 8-digits but the calculations were done to 16-digits of accuracy. The custom molded case gave the kit a professional appearance; the kit was $179 and an assembled unit was $275. The MITS 816 was featured on the November 1971 cover of ''[[Popular Electronics]]''.<ref name = "MITS 816">{{cite magazine | last = Roberts | first = Ed | date = November 1971 | title = Electronic desk calculator you can build |magazine= Popular Electronics | volume = 35 | issue = 5 | pages =27–32 | url=https://archive.org/details/popularelectroni35unse_3/page/27/mode/1up | url-access=registration}}</ref> Thousands of calculator orders came in each month, in contrast to poor results for previous kits that MITS had offered.<ref name = "Albq Journal Oct 1971">{{cite news | last = Cliff | first = W. Wilson | title = Little Firm in City Making Big Name with Calculator | work = Albuquerque Journal | page = G-2 | quote = But hundreds of thousands of electronics enthusiasts the world over have read about MITS within the last 10 days and no less than 200 already bought the light-weight 16-digit electronic calculator… | date = October 31, 1971}}</ref>
The steady flow of calculator sales allowed MITS to run full page advertisements in ''Radio-Electronics'', ''Popular Electronics'' and ''Scientific American''. In the June 1972 ''Radio-Electronics'', MITS announced a 14 digit calculator (Model 1440) with memory and square root function for $199.95 kit and $249.95 assembled. The original 816 kit was reduced from $179 to $149.95. Both calculators could be controlled by upcoming programming unit.<ref name = "RE June 1972">{{cite magazine | title = MITS announces our forth generation. |magazine= Radio-Electronics | volume = 43 | issue = 6 | page =13 | date = June 1972}} Full page advertisement of the Model 1440 calculator.</ref>
The monthly sales reached $100,000 in March 1973 and MITS moved to larger building with 10,000 square feet (930 square meters) of space.<ref name = "Albq Tribune Apr 1973">{{cite news | last = Lucas | first = Urith | title = Albq calculator firm to expand plant, triple number of employees | work = The Albuquerque Tribune | page = C14 | date = April 20, 1973}} Summary: MITS to move to the Cal-Lin Building, 6328 Linn NE in May. Now at 5404 Coal SE. Employment is expected to rise from 62 to 180 or 200. Company will have 10,000 square feet on one floor. Calculator sales reached $100,000 in March.</ref> To meet the demand for assembled calculators, an automated [[Wave soldering|wave solder machine]] was installed.<ref>{{harvp|Roberts (|Mims|1974), |pages=74–83.}} The "Calculator Manufacturing" section describes in detail how MITS produces calculators and has 10 photographs of the process.</ref> In 1973 MITS was selling every calculator they could make, 110 employees worked in two shifts assembling calculators.<ref>{{sfnp|Young (|1998), |pages=152–153.</ref>}}
The functionality of calculator ICs increased at a rapid pace and Roberts was designing and producing new models. The MITS 7400 scientific and engineering calculator was introduced in December 1972. It featured trigonometric functions, polar to rectangular conversion, two memories, and up to a seven-level [[Stack (data structure)|stack]]. A kit with a three-level stack was $299.95 and an assembled unit with a seven-level stack was $419.95.<ref name = "RE December 1972">{{cite magazine | title = A New Standard! MITS 7400 Scientific and Engineering Calculator |magazine= Radio-Electronics | volume = 43 | issue = 12 | page =17 | date = December 1972}} Full page advertisement of the Model 7400 scientific calculator.</ref> The next month the Series 1200 four-function pocket calculators were announced. The six-digit model was $59.95 and the twelve-digit model was $99.95.
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=== {{anchor|MITS 816|MITS 7400|MITS 7440}}MITS calculators ===
The feature and price information is from advertisements in ''Radio-Electronics'' magazine (issue date shown). The 816 price is from the original article in ''Popular Electronics''.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Model || Description !! Introduced !! Kit Price !! Assembled
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| 816B || Desktop, 8-digit display, 16-digit calculations, 4-function || Jun. 1972 || align="right" | $149.95 || align="right" | $189.95
|-
| 7400 || Desktop, 14-digit scientific. Trig functions, 3- (7400A), 5- (7400B), or 7-level stack (7400C)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/w-mits7400.html|title = WANTED - MITS 7400 Scientific/Engineering Calculator}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA151 |title = Popular Mechanics|publisher = Hearst Magazines|date = May 1973}}</ref> || Dec. 1972 || align="right" | $339.95 || align="right" | $419.95
|-
| 1206 || Handheld, 6 digit display, 12-digit calculation, 4-function, || Jan. 1973 || align="right" | $49.95 || align="right" | $59.95
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=== Price wars ===
[[Bowmar Instrument Corporation]] introduced the "Bowmar Brain", a four-function pocket calculator, in September 1971 and the $179 calculator sold over 500,000 copies in the first year. Bowmar then developed the "901B" calculator that was priced at $120.<ref name = "Schnaars 1997">{{cite book | last = Schnaars | first = Steven P. | title = Marketing Strategy: Customers And Competition | publisher = Simon and Schuster | year = 1997 | page = 48 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vvfmcTAGdloC&pg=PA48 | isbn = 978-0-684-83191-6}}</ref> In September 1972, [[Texas Instruments]] (TI) introduced the TI-2500 portable four-function calculator that also sold for $120.<ref name = "Computer 1972">{{cite journal | title = New Products | journal = Computer | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages =59–63 | publisher = IEEE | date = November 1972 | doi = 10.1109/C-M.1972.216999 | quote = The TI-2500 portable electronic calculator is a four-function, full-floating decimal-point unit with an eight-digit light emitting-diode display. With a suggested retail price of under $120, the TI-2500 calculator is rechargeable and capable of portable or ac operation.}} The calculator was previewed in June 1972 and formally released on September 21, 1972</ref> The 901B and the TI-2500 both used the TI TMS0100 family of "calculator-on-a-chip" integrated circuit. TI was now directly competing with their IC customers. Other semiconductor companies such as National Semiconductor and Rockwell began selling calculators. [[Commodore International|Commodore Business Machines]] and other office equipment companies also got into the market. A frenzied price war started. By early 1974, Ed Roberts found he could purchase a calculator in a retail store for less than his cost of materials. The larger companies could sell below cost to win market share. Bowmar lost $20 million in 1974 and filed for bankruptcy.<ref name = "NY Times Feb 1975">{{Cite news | last = Smith | first = William D. | title = Bowmar Will Ask Reorganization | newspaper = The New York Times | page = 55 | date = February 11, 1975}}</ref> Commodore acquired their IC supplier, [[MOS Technology]]. Texas Instruments won the price war but their calculator division lost $16 million in 1975.<ref>{{harvp|Young (|1998), |pages=153–154.}} The book quotes the September 1975 ''Forbes'' magazine on the hand-calculator market. It also details the MITS stock offering.</ref>
To compete in this market, Roberts needed more capital. He took MITS public in November 1973 with a stock offering of 500,000 shares at $1 each. The [[1973 oil crisis]] caused a stock market downturn and MITS was only able to sell 250,000 shares.<ref>{{sfnp|Mims (|1986), |pages=40–41.</ref>}} This allowed MITS to pay off the existing debt, but did not allow for any expansion. Roberts had developed several test equipment products such as a Waveform Generator and a Digital Voltmeter so he attempted to appeal to kit builders again by featuring the test equipment and digital clocks in the advertisements, instead of calculators. MITS was losing money, and by July 1974, the full page prominent ads were replaced with quarter-page ads in the back of the magazine.<ref name="RE July 1973">{{cite magazine | title = It's About Time |magazine= Radio-Electronics | volume = 45 | issue = 7 | page =75 | date = July 1974}} A quarter-page advertisement for the MITS DC100 clock/timer. Kit $79.95, assembled $99.95</ref>
MITS was now $300,000 in debt and Roberts was looking for a new hit product. He decided to return to the kit market with a low cost computer. The target customer would think that "some assembly required" was a desirable feature. Roberts had looked at the [[Intel 4004]] for calculators and thought the [[Intel 8008]] was limited and difficult to work with., Intelso hadhe just releasedchose the most recent [[Intel 8080|8080]], theiras firstthe microprocessorbasis thatfor couldhis be a general purpose computermachine.<ref>{{sfnp|Young (|1998),|pages= 155–158</ref>}} The target price of this complete computer kit had to be under $400. To meet this price, Roberts agreed to order 1000 microprocessors from Intel for $75 each.<ref>{{sfnp|Ceruzzi| (2003), |pages=227–228</ref>}} Roberts and his head engineer, Bill Yates, began designing the computer. The company was down to 20 employees and a bank loan for $60,000 financed the design and initial production of the new computer.
==''Popular Electronics'' and ''Radio-Electronics''==
In January 1972, ''Popular Electronics'' changed its editorial focus in an attempt to attract more advertising revenues. Reviews of stereo equipment and [[citizens' band radio|citizens band radio]] were featured; experimenter and constructions projects were gone. Dan Meyer, Don Lancaster, Forrest Mims, [[John Simonton]] and many other authors immediately started contributing to the competing ''[[Radio-Electronics]]'' magazine. The June 1972 cover story was "Experimenting with a $32 Solid State Laser" by Forrest Mims. Another article in that issue was "Experiments with Op-Amps" by B.R. Rogen; this was a [[pseudonym]] of ''Popular Electronics'' technical editor, Les Solomon.<ref>{{sfnp|Mims (|1986), |page=168.</ref>}} Solomon wrote articles for ''Radio-Electronics'' while working for ''Popular Electronics''. Lou Garner, the longtime solid-state editor, moved to ''Radio-Electronics'' for a year.<ref name = "Garner 1973">{{cite magazine | last = Garner | first = Lou | title = The state of solid state |magazine= Radio-Electronics | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | page =55 | publisher = Gernsback | date = January 1973}} Describes the expanded TMS0100 family of "calculator-on-a-chip" MOS/LSI integrated circuits. The article includes an illustration of a chip layout.</ref> Several MITS kit projects were featured in ''Radio-Electronics'' including the ITC 1800 Integrated Circuit Tester (May 1972), the Model 1700 Function Generator (July 1973), the Model 1440 Calculator (July 1973) and the 88 VLCT Computer Terminal (November 1974).
''Radio-Electronics'' had a smaller circulation than ''Popular Electronics'' but led the way with innovative construction projects between 1972 and 1975. John Simonton's first modular electronic music synthesizer was featured on the cover of the May 1973 issue.<ref name = "Simonton 1973">{{cite magazine | last = Simonton | first = John | authorlinkauthor-link = John Simonton | title = Build a Modular Electronic Music Synthesizer |magazine= Radio-Electronics | volume = 44 | issue = 5 | pages =38–41 | date = May 1973}}</ref> It sold for a fraction of commercial synthesizers and his [[PAiA Electronics]] produced them for decades. Don Lancaster's [[TV Typewriter]] in September 1973 and Jon Titus's [[Mark-8]] computer in July 1974 were the catalyst of the home computer revolution.
Art Salsberg became the editor of ''Popular Electronics'' in 1974 with a goal of reclaiming the lead in projects. He wanted to publish a computer project that was more functional and elegant than the Mark-8.<ref name = "Salsberg 1984">{{cite magazine | last = Salsberg | first = Arthur | title = Jaded Memory |magazine= InfoWorld | volume = 6 | issue = 46 | page =7 | date = November 12, 1984 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oy4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA7 | issn = 0199-6649 | publisher = InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.}}</ref> Les Solomon knew MITS was working on an Intel 8080 based computer project and thought Roberts could provide the project for the always popular January issue.
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=== Products ===
The Altair 8800 was modeled after early 1970s [[minicomputer]]s such as the [[Data General Nova]]. These machines contained a CPU board, memory boards, and I/O boards; the data storage and display terminal were external devices. The [[Teletype Model 33|Teletype Model 33 ASR]] was a popular terminal because it provided printed output and data storage on punched paper tape. More advanced systems would have 8-inch floppy disks and a video terminal that would display 24 lines of 80 characters such as the [[ADM-3A]]. (No graphics were available and lower-case letters were a $75 option.)<ref name = "ADM-3A">{{cite magazine | last = Hawkins | first = William J. |author2=Orlando Guerra | title = Computer add-ons - kits you build for your home unit |magazine= Popular Science | volume = 212 | issue = 5 | pages =64–68 | date = May 1978 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rwAAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA64 | issn = 0161-7370
| accessdate = | publisher = Bonnier Corporation }}ADM-3A Terminal cost $795 (kit) and $895 (assembled).</ref> Most of these computers had a front panel with toggle switches for entering data and lights for displaying it. These were normally used to boot the computer and to diagnose problems.
The Altair 8800 kit came with a front panel, a CPU board with the Intel 8080 microprocessor, 256 bytes of RAM, a 4-slot backplane and an 8-amp power supply for $439.<ref name = "MITS Price List">{{cite magazine | author = MITS |date=August 1975 | title = Worlds Most Inexpensive BASIC language system |magazine= Popular Electronics | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | page =1 | publisher = Ziff Davis}}</ref> A 1k byte memory board was $176 and the 4k byte was $264. The serial interface board was $124 and the parallel interface was $119. The Teletype Model 33 ASR was $1500. There was a special price for an 8k byte system with [[Altair BASIC]] ([[Microsoft]] first ever product) for $995. The[[Bill TeletypeGates]], Modeland 33[[Paul ASRAllen]] waswrote [[Altair BASIC]] with [[Monte Davidoff]] contributing the [[Floating-point arithmetic]] routines. [[Altair BASIC]] initial developed from February 1975 to May 1975 and announced by MITS in July 1975, the 4k version on paper tape for $1500150, the 8k version with cassette support for $200 and the Extended 16k version with disk support (December 1975) for $350. To encourage selling more boards, Altair BASIC was discounted to $60, $75, $150 respectively, when bundled with 4k, 8k and I/O boards
When the January 1975 issue of ''Popular Electronics'' reached readers in mid December 1974, MITS was flooded with orders. They had to hire extra people just to answer the phones. In February, MITS received 1,000 orders for the Altair 8800. The quoted delivery time was 60 days but it was many more months before the machines were shipped. By August 1975, they had shipped over 5,000 computers.<ref name = "Byte Oct 1975">{{cite magazine | last = Green | first = Wayne |date=October 1975 | title = From the Publisher .. Are they real? |magazine= BYTE | volume = 1 | issue = 2 |pages=61, 81, 87 | publisher = Green Publishing}} In August 1975, Wayne Green visited several personal computer manufacturers. A photo caption in his trip report says; "Meanwhile, at MITS, over 5,000 Altair 8800's have been shipped. Here is a view of part of the production line."</ref>
The Altair 8800 computer was a break-even sale for MITS. They needed to sell additional memory boards, I/O boards and other options to make a profit. The April 1975 issue of the MITS newsletter, ''Computer Notes'', had a page-long price list that offered over 15 optional boards.<ref name="Price List April 1975">{{cite journal|title=Updated Price List |journal=Computer Notes |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=6 |publisher=MITS |location=Albuquerque NM |date=April 1975 |url=http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=75_4&p=6 |url-status=unfit |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=75_4&p=6 |archivedatearchive-date=March 23, 2012 }}[https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewerLarge.php?ii=75_4&p=06 Larger version.]</ref> The delivery time given was 60 or 90 days, but many items were never produced and dropped from future price lists. Initially, Roberts decided to concentrate on production of the computers. Prompt delivery of optional boards did not occur until October 1975. <!-- Computer Notes October 1975 -->
The Intel 8080 did not have dedicated circuitry to support [[dynamic random-access memory]] (DRAM) because in 1975, this type of memory was still a new technology. MITS wanted to use DRAM because it consumed less power than static RAM. However, they had several design and component problems that led to a high failure rate with their 4K Dynamic RAM board. By July, new companies such as [[Processor Technology]] were selling 4K Static RAM boards with the promise of reliable operation.<ref name = "Homebrew July 1975">{{cite journal | title = Hardware | journal = Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter | volume = 1 | issue = 5 |pages=2, 5 | date = July 5, 1975 | url = http://www.digibarn.com/collections/newsletters/homebrew/V1_05/index.html}}</ref> MITS released its own 4K Static RAM board in January 1976.<!-- CN Jan 1976 page 11 -->
The only floppy disk drives that were readily available in 1975 were IBM compatible 8-inch drives. MITS selected the Pertec FD400 disk drive which could store over 300,000 bytes of data.<ref name="Floppy Disk July 1975">{{cite journal|last=Durston |first=Tom |title=Altair Floppy Disk |journal=Computer Notes |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=5 |publisher=MITS |location=Albuquerque NM |date=July 1975 |url=http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=75_7&p=5 |url-status=unfit |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=75_7&p=5 |archivedatearchive-date=March 23, 2012 }}</ref> The Altair disk controller occupied two boards and had over 60 ICs. The initial units were to be available in August, but were delayed until the end of 1975. The production version of Extended Disk BASIC was released in April 1976.<!-- CN March 1976 pg 6 --> The controller with one disk drive sold for $1,480 (kit) and $1,980 (assembled).<ref name = "Price List April 1975"/>
=== Marketing ===
[[File:Computer Notes July 1975 pg1.png|thumb|right| [[Bill Gates]] was a regular contributor to ''Computer Notes''. The MITS-Mobile van traveled all over the US including a stop near the [[Homebrew Computer Club]] .]]
The first full page advertisements for the Altair computer appeared in the February issues of ''Popular Electronics'' and ''Radio-Electronics'' magazines. Soon MITS was advertising in technical journals such as the IEEE [[Computer (magazine)|''Computer'']],<ref name = "Computer May 75">{{cite journal | title = The Computer Company you can afford. | journal = Computer | volume = 8 | issue = 5 |page=16 | publisher = IEEE | date = May 1975 | doi = 10.1109/C-M.1975.218951}}</ref> and general interest magazines such as ''Scientific American''. MITS was also the most prominent advertiser in the new hobbyist computer magazines such as ''[[Creative Computing]]'' and [[Byte (magazine)|''Byte'']].
[[David Bunnell]] joined MITS as a technical writer in the calculator heyday. In April 1975 he created a newsletter so the MITS staff could easily communicate with the customers. The newsletter, ''Computer Notes'', was available to customers and other interested readers.<ref name = "Byte Nov 1975 Clubs">{{Cite journal | title = Clubs and Newsletters: Altair User's Group | journal = Byte | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages =77–78 | publisher = Green Publishing | location = Peterborough, NH | date = November 1975}}</ref> It was a large format newsletter; 11.25 by 15.5 inches (286 by 394 mm), and each issue had 8 to 24 pages. In January 1977, it switched to a smaller magazine format and the last issue was produced in January 1978. Bunnell started ''Personal Computer'' magazine in October 1976 and went on to a successful career as a magazine publisher.<ref name="CN June 1976">{{cite journal|title=Personal Computing |journal=Computer Notes |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=20 |publisher=MITS |location=Albuquerque NM |date=June 1976 |url=http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=76_6&p=20 |url-status=unfit |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323161919/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=76_6&p=20 |archivedatearchive-date=March 23, 2012 }}</ref>
''Computer Notes'' featured a wide variety of authors. Bill Gates and Paul Allen were regular contributors to the early issues. They wrote about Altair Basic and general software topics. Ed Roberts wrote a monthly "Letter from the President" column where he would answer customer questions and even review competing products. MITS engineers, such as Tom Durston and Steve Pollini, would give technical descriptions of new products. Altair owners would contribute software and hardware suggestions and occasionally a complete article.
MITS purchased a camper van in April 1975 and outfitted it with an Altair system complete with floppy disk, a [[Teletype Model 33]] and every accessory MITS produced. The "MITS-MOBILE" was literally a showroom on wheels that would travel from city to city showcasing the MITS product line. They would hold seminars at hotel conference rooms that would draw crowds of over 200 people. The most notable seminar was at Rickey's Hyatt House in Palo Alto, California in early June 1975, where a member of the [[Homebrew Computer Club]] left with an unreleased copy of Altair BASIC.<ref name = "Homebrew June 1975">{{cite journal | last = Moore | first = Fred | title = It's a Hobby | journal = Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter | volume = 1 | issue = 4 | page =1 | date = June 7, 1975 | url = http://www.digibarn.com/collections/newsletters/homebrew/V1_04/index.html}}</ref> After retail computer stores were established in most cities, the "MITS-MOBILE" was retired.<ref name="CN April 1976 p5">{{cite journal|title=MITS Mobile Caravan Seminars |journal=Computer Notes |volume=1 |issue=11 |page=5 |date=May 1976 |url=http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=76_4&p=5 |url-status=dead |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=76_4&p=5 |archivedatearchive-date=2012-03-23 }}</ref>
The first (and only) World Altair Computer Convention was held in Albuquerque, New Mexico in March 1976. The convention, organized by David Bunnell, was an overwhelming success; with 700 people from 46 states and seven countries attending.<ref name = "Byte Jun 1976">{{cite journal | title = The Albuquerque Happening | journal = Byte | volume = 1 | issue = 10 | pages =36–37 | publisher = Byte Publications | location = Peterborough, NH | date = June 1976}}</ref> Many of the attendees would go on to become leaders of the personal computer revolution.
Line 154:
[[File:Altair 8800b Computer Front.jpg|thumb|right| Many companies made boards that could plug into the Altair / S-100 bus.]]
Owners of mainframe systems and minicomputers could purchase additional memory, interface boards and peripherals from third party suppliers; so it was predictable that owners of the Altair 8800 computer would do the same. MITS's delays in delivery of systems and accessories accelerated the formation of Altair compatible suppliers. The first ones started appearing in mid-1975 and by July 1976 complete computerscomputer systems were readily available.<ref name = "Byte July 1976">{{cite journal | journal = Byte | volume = 1 | issue = 11 | title= Advertisements | publisher = Byte Publications | location = Peterborough NH | date = July 1976}} Numerous advertisers in the issue claim Altair compatibility.</ref> The technical manuals for the Altair 8800 provided electrical schematics of the 100 pin computer bus allowing others to design compatible boards. There was not a proper technical standard at the time and some "compatible" boards did not work with other "compatible" boards. Later, the industry developed the [[S-100 bus]] standard.<ref name = "S100 Bus">{{cite journal | last = Morrow | first = George | authorlinkauthor-link = George Morrow (computers) |author2=Howard Fullmer | title = Microsystems Proposed Standard for the S-100 Bus Preliminary Specification, IEEE Task 696.1/D2 | journal = Computer | volume = 11 | issue = 5 | pages = 84–90 | publisher = IEEE | date = May 1978 | doi = 10.1109/C-M.1978.218190| s2cid = 2023052 }}</ref>
[[Bill Godbout]] Electronics in Oakland, CA was the parts supplier to many of the hobbyists and students from [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]]. [[George Morrow (computers)|George Morrow]] approached Godbout with several Altair compatible designs that Godbout agreed to produce and sell.<ref name = "George Morrow 1979">{{cite journal | last = Williams | first = Tom | title = Hazards & Opportunities in the Micro Market: Interview with Thinker Toy's George Morrow | journal = Intelligent Machines Journal | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | page =2 | date = February 14, 1979 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA2 | issn = 0199-6649 | publisher = InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.}}</ref><ref name = "Altair clones">{{cite book | last1 = Freiberger | authorlink1author-link1 = Paul Freiberger | first1 = Paul | first2 = Michael | last2 = Swaine | authorlink2author-link2 = Michael Swaine (technical author) | title = Fire in the Valley | publisher = McGraw-Hill | year = 2000 | edition = 2nd | pages = [https://archive.org/details/fireinvalleymaki00frei_0/page/123 123–129] | isbn = 0-07-135892-7 | url = https://archive.org/details/fireinvalleymaki00frei_0/page/123 }}</ref> The October 1975 Byte magazine carried an advertisement headlining "Get your MITTS on a Godbout RAM kit." <!-- The ad actuality use "MITtS" --> The 4K byte Altair compatible board was $131.07.
Godbout also sold components to [[Processor Technology]] for their 4K Static RAM board and serial / parallel interface board. [[Lee Felsenstein]] designed an Altair compatible video board that provided 16 lines of 64 upper and lower case characters on a black and white television. This $160 board became very popular and led to the Processor Technology [[Sol-20]] Computer in 1976.<ref name = "VDM-1">{{cite magazine | date = February 1976 | title = Introducing VDM-1|magazine= Popular Electronics | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | page =100}} Processor Technology Video Display advertisement. Features 16 lines, 64 characters, upper and lower case. $160</ref>
The [[IMSAI 8080]], the first "clone" of the Altair computer, was released in December 1975.<ref name = "ComputerLand">{{cite book | last = Littman | first = Jonathan | title = Once Upon a Time in ComputerLand: The Amazing, Billion-Dollar Tale of Bill Millard | publisher = Price Stern Sloan | date =1987 | page = 18 | location = Los Angeles | isbn = 0-89586-502-5 | url=https://archive.org/details/onceupontimeinco0000litt/ | url-access=registration }} "Later that day, December 16 [1975], United Parcel Service picked up the first shipment of 50 IMSAI computer kits for delivery to customers."</ref> It corrected many shortcomings of the original Altair 8800 by providing a larger power supply, a 22 slot motherboard, and easier wiring of the front panel. Ed Roberts reviewed the IMSAI in his April 1976 column in ''Computer Notes'', and agreed that the IMSAI was in some ways better than the original Altair. Roberts also pointed out that the new Altair 8800B was superior to the IMSAI 8080 and the upgraded Altair 8800A fixed the same issues that the IMSAI did.<ref name="CN April 197 p36">{{cite journal|last=Roberts |first=Ed |title=Ramblings from Ed Roberts |journal=Computer Notes |volume=1 |issue=11 |page=3 |publisher=MITS |location=Albuquerque NM |date=April 1976 |url=http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=76_4&p=3 |url-status=unfit |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=76_4&p=3 |archivedatearchive-date=March 23, 2012 }}</ref>
Altair computers were only available from the 20 or so authorized Altair computer dealers, but the IMSAI 8080, Processor Technology Sol and many other clones were sold by hundreds of newly opening computer stores.
The S-100 bus was used throughout the 1980s until it was overtaken by the IBM PC [[Industry Standard Architecture|ISA]] bus. [[Seattle Computer Products]] (SCP) was a manufacturer of S-100 memory boards. The company's engineer, [[Tim Paterson]], designed an [[Intel 8086]] [[Central Processing Unit|CPU]] system on two S-100 boards in 1979. [[Microsoft]], then in nearby Bellevue, Washington, used the prototype machine to test their 8086 version of BASIC. Digital Research had promised to deliver an 8086 version of their [[CP/M]] operating system by December 1979 but missed that date. SCP needed a disk operating system to sell its 8086 products so Patterson wrote [[86-DOS|QDOS]], a "Quick and Dirty Operating System" in three months. Microsoft would later purchase QDOS from SCP for $50,000 and use it as the basis for the [[IBM PC DOS]].<ref>{{sfnp|Manes (|Andrews|1994), |pages=134–136</ref>}}<ref name = "InfoWorld Sep 1981">{{cite magazine | last = Hogan | first = Thom | title = IBM Announces New Microcomputer System |magazine= InfoWorld | volume = 3 | issue = 18 |pages=1, 14 | date = September 14, 1981 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA14 | issn = 0199-6649 | publisher = InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.}}</ref>
=== Altair BASIC ===
{{Main|Altair BASIC}}
[[File:Altair Computer Ad August 1975.jpg|thumb|right| An Altair 8800 kit with 8 KB of memory and Altair BASIC cost only $995 in August 1975.]]
In December 1974 Bill Gates was a student at [[Harvard University]] and Paul Allen worked for [[Honeywell]] in Boston. They saw the Altair 8800 computer in the January 1975 issue of ''Popular Electronics'' and knew it was powerful enough to support a [[BASIC]] interpreter.<ref>The January 1975 issue of ''Popular Electronics'' was published on November 29, 1974. [[:File:Copyright Popular Electronics 1975.jpg|Copyright record.]]</ref> They wanted to be the first to offer BASIC for the Altair computer, and the software development tools they had previously created for their [[Intel 8008]] microprocessor based [[Traf-O-Data]] computer would give them a head start.<ref>{{sfnp|Manes (|Andrews|1994), |pages=68–70.</ref>}} While their friend, Paul Gilbert, was building the computer, Allen wrote a program that ran on a DEC [[PDP-10]] [[time-sharing]] computer that simulated the 8008 system. He also modified DEC's [[Assembly language|macro assembler]] to produce the machine code for the 8008 microprocessor. The Traf-O-Data software could be written and debugged before the computer hardware was complete.<ref>{{sfnp|Manes (|Andrews|1994), |pages=50–54.}} Gates and Allen worked at TRW where they had unlimited access to a PDP-10.</ref>
Harvard had a [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] [[PDP-10]] that was available for student use. They would use it to develop BASIC.<ref name="harddrive PDP-10">{{cite book | last=Wallace | first=James | author2=Jim Erickson | title=Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | year=1992 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/harddrivebillgat00wall_0/page/81 81–83] | isbn=0-471-56886-4 | url=https://archive.org/details/harddrivebillgat00wall_0/page/81 }}"When Harvard officials found out that he (Gates) and Allen had been making extensive use of the university's PDP-10 to develop a commercial product, they were not pleased." The computer was funded by the Department of Defense and was under the control of Professor Thomas Cheatham. "Although DARPA was funding the PDP-10 at Harvard, there was no written policy regarding its use."</ref> While Allen modified their development software for the new 8080 microprocessor, Gates began writing 8080 assembly language by hand on yellow legal pads. They enlisted another Harvard student, [[Monte Davidoff]], to write the math routines.<ref>{{sfnp|Manes (|Andrews|1994), |pages=50–54.</ref>}}
By early February the program coding switched from legal pads to the PDP-10 and a preliminary version was completed by March 1975.<ref>{{harvp|Manes (|Andrews|1994), |page=71.}} "A much later version of the source code memorializes the date as February 9, 1975, but the project almost certainly began earlier - during Harvard's January 'reading period' …" [[:File:Altair Basic Sign.jpg|Source code display in museum]]</ref> Gates and Allen had been in contact with Roberts and MITS and the older looking Paul Allen would travel to Albuquerque in March. MITS needed more time to get a computer with 7k bytes of memory working, and they needed more time to get the software finished. When Allen arrived at MITS it took a day to get the software running; Allen remembers this being caused by computer memory problems<ref>Manes (1993), 75.</ref> while Roberts remembers the delay was due to software problems.<ref>{{sfnp|Young (|1998), |page=163.</ref>}}
The April 1975 issue of the Altair Newsletter, Computer Notes, had a banner headline "Altair BASIC - Up and Running". The software was to begin shipping on June 23, 1975.<ref name="CN April 1975">{{cite journal|title=Altair BASIC - Up and Running |journal=Computer Notes |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1, 3 |publisher=MITS |location=Albuquerque NM |date=April 1975 |url=http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=75_4&p=00 |url-status=unfit |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=75_4&p=00 |archivedatearchive-date=March 23, 2012 }} The publication date was April 7, 1975</ref> The software price was $500, but discounted to $75 with the purchase of an Altair computer with 8k bytes of memory and a serial I/O card.
On July 22, 1975 MITS signed a contract for the Altair BASIC with Bill Gates and Paul Allen. They received $3000 at signing and a royalty for each copy of BASIC sold; $30 for the 4K version, $35 for the 8K version and $60 for the expanded version. The contract had a cap of $180,000. MITS received an exclusive worldwide license to the program for 10 years. They also had exclusive rights to sub-license the program to other companies and agreed to use its "best efforts" to license, promote and commercialize the program. MITS would supply the computer time necessary for development; a PDP-10 owned by the Albuquerque school district.<ref>{{sfnp|Manes (|Andrews||1994), |pages=82–83.</ref>}} Paul Allen left his job at Honeywell and became the Vice President and Director of Software at MITS with a salary of $30,000 per year.<ref>{{sfnp|Young (|1998), |page=164.</ref>}}<!-- Also Manes, pg 76. Allen left MITS in Nov 1976. Manes, pg 103 --> Bill Gates was still a student at Harvard and just a contractor with MITS. The October 1975 company newsletter gives his title as "Software Specialist".<ref name="Computer Notes Oct 1975">{{cite journal|title=Contributors |journal=Computer Notes |volume=1 |issue=5 |page=13 |publisher=MITS |location=Albuquerque NM |date=October 1975 |url=http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=75_10&p=13 |url-status=unfit |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=75_10&p=13 |archivedatearchive-date=March 23, 2012 }}</ref>
The price of Altair BASIC to customers who purchased additional memory and I/O boards from MITS was $75. Users may have gone along with that if the memory board were reliable. Customers bought the computer from MITS, and working memory from companies like Processor Technology. Rather than pay $500 for BASIC, they would acquire bootleg copies of the software. Only about ten percent of the early customers actually purchased BASIC.<ref>{{harvp|Manes (|Andrews|1994), |page=90.}} "Roughly 900 copies had been accounted for between July and year's end." "MITS was shipping maybe a thousand machines a month, yet BASIC was selling in the low hundreds."</ref> With a royalty due of $30 per copy, Gates felt that the computer hobbyist were stealing money from him. In February 1976 Bill Gates, "General Partner, Micro-Soft", wrote an "[[Open Letter to Hobbyists]]" that was sent to every computer publication insinuating that the hobbyists were thieves.
[[File:Altair 680.jpg|thumb|Altair 680]]
MITS had announced a new computer based on the [[Motorola 6800]] microprocessor in November 1975, the {{visible anchor|Altair 680}}. The machines were supposed to ship in January 1976, but hardware design problems delayed shipment until May.<ref name="CN Apr 1976">{{cite journal|last=Pollini |first=Steve |title=680-b ready for production |journal=Computer Notes |volume=1 |issue=11 |page=8 |publisher=MITS |date=April 1976 |quote=MITS is now ready to begin full production of the Altair 680b |url=http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=76_4&p=8 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=76_4&p=8 |archive-date=March 23, 2012 }}</ref> Paul Allen rewrote their 8080 simulator to support the 6800 microprocessor. Ric Weiland, a high school friend of Gates and Allen, converted the Altair BASIC's 8080 assembly language to 6800 assembly language. To eliminate the per copy royalty loss issue, the 6800 BASIC was licensed to MITS on a non-exclusive basis for a flat fee of $31,200.{{sfnp|Manes|Andrews|1994|page=95}} Weiland and Marc McDonald were impressed with the new [[MOS Technology 6502]] microprocessor that was a derivative of the 6800. They modified the 6800 development system to support the 6502 and "cranked out" a 6502 edition of BASIC. This version was later sold to Commodore and Apple.<ref>{{harvp|Manes|Andrews|1994|pages=99–100}} "Weiland cranked out a 6502 edition of BASIC."</ref>
The January 1976 issue of MITS's hadnewsletter, announcedComputer aNotes, newcarried computeran basedad onfor the8080 [[MotorolaBASIC. 6800]]The microprocessorlast inparagraph Novemberstated: 1975,"Licenses for source listing and rights to distribute the Altairbinaries 680.are Thealso machinesavailable wereto supposedOEM tobuyers. shipWrite inor Januarycall 1976,Mr. butPaul hardwareAllen designat problemsthe delayedMITS shipmentplant untilin MayAlbuquerque for more detailed information."<ref name="CN AprJan 1976">{{cite journal|last=Pollini |first=Steve |title=680-b8080 ready for productionBASIC |journal=Computer Notes |volume=1 |issue=117 |page=86 |publisher=MITS |date=AprilJanuary 1976 |quote=MITS is now ready to begin full production of the Altair 680b |url=http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=76_476_1&p=86 |url-status=unfit |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=76_476_1&p=86 |archivedatearchive-date=March 23, 2012 }}</ref> PaulMicrosoft Allenfound rewroteseveral theircorporate 8080customers simulatorfor toBASIC supportand theproceeds 6800were microprocessor.evenly Ricsplit Weiland,with aMITS. highPertec schoolacquired friendMITS ofin GatesDecember 1976 and Allen,refused convertedto theallow Altairany BASIC'smore 8080OEM assemblydeals, languageeven tothough 6800the assemblyagreement language.required ToMITS eliminateto theuse pertheir copy"best royaltyefforts" lossto issue,license the 6800software. BASICThe wascontract licensed torequired MITS onand aMicrosoft non-exclusiveto basisuse forbinding aarbitration flatto feesettle of $31,200disputes.<ref>Manes (1994),In 95.</ref>September Weiland and Marc McDonald were impressed with1977, the newarbitrator [[MOSruled Technologyin 6502]] microprocessor that was a derivativefavor of theMicrosoft, 6800. They modified the 6800MITS developmentcould systemcontinue to supportuse theBASIC 6502on andtheir "crankedmachines out"but alost 6502the editionexclusive of BASIClicense. ThisMicrosoft versioncould waslicense laterthe soldsoftware to Commodoreanyone and Apple.<ref>Maneskeep (1994),all 99–100.of "Weilandthe cranked out a 6502 edition of BASICroyalties."</ref>{{sfnp|Manes|Andrews|1994|pages=111-113}}
The January 1976 issue of MITS's newsletter, Computer Notes, carried an ad for 8080 BASIC. The last paragraph stated: "Licenses for source listing and rights to distribute the binaries are also available to OEM buyers. Write or call Mr. Paul Allen at the MITS plant in Albuquerque for more detailed information."<ref name="CN Jan 1976">{{cite journal|title=8080 BASIC |journal=Computer Notes |volume=1 |issue=7 |page=6 |publisher=MITS |date=January 1976 |url=http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=76_1&p=6 |url-status=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=76_1&p=6 |archivedate=March 23, 2012 }}</ref> Microsoft found several corporate customers for BASIC and proceeds were evenly split with MITS. Pertec acquired MITS in December 1976 and refused to allow any more OEM deals, even though the agreement required MITS to uses their "best efforts" to license the software. The contract required MITS and Microsoft to use binding arbitration to settle disputes. In September 1977, the arbitrator ruled in favor of Microsoft, MITS could continue to use BASIC on their machines but lost the exclusive license. Microsoft could license the software to anyone and keep all of the royalties.<ref>Manes (1994), 111-113.</ref>
There was no longer a business requirement to remain in Albuquerque so Microsoft wanted to relocate to a larger city that would be more attractive to new employees. The San Francisco bay area was considered but Allen and Gates decided to return home to Seattle. Microsoft moved to Bellevue, Washington in January 1979.
== Sale to Pertec ==
{{pic|Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems later logo.svg|Logo of MITS under ownership of Pertec}}
In 1976, MITS had 230 employees and sales of $6 million.<ref name = "Altair Sales 1976">{{cite news | last = McElheny | first = Victor K. | title = Computer Show: Preview Of More Ingenious Models | work = The New York Times | pages = D1, D5 | date = June 16, 1977 | quote = J. David Callan, head of Pertec's Microsystems division, which includes the Altair line and Icom, of Canoga Park, Calif., maker of computer peripheral equipment for such small computers, said that Altair sales totaled about $6 million last year.}}</ref><ref name = "SCCS Interface 1976">{{Cite journal | title = Here Comes PCC | journal = SCCS Interface | volume = 1 | issue = 10 | pages =26–29 | publisher = Southern California Computer Society | location = Santa Monica, CA | date = January 1977}} Interview with Ryal Poppa, president of Pertec Computer Corporation, about the acquisition of MITS.</ref> Roberts was tiring of his management responsibilities and was looking for a larger partner. MITS had always used [[Pertec Computer]] Corporation disk drives<ref name = "Small Systems 1978">{{cite book | last = Boonham | first = J. C. | title = Small Systems Computer Sourcebook | year = 1978 | pages = 68–69 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RsAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA68 | isbn = 978-0-470-26295-5 | publisher = Taylor & Francis}}</ref> and on December 3, 1976, Pertec signed a letter of intent to acquire MITS for $6 million in stock.<ref>Manes (1993), 101.</ref> The deal was completed in May 1977 just before the National Computer Conference in Dallas, Texas. Roberts got $2 million and the other 500 MITS shareholders (including the Altair co-designer, William Yates) split the rest.<ref name = "Albq Journal Dec 1976">{{cite news | title = Company Planning to Buy City Firm | work = Albuquerque Journal | page = B-6 | date = December 15, 1976}} MITS had approximately 500 shareholders and annual sales of $6 million.</ref><ref>{{sfnp|Young (|1998),|page= 174.</ref>}}
Pertec was eager to increase sales to small businesses through the 26 Altair Computer stores across the United States. The marketing toward hobby/home user was curtailed. The November 1977 issue of the MITS newsletter, Computer Notes, was the last produced by the Albuquerque staff. There was one more issue produced by the Pertec staff in [[Chatsworth, California]].<ref name="Computer Notes - Last">{{cite journal|title=Publication notes |journal=Computer Notes |volume=3 |issue=7 |page=2 |publisher=Pertec Computer Corporation. |date=January–February 1978 |url=http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=78_1&p=2 |url-status=unfit |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=78_1&p=2 |archivedatearchive-date=March 23, 2012 }}</ref> The back cover of the leading home computer magazine, [[Byte (magazine)|Byte]], always carried a full page Altair advertisement. This ended with the September 1977 issue. Roberts and Yates stayed on and worked on special projects.
In August 1979, Pertec agreed to sell a 45% stake to [[Philips#United States|North American Philips]] for $37 million. Before the deal was complete, Pertec agreed to be acquired by the West German computer company, [[Triumph-Adler]], for $120 million. In 1978, Pertec had sales of $150 million and Triumph-Adler had sales of $466 million.<ref name = "Philips 1979">{{cite news | agency = Reuters | title = Pertec in Accord On Philips Stake | work = The New York Times | page = D4 | date = August 22, 1979}}</ref><ref name = "Triumph-Adler 1979">{{cite news | agency = Associated Press | title = A German Concern Is Seeking Pertec | work = The New York Times | page = D4 | date = October 23, 1979}}</ref>
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The Altair products were merged into the Pertec line and the MITS facility was used to produce the PCC-2000 small-business computer. The Albuquerque plant was closed in December 1980 and the production was moved to Pertec plants in Irvine, California.<ref name = "InfoWorld Dec 1980">{{cite magazine | last = Milewski | first = Richard | title = Last Vestige of Mits Closes |magazine= InfoWorld | volume = 2 | issue = 22 | page =7 | date = December 8, 1980 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mD4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT6 | issn = 0199-6649 | publisher = InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.}}</ref>
By the end of 1977 Roberts left MITS and returned to Georgia to be a gentleman farmer. He studied medicine at [[Mercer University]] in Macon, Georgia and graduated with a [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] in 1986. Roberts practiced medicine in [[Cochran, Georgia]], population 4500, until his death in 2010.<ref name = "NYTimes obit">{{Cite news | last = Lohr | first = Steve | title = H. Edward Roberts, PC Pioneer, Dies at 68 | newspaper = The New York Times | date = April 2, 2010 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/03/business/03roberts.html}}</ref>
== See also ==
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== Works cited ==
*{{cite book | last = Ceruzzi | first = Paul E. | title = A History of Modern Computing | publisher = MIT Press | year = 2003 | location = Cambridge, MA | isbn = 0-262-53203-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernc00ceru_0 | url-access=registration }}
*{{cite book | lastlast1 = Manes | firstfirst1 = Stephen | authorlinkauthor-link1 = Stephen Manes |author2first2=Paul |last2=Andrews | title = Gates | publisher = Simon and Schuster | year = 1994 | location =New York | isbn = 978-0-671-88074-3}}
*{{cite book | last = Mims | first = Forrest M | authorlinkauthor-link = Forrest Mims | title = Siliconnections: Coming of Age in the Electronic Era | publisher = McGraw-Hill | year = 1986 | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-07-042411-1 | url = https://archive.org/details/siliconnectionsc00mims | url-access=registration }}
*{{cite book | lastlast1 = Roberts | firstfirst1 = H. Edward | authorlinkauthor-link = Ed Roberts (computer engineer) |author2first2=Forrest |last2=Mims | title = Electronic Calculators | publisher = Howard W Sams | year =1974 | location = Indianapolis | isbn = 978-0-672-21039-6}}
*{{cite book | last = Young | first = Jeffrey S. | title = Forbes Greatest Technology Stories: Inspiring Tales of the Entrepreneurs | url = https://archive.org/details/forbesgreatest00youn | url-access = registration | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year =1998 | location =New York | isbn = 0-471-24374-4}} | chapter=Chapter 6 "Mechanics: Kits & Microcomputers" }}
==Notes==
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*[http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/mits_150.html MITS 150 Handheld Calculator at Vintage Calculators Web Museum]
*[http://datamath.org/BASIC/DATAMATH/ti-2500-1.htm TI-2500 at Datamath Calculator Museum]
*[http://www.vintage-computer.com/altair8800.shtml Altair 8800 Computer at Vintage-Computer Web Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210091503/http://www.vintage-computer.com/altair8800.shtml |date=2011-12-10 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090408081557/http://www.sunandsky.org/MITS_History.php Forrest Mims - Early Days At MITS]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111005221730/http://www.altair32.com/Altair32history.htm Brief History of the Altair. Copies of Altair articles in ''Popular Electronics'']
{{Good article}}
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[[Category:1977 mergers and acquisitions]]
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[[Category:Computer companies established in 1969]]
[[Category:Computer companies disestablished in 1977]]
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