Minneapolis: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia
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{{Short description|City in Minnesota, United States}}
{{About|the city in Minnesota}}
{{For|the Twin Cities region|Minneapolis–Saint Paul}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=SeptemberJuly 20232024}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
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| alt1 = Downtown Minneapolis (from the Mississippi River)
| caption1 = [[Downtown Minneapolis]] (from the [[Mississippi River]])
| image2 = Lake NokomisCalhoun 20210531Summer - panoramio.jpg
| alt2 = LakeBde NokomisMaka Ska
| caption2 = [[LakeBde NokomisMaka Ska]]
| image3 = Washburn A Mill 2014.jpg
| alt3 = Mill City Museum
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| named_for =
| founder = [[Franklin Steele]] and [[John H. Stevens]]
| etymology = [[Dakota language|Dakota]] {{lang|dak|mni}} ('{{gloss|water')}} with [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc-Latn|polis}} ('{{gloss|city')}}
<!-- Government -->| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government#Strong-mayor government form|Mayor-councilMayor–council]] (strong mayor)<ref>{{cite news |title = Voters approve charter amendment to change Minneapolis government structure |url = https://kstp.com/politics/voters-approve-charter-amendment-to-change-minneapolis-government-structure/6292382/ |author = Swanson, Kirsten |date = November 5, 2021 |access-date = December 2, 2021 |work = [[KSTP-TV]]|publisher=[[Hubbard Broadcasting]] |archive-date = December 2, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211202220154/https://kstp.com/politics/voters-approve-charter-amendment-to-change-minneapolis-government-structure/6292382/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
| governing_body = [[Minneapolis City Council]]
| leader_title1 = {{nowrap|[[Mayor of Minneapolis|Mayor]]}}
| leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Jacob Frey]]}} ([[Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party|DFL]])
<!-- Area -->| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web |title = 2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files |url = https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_27.txt |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |access-date = July 24, 2022 |archive-date = July 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220724120325/https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_27.txt |url-status = live }}</ref>
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| population_est = 425096
| population_rank = {{plainlist|
* 46th (U.S.US)
* 1st (Minnesota)}}
| population_density_sq_mi = 7962.11
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<!-- GDP -->| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name=BEA-GDP>{{Citecite web|titlepublisher=Total[[U.S. RealBureau Grossof DomesticEconomic ProductAnalysis]]|title=CAGDP1 forCounty Minneapolis-St.and Paul-Bloomington,MSA MN-WIgross domestic product (MSAGDP) summary|access-date=September 16, 2024|url=https://fredapps.stlouisfedbea.orggov/seriesitable/RGMP33460|website?ReqID=fred.stlouisfed.org|access-date=January 4, 202470#eyJhcHBpZCI6NzAsInN0ZXBzIjpbMSwyOSwyNV0sImRhdGEiOltbIlRhYmxlSWQiLCI1MzMiXV19|archive-date=JanuarySeptember 417, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2024010410273120240917095241/https://fredapps.stlouisfedbea.orggov/seriesiTable/RGMP33460?reqid=70#eyJhcHBpZCI6NzAsInN0ZXBzIjpbMSwyOSwyNV0sImRhdGEiOltbIlRhYmxlSWQiLCI1MzMiXV19|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = MSA
| demographics2_info1 = $277323.69 billion (2022) {{USDCY|323900000000|2022}}{{Inflation/fn|US}}
<!-- General information -->| timezone = [[Central Time Zone|Central]]
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| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS ID]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 655030<ref name="GNIS">{{cite gnis2|655030|Minneapolis, Minnesota|access-date=May 1, 2023}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.minneapolismn.gov/|MinneapolisMNminneapolismn.gov}}
}}
'''Minneapolis''',{{efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɪ|n|i|ˈ|æ|p|ə|l|ᵻ|s|audio=MplsAmEng.ogg}} {{respell|MIN|ee|AP|ə|lisliss}})<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ap.org/minnesota/prono.html |title = Minnesota Pronunciation Guide |publisher = [[Associated Press]]|access-date = July 4, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722194213/http://www.ap.org/minnesota/prono.html |archive-date = July 22, 2011 }}</ref>}} officially the '''City of Minneapolis''',<ref name=nameCharter>{{cite web|url=https://library.municode.com/mn/minneapolis/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=CH|title=Charter|date=November 16, 2023|access-date=January 24, 2024|work=[[Municode]]|publisher=[[CivicPlus]]|archive-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513180947/https://library.municode.com/mn/minneapolis/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=CH|url-status=live}}</ref> is a city in [[U.S. state|the state]] of [[Minnesota]] and the [[county seat]] of [[Hennepin County, Minnesota]], United States.<ref name="GNIS"/> With a population of 429,954, it is the state's [[List of cities in Minnesota|most populous city]] as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]].<ref name="Census-2020-Profile">{{cite web |title = Profile of Minneapolis, Minnesota in 2020 |url = https://data.census.gov/profile/Minneapolis_city,_Minnesota?g=1600000US2743000 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230228005548/https://data.census.gov/profile/Minneapolis_city,_Minnesota?g=1600000US2743000 |archive-date = February 28, 2023 |access-date = February 28, 2023 |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] }}</ref> ItLocated in the state's center near the eastern border, it occupies both banks of the [[Upper Mississippi River|Mississippi River]] and adjoins [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]], the state capital of Minnesota. Minneapolis, Saint Paul, and the surrounding area are collectively known as the [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul|Twin Cities]], a metropolitan area with 3.69 million residents.<ref>{{cite web |title = Annual Estimates of the Resident Population in the United States and Puerto Rico |date = July 1, 2021 |access-date = February 20, 2023 |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |url = https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2021/metro/totals/cbsa-met-est2021-pop.xlsx |archive-date = February 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230213093047/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2021/metro/totals/cbsa-met-est2021-pop.xlsx |url-status = live }}</ref> Minneapolis is built on an artesian aquifer on flat terrain, and is known for cold, snowy winters and hot, humid summers. Nicknamed the "City of Lakes",<ref name=Sturdevant>{{cite news|title=Tangletown: a neighborhood that feels like its name|url=https://www.minnpost.com/stroll/2012/09/tangletown-neighborhood-feels-its-name/|last=Sturdevant|first=Andy|date=September 26, 2012|access-date=October 12, 2023|work=[[MinnPost]]|archive-date=October 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018031640/https://www.minnpost.com/stroll/2012/09/tangletown-neighborhood-feels-its-name/|url-status=live}}</ref> Minneapolis is abundant in water, with [[list of lakes in Minneapolis|thirteen lakes]], wetlands, the [[Mississippi River]], creeks, and waterfalls. The city's public park system is connected by the [[Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway]].
[[Dakota people]] originally inhabited the site of today's Minneapolis. [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonization]] and settlement]] began north of [[Fort Snelling]] along [[Saint Anthony Falls]]—the only natural waterfall on the Mississippi River.<ref name=NPSfalls>{{cite web|title=Introduction to Twin Cities Geology|url=https://www.nps.gov/miss/learn/nature/twingeol.htm|access-date=May 11, 2023|publisher=[[US National Park Service]]|work=[[Mississippi National River and Recreation Area]]|date=December 11, 2017|archive-date=May 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511141837/https://www.nps.gov/miss/learn/nature/twingeol.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> TheLocation city'snear earlythe growthfort wasand attributedthe tofalls' power—with its proximitypotential tofor industrial activity—fostered the fortcity's andearly thegrowth. fallsFor providinga powertime forin industrialthe activity.19th century, Minneapolis was the 19th-century [[Sawmill|lumber]] and [[grist mill|flour milling]] capital of the world, and as home to the [[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]], it has preserved its financial clout into the 21st century. A Minneapolis Depression-era labor strike brought about federal worker protections. Work in Minneapolis contributed to the computing industry, and the city is the birthplace of [[General Mills]], the [[Pillsbury (brand)|Pillsbury]] brand, [[Target Corporation]], and of [[Thermo King]] mobile refrigeration.
The city's major arts institutions include the [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]], the [[Walker Art Center]], and the [[Guthrie Theater]]. Four professional sports teams play downtown. [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] is survived by his favorite venue, the [[First Avenue (nightclub)|First Avenue nightclub]]. Minneapolis is home to the [[University of Minnesota]]'s main campus. The city's public transport is provided by [[Metro Transit (Minnesota)|Metro Transit]], and the international airport, serving the Twin Cities region, is located towards the south on the city limits.
Residents adhere to more than fifty religions, and thousands choose to volunteer their time. Despite its well-regarded quality of life,<ref>{{cite news |last = Thompson |first = Derek |date = March 2015 |title = The Miracle of Minneapolis |url = https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/03/the-miracle-of-minneapolis/384975/ |work = [[The Atlantic]] |quote = By spreading the wealth to its poorest neighborhoods, the metro area provides more-equal services in low-income places, and keeps quality of life high just about everywhere. |access-date = April 28, 2023 |archive-date = May 25, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230525073434/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/03/the-miracle-of-minneapolis/384975/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Minneapolis faces a pressing challenge in the form ofhas stark disparities among its residents—arguably the most critical issue confronting the city in the 21st century.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=4|loc="The overarching goal is to take what may be the most significant issue facing contemporary Minneapolis—the crippling disparities among its people, exposed to the world in 2020, after the murder of George Floyd—and present a history that examines why those disparities exist, even as the city makes a legitimate argument for itself as a must-see or must-live kind of place."}} Governed by a mayor-council system, Minneapolis has a political landscape dominated by the [[Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party]] (DFL), with [[Jacob Frey]] serving as mayor since 2018.
== History ==
{{Main|History of Minneapolis}}
=== Dakota homeland, city founded ===
{{mainFurther|Dakota people|Ojibwe|Bdóte|US–Dakota War of 1862}}
Two Indigenous nations inhabited the area now called Minneapolis.{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=40}} Archaeologists have evidence that since 1000 A.D.,<ref name=RFurst>{{cite news|title=Which Indigenous tribes first called Minnesota home?|url=https://www.startribune.com/native-american-dakota-ojibwe-history/600097050/|last=Furst|first=Randy|date=October 8, 2021|access-date=November 3, 2023|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=November 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103230331/https://www.startribune.com/native-american-dakota-ojibwe-history/600097050/|url-status=live}}</ref> they were the [[Dakota people|Dakota]] (one half of the [[Sioux]] nation),{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=365n}} and, after the 1700s,{{sfn|McConvell|Rhodes|Güldemann|2020|pp=560, 564|loc="Finally in this time frame other groups of Ojibwes began pushing to the west and southwest, at the expense of the Dakota groups"}} the [[Ojibwe]] (also known as Chippewa, members of the [[Anishinaabe]] nations).{{sfn|Treuer|2010|p=3}} Dakota people have different stories to explain their creation.{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=15}} One widely accepted story says the Dakota emerged from [[Bdóte]],{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=15}} the confluence of the [[Minnesota River|Minnesota]] and [[Mississippi River|Mississippi river]]s. Dakota are the only inhabitants of the Minneapolis area who claimed no other land;{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=6}} they have no traditions of having immigrated.{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|pp=3–4|loc="William H. Keating, a geologist who came to the Minnesota area on an exploratory expedition in 1823, observed, 'The Dacotas have no tradition of having ever emigrated, from any other place, to the spot on which they now reside...'}} In 1680, cleric [[Louis Hennepin]], who was probably the first European to see the Minneapolis waterfall the Dakota people call [[Owámniyomni]], renamed it the Falls of St. [[Anthony of Padua]] for his patron saint.{{sfn|DeCarlo|2020|p=15}}
[[File:Minneapolis-map-m0079.jpg|thumb|upright=.6|alt=Line drawing of the location of villages and paths, map shows the Minnesota River (then called St Peter), the Mississippi, Minnehaha Creek, Saint Anthony Falls, and several lakes|Area that became Minneapolis pictured {{circa| 1820–1860}}]]
[[File:Dakota-Interment-Pike Island.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Island covered with hundreds of teepees|Dakota non-combatants living in a [[concentration camp]] at [[Fort Snelling]] during the winter of 1862<ref name="Minnesota Historical Society 2015 w866">{{cite web | title=The US-Dakota War of 1862 | publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]] | date=November 23, 2015 | url=https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/us-dakota-war | access-date=April 13, 2024 | archive-date=September 20, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920024828/https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/us-dakota-war | url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=194}}]]
In the space of sixty years, the US seized all of the Dakota land and forced them out of their homeland.{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|pp=134, 136|loc=Page 136: "Treaties played a crucial role in the increasing separation of the Dakota from their homeland in the years between 1805 and 1858, leading up to their ultimate expulsion by military force in 1863–64." and page 134: "For the Dakota the word ''cessions'' might well be replaced with ''seizures''..." and "Collectively these treaties included three great cessions, comprising the Treaties of 1825, 1837, and 1851"}} Purchasing most of modern-day Minneapolis, [[Zebulon Pike]] made the [[Treaty of St. Peters#1805 Treaty of St. Peters|1805 Treaty of St. Peter]] with the Dakota.{{efn|Because President Thomas Jefferson had not authorized Pike's trip, which was made at the behest of [[James Wilkinson]], the new governor of the Louisiana territory, Pike did not have the authority to make a treaty.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=14}} Pike valued the land at $200,000 {{USDCY|200000|1805}}{{Inflation/fn|US}} in his journal but omitted the value in Article 2 of the treaty. Pike gave the chiefs {{convert|60|gal|l}} of liquor and $200 {{USDCY|200|1805}}{{Inflation/fn|US}} in gifts at the signing.{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=141}} In 1808, the US Senate authorized one hundredth of Pike's estimate and added acreage,{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=141}} paying $2,000 {{USDCY|2000|1805}}{{Inflation/fn|US}} for the land in 1819.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=13}}}} Pike bought a {{convert|9|sqmi|sqkm|adj=on}} strip of land—coinciding with the sacred place of Dakota origin{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=15}}—on the Mississippi south of Saint Anthony Falls,{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=4}} with the agreement the US would build a military fort and trading post there and the Dakota would retain their usufructuary rights.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=77}} In 1819, the [[United States Army|US Army]] built [[Fort Snelling]]<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.latimes.com/travel/la-xpm-2012-sep-16-la-tr-ftsnellingminnesota-20120916-story.html |last1 = Watson |first1 = Catherine |date = September 16, 2012 |access-date = December 27, 2019 |work = [[Los Angeles Times]] |title = Ft. Snelling: Citadel on a Minnesota bluff |archive-date = May 7, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507133632/https://www.latimes.com/travel/la-xpm-2012-sep-16-la-tr-ftsnellingminnesota-20120916-story.html |url-status = live }}</ref> to direct Native American trade away from British-Canadian traders and to deter war between the Dakota and Ojibwe in northern Minnesota.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=82}} Under pressure from US officials{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=4|loc="government officials put great pressure on Dakota leaders to be quick about signing a treaty..."}} in a series of treaties, the Dakota ceded their land first to the east and then to the west of the Mississippi, the river that runs through Minneapolis.<ref name=MNtreaties>{{cite web|url=https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties/minnesota-treaties|title=Minnesota Treaties|date=August 14, 2012|access-date=November 16, 2023|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|archive-date=August 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825023515/http://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties/minnesota-treaties|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|In the 1851 [[Treaty of Traverse des Sioux]] and [[Treaty of Mendota]], the US took all Dakota land west of the Mississippi,{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=108}} about {{convert|24|e6acre}},{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=182}} in exchange for a {{convert|10|mi|km|adj=on}} wide reservation on the Minnesota River{{sfn|Folwell|1921|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofminneso02folw/page/216/ 216]}} and about $3 million {{USDCY|3000000|1851}}.{{Inflation/fn|US}} After expenses, the Dakota were promised fifty years of annuities in goods{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=171}} and interest on $1,360,000 {{USDCY|1360000|1851}} and $1,410,000 {{USDCY|1410000|1851}};{{Inflation/fn|US}} the US kept the principal.{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=30}} The Dakota could not read English, and their interpreters worked for the US.<ref name=MNtreaties /> In Mendota, negotiator [[Wacouta I|Wakute]] said he feared signing a treaty because the prior treaty was changed from the one he had signed.{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|pp=5, 188}} Indeed, the US Congress ratified amendments after the fact, and refused to consider payment unless the Dakota agreed to their new terms—in 1852 Congress struck the reservation from the final treaty.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=197}} Negotiators [[Bureau of Indian Affairs#Commissioners and assistant secretaries|Luke Lea]] and [[Alexander Ramsey]] had promised the Dakota they would prosper, and they rushed the transaction.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|pp=189–192}} The chiefs were asked to sign a third paper in 1851—onlookers assumed it was a third copy of the treaty{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|pp=180–181}}—that Ramsey later declared was a "solemn acknowledgment" of the Dakota's debt to traders.{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=191}} Ramsey, as territorial governor, enforced the trader's paper, distributing the monies to himself, [[Henry Hastings Sibley|Henry Sibley]], and their friends.{{sfn|Anderson|2019|pp=32–33}}}} Dakota leaders twice refused to sign the next treaty until they were paid for the previous one.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|pp=187, 193}} In the decades following these treaty signings, the [[Federal government of the United States|federal US government]] rarely honored their terms.<ref>{{Cite web |title = Treaties |url = https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties |access-date = June 1, 2021 |date = July 31, 2012 |publisher = [[Minnesota Historical Society]] |quote = These treaties, which were almost wholly dishonored by the U.S. government... |archive-date = August 15, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210815133626/https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties |url-status = live }}</ref> At the beginning of the American Civil War, annuity payments owed in June 1862 to the Dakota by treaty were late, causing acute hunger among the Dakota.{{sfn|Blegen|1975|pp=265–267}}{{efn|Part of the delay was a month's indecision in the US Treasury about appropriating gold or greenbacks and in Congress, which was preoccupied with Civil War finance. Gold arrived in the region just a few hours after settlers had been killed and war had begun.{{sfn|Folwell|1921|pp=237–238}}}} Facing starvation{{sfn|Anderson|2019|loc=p. 55: "...they had to beg for food from the settlers or starve"}} a faction of the Dakota declared [[Dakota War of 1862|war]] in August and killed settlers.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=307|loc=The uprising involved at most 1,000 of the Dakota population of more than 7,000}} Serving without any prior military experience, US commander [[Henry Hastings Sibley|Henry Sibley]] commanded raw recruits,{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=309}} volunteer mounted troops from Minneapolis and Saint Paul with no military experience.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|pp=309, 314}} The war went on for six weeks in the Minnesota River valley.<ref name=MNHSwar /> After a [[kangaroo court]],{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=313|loc="what could only be termed a kangaroo court..."}}{{efn|General{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=312}} [[Henry Hastings Sibley|Henry Sibley]] rushed to complete the trials before winter.{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=225}} Trials were held from late September{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=217}} through early November 1862, in central Minnesota west of Minneapolis;{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=225}} on each day up to forty-three men stood trial.{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=225}} The Dakota men were without counsel, rarely spoke English, in some cases trials proceeded without witnesses, and no time was made for cross-examination.{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=228}} Historian Gary Clayton Anderson says, "In 90 percent of the trials, the entire event lasted only a minute or two...".{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=228}}}} 38 Dakota men were hanged.<ref name=MNHSwar>{{cite web|url=https://www.mnhs.org/lowersioux/learn/us-dakota-war-1862|title=US-Dakota War of 1862|access-date=November 6, 2023|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|archive-date=September 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930235003/https://www.mnhs.org/lowersioux/learn/us-dakota-war-1862|url-status=live}}</ref> {{efn|Sibley appointed a commission of men thought later to be biased to hear the trials and planned to carry out executions immediately.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=313}} Of 400 Dakota, 303 were sentenced to death, 20 were sentenced to prison, 69 were acquitted, and 8 were released.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=314}} When his superior Major General [[John Pope (general)|John Pope]] reported the commission's findings to President [[Abraham Lincoln]] he had realized only the president can authorize executions. Historian Mary Lethert Wingerd writes that Lincoln and members of his cabinet were "taken aback" by the number of condemned and the irregular proceedings.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=316}} Lincoln then ordered a [[stay of execution]] until he could review the trial transcripts.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=316}} Minnesotans wanted revenge and many were outraged at the stay.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=318}} Lincoln was under pressure from Minnesotans,{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=319}} and wrote that he wished to avoid cruelty and to discourage another outbreak.<ref name=MNHStrials /> He first decided that only rapists would be hanged, but only 2 Dakota met that condition. Then with the help of his lawyers,{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=251}} Wingerd writes that Lincoln "reluctantly"{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=319}} ordered that 39 men{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=253}} would be hanged; these men had been convicted of murdering civilians. One received a last minute reprieve.<ref name=MNHStrials /> Minnesotans participated in lynch mobs and vigilantism against the Dakota, both condemned and friendly—2 men died of injuries sustained during attacks on Sibley's wagon train that took them to [[Mankato]]. Command transferred to Colonel [[Stephen Miller (Minnesota governor)|Stephen Miller]] who oversaw the executions—he declared martial law and banned alcohol for the 4,000 spectators.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|pp=324, 326}} The Dakota were reportedly cheerful as they walked to their deaths; a journalist wrote, "No equal number ever approached the gallows with greater courage, and more perfect determination to prove how little death can be feared".{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=327}} After what was the largest mass execution in US history,{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=262}}{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=327}} Minnesota officials discovered that in their haste, they had hanged 2 innocent men.<ref name=MNHStrials>{{cite web|url=https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/trials-hanging|title=The Trials & Hanging|date=August 23, 2012 |access-date=September 2, 2024|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|archive-date=September 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906194830/https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/trials-hanging|url-status=live}}</ref> Nearly all the men's bodies were dug up from their graves within 24 hours, some for trophies but most by physicians who wanted cadavers to dissect.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|pp=327, 328}}}} The army force-marched 1,700 non-hostile Dakota men, women, children, and elders {{convert|150|mi|km}} to a [[concentration camp]] at [[Fort Snelling]].<ref name="Minnesota Historical Society 2015 w866"/>{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=194|loc="The remaining seventeen hundred women, children, and elderly, including hundreds of noncomabatants, some of whom had protected white settler refugees from the war, were rounded up and force-marched to a concentration camp beneath the bluffs of Fort Snelling...."}} Minneapolitans reportedly threatened more than once to attack the camp.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=320}} In 1863, the US "abrogated and annulled" all treaties with the Dakota.{{sfn|Vogel|2013|p=540}} With Governor [[Alexander Ramsey]] calling for their extermination,{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=188}} most Dakota were exiled from Minnesota.<ref>{{cite web |title = Forced Marches & Imprisonment |date = August 23, 2012 |url = https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/forced-marches-imprisonment |access-date = March 2, 2023 |archive-date = May 8, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210508061622/https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/forced-marches-imprisonment |url-status = live |publisher = [[Minnesota Historical Society]]}}</ref>
Two Indigenous nations inhabited the area now called Minneapolis.{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=40}} Archaeologists have evidence to say at least since 1000 A.D.,<ref name=RFurst>{{cite news|title=Which Indigenous tribes first called Minnesota home?|url=https://www.startribune.com/native-american-dakota-ojibwe-history/600097050/|last=Furst|first=Randy|date=October 8, 2021|access-date=November 3, 2023|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=November 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103230331/https://www.startribune.com/native-american-dakota-ojibwe-history/600097050/|url-status=live}}</ref> they are the [[Dakota people|Dakota]] (one half of the [[Sioux]] nation),{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=365n}} and, after the 1700s,{{sfn|McConvell|Rhodes|Güldemann|2020|pp=560, 564|loc="Finally in this time frame other groups of Ojibwes began pushing to the west and southwest, at the expense of the Dakota groups"}} the [[Ojibwe]] (also known as Chippewa, members of the Anishinaabe nations).{{sfn|Treuer|2010|p=3}} Dakota people have different stories to explain their creation.{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=15}} One widely accepted story says the Dakota emerged from [[Bdóte]],{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=15}} the confluence of the [[Minnesota River|Minnesota]] and [[Mississippi River|Mississippi river]]s. Dakota are the only inhabitants of the Minneapolis area who claimed no other land;{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=6}} they have no traditions of having immigrated.{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|pp=3–4|loc="William H. Keating, a geologist who came to the Minnesota area on an exploratory expedition in 1823, observed, 'The Dacotas have no tradition of having ever emigrated, from any other place, to the spot on which they now reside...'}} In 1680, cleric [[Louis Hennepin]], who was probably the first European to see the Minneapolis waterfall the Dakota people call [[Owámniyomni]], renamed it the Falls of St. [[Anthony of Padua]] for his patron saint.{{sfn|DeCarlo|2020|p=15}} In the [[Dakota language]], the city's name is ''Bde Óta Othúŋwe'' ('Many Lakes Town').{{efn|The University of Minnesota Dakota Dictionary Online requires a Dakota font to read special characters.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://fmp.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=73 |title = Bdeota O™uåwe |access-date = October 13, 2022 |work = University of Minnesota Dakota Dictionary Online|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|archive-date = October 13, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221013173548/https://fmp.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=73 |url-status = live }}</ref> Here, Dakota to Latin alphabet transliteration is borrowed from [[Lerner Publishing Group|Lerner Publishing]] in Minneapolis.{{sfn|Kimmerer|Smith|2022|p=302}}}}
While the Dakota were being expelled, [[Franklin Steele]] laid claim to the east bank of [[Saint Anthony Falls]],<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.nps.gov/articles/wheat-farms-flour-mills-and-railroads-a-web-of-interdependence-teaching-with-historic-places.htm |title = Wheat Farms, Flour Mills, and Railroads: A Web of Interdependence |access-date = March 2, 2023 |publisher = [[US National Park Service]] |archive-date = March 2, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230302182707/https://www.nps.gov/articles/wheat-farms-flour-mills-and-railroads-a-web-of-interdependence-teaching-with-historic-places.htm |url-status = live }}</ref> and [[John H. Stevens]] built a home on the west bank.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/johnstev.htm |title = John H. Stevens House Museum |access-date = December 31, 2019 |publisher = [[US National Park Service]] |archive-date = August 15, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210815131225/https://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/johnstev.htm |url-status = live }}</ref> In the [[Dakota language]], the city's name is ''Bde Óta Othúŋwe'' ('Many Lakes Town').{{efn|The University of Minnesota Dakota Dictionary Online requires a Dakota font to read special characters.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://fmp.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=73 |title = Bdeota O™uåwe |access-date = October 13, 2022 |work = University of Minnesota Dakota Dictionary Online|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|archive-date = October 13, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221013173548/https://fmp.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=73 |url-status = live }}</ref> Here, Dakota to Latin alphabet transliteration is borrowed from [[Lerner Publishing Group|Lerner Publishing]] in Minneapolis.{{sfn|Kimmerer|Smith|2022|p=302}}}} Residents had divergent ideas on names for their community. [[Charles Hoag]] proposed combining the Dakota word for 'water' (''mni''{{thinsp}}{{efn|In [[Isaac Atwater|Atwater]]'s history, Baldwin gives the Sioux word as ''Minne''.{{sfn|Baldwin|1893a|p=39}} [[Stephen Return Riggs|Riggs]] gives ''mini''.{{sfn|Riggs|1992|p=314}} [[John Poage Williamson|Williamson]] who was most familiar with [[Dakota people|Santee]] has ''Mini'', and in the [[Dakota people|Yankton]] dialect, ''mni''.{{sfn|Williamson|1992|p=257}} Here, ''mni'' is from the University of Minnesota Dakota Dictionary Online.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://fmp.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=846 |title = mni |access-date = October 13, 2022 |work = University of Minnesota Dakota Dictionary Online|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] |archive-date = October 13, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221013174751/https://fmp.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=846 |url-status = live }}</ref>}}) with the Greek word for 'city' ({{lang|el|polis}}), yielding ''Minneapolis''. In 1851, after a meeting of the [[Minnesota Territorial Legislature]], leaders of east bank St. Anthony lost their bid to move the capital from Saint Paul, but they eventually won the state university.<ref name=McKinney>{{cite book |author = Christianson, Theodore |publisher = [[American Historical Society]] |title = Minnesota: The Land of Sky-tinted Waters: A History of the State And Its People |date = 1935 |location = Chicago }} Courtesy ''[[Star Tribune]]'' and the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library, in {{cite news |title = How did Stillwater become home to Minnesota's first prison? |url = https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-territorial-prison-stillwater-history/600199594/ |author = McKinney, Matt |date = August 19, 2022 |access-date = August 19, 2022 |work =[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date = August 19, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220819125313/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-territorial-prison-stillwater-history/600199594/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In 1856, the territorial legislature authorized Minneapolis as a town on the Mississippi's west bank.{{sfn|Baldwin|1893a|p=39}} Minneapolis was incorporated as a city in 1867, and in 1872, it merged with St. Anthony.<ref>{{cite web |title = A History of Minneapolis: Governance and Infrastructure |url = http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=19 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120422185148/http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=19 |archive-date = April 22, 2012 |access-date = March 12, 2023 |publisher =[[Hennepin County Library]]}}</ref>
Purchasing most of modern-day Minneapolis, [[Zebulon Pike]] made the [[Treaty of St. Peters#1805 Treaty of St. Peters|1805 Treaty of St. Peter]] with the Dakota.{{efn|Because President Thomas Jefferson had not authorized Pike's trip, which was made at the behest of [[James Wilkinson]], the new governor of the Louisiana territory, Pike did not have the authority to make a treaty.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=14}} Pike valued the land at $200,000 in his journal but omitted the value in Article 2 of the treaty. Pike gave the chiefs {{convert|60|gal|l}} of liquor and $200 in gifts at the signing.{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=141}} In 1808, the US Senate authorized one hundredth of Pike's estimate and added acreage,{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=141}} paying $2,000 for the land in 1819.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=13}}}} Pike bought a {{convert|9|sqmi|sqkm|adj=on}} strip of land—coinciding with the sacred place of Dakota origin{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=15}}—on the Mississippi south of Saint Anthony Falls,{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=4}} with the agreement the US would build a military fort and trading post there and the Dakota would retain their land use rights.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=77}} In 1819, the [[United States Army|US Army]] built [[Fort Snelling]]<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.latimes.com/travel/la-xpm-2012-sep-16-la-tr-ftsnellingminnesota-20120916-story.html |last1 = Watson |first1 = Catherine |date = September 16, 2012 |access-date = December 27, 2019 |work = [[Los Angeles Times]] |title = Ft. Snelling: Citadel on a Minnesota bluff |archive-date = May 7, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507133632/https://www.latimes.com/travel/la-xpm-2012-sep-16-la-tr-ftsnellingminnesota-20120916-story.html |url-status = live }}</ref> to direct Native American trade away from British-Canadian traders, and to deter warring between the Dakota and [[Ojibwe]] in northern Minnesota.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=82}} The fort attracted traders, settlers, and merchants, spurring growth in the surrounding region. Agents of the St. Peters Indian Agency at the fort enforced the US policy of [[Cultural assimilation of Native Americans|assimilating Native Americans into mainstream American society]], asking them to give up subsistence hunting and cultivate the land.<ref name="mnhsFort" /> Missionaries encouraged Native Americans to convert from [[Native American religion|their religion]] to Christianity.<ref name="mnhsFort">{{cite web |url = https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/native-americans/us-indian-agency |title = Historic Fort Snelling: The US Indian Agency (1820–1853) |publisher = [[Minnesota Historical Society]] |access-date = December 27, 2019 |archive-date = August 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210814051357/https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/native-americans/us-indian-agency |url-status = live }}</ref>
===Industries develop===
Under pressure from US officials{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=4|loc="government officials put great pressure on Dakota leaders to be quick about signing a treaty..."}} in a series of treaties, the Dakota ceded their land first to the east, and then to the west of the Mississippi, the river that runs through Minneapolis.<ref name=MNtreaties>{{cite web|url=https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties/minnesota-treaties|title=Minnesota Treaties|date=August 14, 2012|access-date=November 16, 2023|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|archive-date=August 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825023515/http://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties/minnesota-treaties|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|In the 1851 [[Treaty of Traverse des Sioux]] and [[Treaty of Mendota]], the US took all Dakota land west of the Mississippi,{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=108}} about {{convert|24|e6acre}},{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=182}} in exchange for a {{convert|10|mi|km|adj=on}} wide reservation on the Minnesota River{{sfn|Folwell|1921|p=216}} and about $3 million {{USDCY|3000000|1851}}. Ater expenses, the Dakota were promised fifty years of annuities in goods{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=171}} and interest on $1,360,000 and $1,410,000; the US kept the principal.{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=30}} The Dakota could not read English, and their interpreters worked for the US.<ref name=MNtreaties /> In Mendota, negotiator [[Wacouta I|Wakute]] said he feared signing a treaty because the prior treaty was changed from the one he had signed.{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|pp=5, 188}} Indeed, the US Congress ratified amendments after the fact, and refused to consider payment unless the Dakota agreed to their new terms—in 1852 Congress struck the reservation from the final treaty.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=197}} Negotiators [[Bureau of Indian Affairs#Commissioners and assistant secretaries|Luke Lea]] and [[Alexander Ramsey]] had promised the Dakota they would prosper, and rushed the transaction.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|pp=189–192}} The chiefs were asked to sign a third paper in 1851—onlookers assumed it was a third copy of the treaty{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=180–181}}—that Ramsey later declared was a "solemn acknowledgment" of the Dakota's debt to traders.{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=191}} Ramsey, as territorial governor, enforced the trader's paper, distributing the monies to himself, [[Henry Hastings Sibley|Henry Sibley]], and their friends.{{sfn|Anderson|2019|loc=pp. 32–33. Anderson examined the Dousman Papers to formulate estimates of the funds that were diverted to White officials}}}} Dakota leaders twice refused to sign the next treaty until they were paid for the previous one.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|pp=187, 193}}In the space of sixty years, the US had seized all of Dakota land. In the decades following these treaty signings, the [[Federal government of the United States|federal US government]] rarely honored their terms.<ref>{{Cite web |title = Treaties |url = https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties |access-date = June 1, 2021 |date = July 31, 2012 |publisher = [[Minnesota Historical Society]] |quote = These treaties, which were almost wholly dishonored by the U.S. government... |archive-date = August 15, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210815133626/https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties |url-status = live }}</ref> After closing in 1858, the [[University of Minnesota]] was revived using land taken from the Dakota people under the [[Morrill Land-Grant Acts]] in 1862.<ref name="morillgrant">{{cite news | last=Vue | first=Katelyn | title=Over 150 years ago, tribal land revived the University. Now, American Indian leaders, students and faculty want this history addressed | newspaper=[[Minnesota Daily]] | date=July 7, 2020 | url=https://mndaily.com/255055/news/acmorrillact/ | access-date=November 25, 2023 | archive-date=November 25, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125170957/https://mndaily.com/255055/news/acmorrillact/ | url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|The Treaty of 1837 forced Dakota to make the largest land cession—all of their land east of the Mississippi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/great-university-land-grab|title=The great university land-grab|last=Almeroth-Williams|first=Tom|date=April 6, 2020 |quote=The Treaty of 1837 gave 1,062,334 acres, more than any other land cession, to 33 LGUs|access-date=April 11, 2024|publisher=[[University of Cambridge]]|archive-date=February 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214085809/https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/great-university-land-grab|url-status=live}}</ref> Then the Dakota ceded more of their land in the Treaty of 1851.<ref name="Bhattacharya 2023 l546">{{cite news | last=Bhattacharya | first=Ananya | title=Native Americans are struggling to put a dollar value on how much "land-grab" universities owe them | newspaper=Quartz | date=July 10, 2023 | url=https://qz.com/native-americans-are-struggling-to-put-a-dollar-value-o-1850620896 | access-date=November 25, 2023 | archive-date=November 25, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125171143/https://qz.com/native-americans-are-struggling-to-put-a-dollar-value-o-1850620896 | url-status=live }}</ref>}}
[[File:Mid 1850s Daguerreotype of St. Anthony Falls (cropped, grayscale, levels).jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Waterfall surrounded by mills and scaffolding|[[Saint Anthony Falls]] {{circa|1850s}}]]
[[File:Loaders-Pillsbury-Minneapolis.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Two men loaded flour|Loading flour, [[Pillsbury Company|Pillsbury]], 1939]]
Minneapolis originated around a source of energy: Saint Anthony Falls, the only natural waterfall on the Mississippi.<ref name=NPSfalls /> Each of the city's two founding industries—flour and lumber milling—developed in the 19th century nearly concurrently, and each came to prominence for about fifty years.{{efn|Soldiers from Fort Snelling built a [[sawmill]] in 1820, and a [[gristmill]] in 1823, on the west bank near the falls.{{sfn|Liebling|Morrison|1966|p=18}}{{sfn|Kane|1987|p=165}}{{efn|"Minneapolis would be the nation's flour capital for 50 years." and "Begun in 1848, timber milling had lasted for almost 50 years."{{sfn|Anfinson|Madigan|Forsberg|Nunnally|2003}}}} The city's first commercial sawmill was built in 1848, and the first commercial gristmill in 1849.{{sfn|Gras|1922|pp=300–301}}}} In 1884, the value of Minneapolis flour milling was the world's highest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mnenvironments.carleton.edu/items/show/18|title=Mills of Minneapolis|first1=Takuya|last1=Amagai|first2=Sahree|last2=Kasper|last3=the Minnesota Environments Team|access-date=August 21, 2024|work=Minnesota Environments|publisher=[[Carleton College]]|archive-date=August 20, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820234838/https://mnenvironments.carleton.edu/items/show/18|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1899, Minneapolis outsold every other lumber market in the world.{{sfn|King|2003|pp=25–26}} Through its expanding mill industries, Minneapolis earned the nickname "Mill City."{{sfn|Minnesota Historical Society|2003|p=1}} Due to the occupational hazards of milling, six companies manufactured artificial limbs.<ref>{{cite news |last = Hart |first = Joseph |url = http://www.citypages.com/1997-06-11/news/lost-city/full/ |date = June 11, 1997 |work = [[City Pages]] |title = Lost City |access-date = January 12, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131104062935/http://www.citypages.com/1997-06-11/news/lost-city/full/ |archive-date = November 4, 2013 }}</ref>
Disasters struck in the late 19th century: the [[Eastman tunnel]] under the river leaked in 1869; twice, fire destroyed the entire row of sawmills on the east bank;{{sfn|Kane|1987|pp=81, 122}} an explosion of flour dust at the [[Great Mill Disaster|Washburn A mill]] killed eighteen people{{sfn|Liebling|Morrison|1966|p=181}} and demolished about half the city's milling capacity;<ref name=deBeaulieu>{{cite news|title=History: The Mill Explosion|last=de Beaulieu|first=Ron|date=Winter 2023|work=Minnesota Alumni|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|access-date=June 5, 2023|url=https://www.minnesotaalumni.org/stories/history-the-mill-explosion|archive-date=June 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605230020/https://www.minnesotaalumni.org/stories/history-the-mill-explosion|url-status=live}}</ref> and in 1893, fire spread from Nicollet Island to Boom Island to northeast Minneapolis, destroyed twenty blocks, and killed two people.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lileks|first=James|title=Minnesota Moment: Grain Belt stopped Northeast fire of 1893|url=https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-moment-grain-belt-stopped-northeast-fire-of-1893/490498241/|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]|access-date=December 1, 2023|date=August 10, 2018|archive-date=November 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122183909/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-moment-grain-belt-stopped-northeast-fire-of-1893/490498241/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Dakota-Interment-Pike Island.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Black and white photo of one end of an island covered with hundreds of teepees inside a stockade|Dakota non-combatants living in a [[concentration camp]] at [[Fort Snelling]] during the winter of 1862<ref name="Minnesota Historical Society 2015 w866">{{cite web | title=The US-Dakota War of 1862 | publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]] | date=November 23, 2015 | url=https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/us-dakota-war | access-date=April 13, 2024 | archive-date=September 20, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920024828/https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/us-dakota-war | url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The lumber industry was built around forests in northern Minnesota, largely by lumbermen emigrating from [[Maine]]'s depleting forests.{{sfn|Blegen|1975|p=320}}{{sfn|Larson|2007|p=15}} The region's waterways were used to transport logs well after railroads developed; the Mississippi River carried logs to [[St. Louis]] until the early 20th century.{{sfn|Lass|2000|pp=173–174}} In 1871, of the thirteen mills sawing lumber in St. Anthony, eight ran on water power, and five ran on steam power.{{sfn|Larson|2007|p=146}} Auxiliary businesses on the river's west bank included woolen mills, iron works, a railroad machine shop, and mills for cotton, paper, sashes, and wood-planing.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Frame |first1 = Robert M. III |first2 = Jeffrey |last2 = Hess |title = Historic American Engineering Record MN-16: West Side Milling District |publisher = [[US National Park Service]] |url = http://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/mn/mn0100/mn0100/data/mn0100data.pdf |date = January 1990 |access-date = December 5, 2020 |page = 2 |archive-date = June 12, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170612023256/https://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/mn/mn0100/mn0100/data/mn0100data.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> Minneapolis supplied the materials for farmsteads and settlement of rapidly expanding cities on the [[prairie]]s that lacked wood.{{sfn|Larson|2007|pp=7, 29}} [[White pine]] milled in Minneapolis built [[Miles City, Montana]]; [[Bismarck, North Dakota]]; [[Sioux Falls, South Dakota]]; [[Omaha, Nebraska]]; and [[Wichita, Kansas]].{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=173}} Growing use of steam power freed lumbermen and their sawmills from dependence on the falls.{{sfn|Kane|1987|p=108|loc="Another factor which contributed to the decline of sawmilling at the falls was steam power"}} Lumbering's decline began around the turn of the century,{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=180}} and sawmills in the city including the [[Weyerhauser]] mill closed by 1919.<ref>{{cite web|title=The National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings: Theme XVII-b|volume=2|author=[[National Park Service]] and [[United States Department of the Interior]]|date=1966|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|url=http://npshistory.com/publications/nhl/theme-studies/commerce-industry-2.pdf|quote=The last of Minneapolis' once great sawmills, that of Frederick Weyerhaeuser and Associates, closed forever in 1919.|access-date=August 27, 2023|archive-date=August 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827182832/http://npshistory.com/publications/nhl/theme-studies/commerce-industry-2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> After depleting Minnesota's white pine,{{sfn|Risjord|2005|p=[https://archive.org/details/popularhistoryof0000risj/page/130/mode/2up 131]|loc="By then, however, the pine woods were virtually exhausted"}} some lumbermen moved on to [[Douglas fir]] in the [[Pacific Northwest]].{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=180|loc=Here, Lass calls the lumbermen's actions as cutting at a "rapacious rate", and calls out a "rapacious assault on the coniferous forests" on page 196}}
At the beginning of the American Civil War, annuity payments owed in June 1862 to the Dakota by treaty were late, causing acute hunger among the Dakota.{{sfn|Blegen|1975|p=265–267}}{{efn|Part of the delay was a month's indecision in the US Treasury about appropriating gold or greenbacks and in Congress, which was preoccupied with Civil War finance. Gold arrived in the region just a few hours after settlers had been killed and war had begun.{{sfn|Folwell|1921|pp=237–238}}}} Facing starvation{{sfn|Anderson|2019|loc=p. 55: "...they had to beg for food from the settlers or starve"}} a faction of the Dakota declared [[Dakota War of 1862|war]] in August and killed settlers.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=307|loc=The uprising involved at most 1,000 of the Dakota population of more than 7,000}} Serving without any prior military experience, US commander [[Henry Hastings Sibley|Henry Sibley]] had raw recruits,{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=309}} among them the only mounted troops were volunteers from Minneapolis and Saint Paul with no military experience.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|pp=309, 314}} The war went on for six weeks in the Minnesota River valley.<ref name=MNHSwar /> Some terrified American settlers traveled {{convert|80|mi|km}} away from the massacre to Minneapolis for safety.{{sfn|Leonard|1915|loc=search for "refugees"}} After a trial described as by [[kangaroo court]],{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=313|loc="what could only be termed a kangaroo court..."}} 38 Dakota men died by hanging as ordered by [[Abraham Lincoln]].<ref name=MNHSwar>{{cite web|url=https://www.mnhs.org/lowersioux/learn/us-dakota-war-1862|title=US-Dakota War of 1862|access-date=November 6, 2023|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|archive-date=September 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930235003/https://www.mnhs.org/lowersioux/learn/us-dakota-war-1862|url-status=live}}</ref> The army marched 1,700 non-hostile Dakota men, women, children, and elders {{convert|150|mi|km}} to a [[concentration camp]] at [[Fort Snelling]].<ref name="Minnesota Historical Society 2015 w866"/>{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=319}} Minneapolitans reportedly threatened more than once to attack the camp.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=320}} In 1863, the US "abrogated and annulled" all treaties with the Dakota.{{sfn|Vogel|2013|p=540}} With Governor [[Alexander Ramsey]] calling for their extermination,{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=188}} most Dakota were exiled from Minnesota.<ref>{{cite web |title = Forced Marches & Imprisonment |date = August 23, 2012 |url = https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/forced-marches-imprisonment |access-date = March 2, 2023 |archive-date = May 8, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210508061622/https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/forced-marches-imprisonment |url-status = live |publisher = [[Minnesota Historical Society]]}}</ref>
[[File:Control Data 6600 Victor Ruiz-grayscale.jpg|thumb|alt=Large computer terminal|[[Seymour Cray]] and colleagues began work on the [[CDC 6600]] ''(pictured)'' in downtown Minneapolis and completed the project in [[Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin]], in 1963.{{sfn|Price|2005|p=36}}]]
While the Dakota were being expelled, [[Franklin Steele]] laid claim to the east bank of [[Saint Anthony Falls]],<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.nps.gov/articles/wheat-farms-flour-mills-and-railroads-a-web-of-interdependence-teaching-with-historic-places.htm |title = Wheat Farms, Flour Mills, and Railroads: A Web of Interdependence |access-date = March 2, 2023 |publisher = [[US National Park Service]] |archive-date = March 2, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230302182707/https://www.nps.gov/articles/wheat-farms-flour-mills-and-railroads-a-web-of-interdependence-teaching-with-historic-places.htm |url-status = live }}</ref> and [[John H. Stevens]] built a home on the west bank.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/johnstev.htm |title = John H. Stevens House Museum |access-date = December 31, 2019 |publisher = [[US National Park Service]] |archive-date = August 15, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210815131225/https://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/johnstev.htm |url-status = live }}</ref> Residents had divergent ideas on names for their community. In 1852, [[Charles Hoag]] proposed combining the Dakota word for 'water' (''mni''{{efn|In [[Isaac Atwater|Atwater]]'s history, Baldwin gives the Sioux word as ''Minne''.{{sfn|Baldwin|1893a|p=39}} [[Stephen Return Riggs|Riggs]] gives ''mini''.{{sfn|Riggs|1992|p=314}} [[John Poage Williamson|Williamson]] who was most familiar with [[Dakota people|Santee]] has ''Mini'', and in the [[Dakota people|Yankton]] dialect, ''mni''.{{sfn|Williamson|1992|p=257}} Here, ''mni'' is from the University of Minnesota Dakota Dictionary Online.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://fmp.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=846 |title = mni |access-date = October 13, 2022 |work = University of Minnesota Dakota Dictionary Online|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] |archive-date = October 13, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221013174751/https://fmp.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=846 |url-status = live }}</ref>}}) with the Greek word for 'city' ({{lang|el|polis}}), yielding ''Minneapolis''. In 1851 after a meeting of the [[Minnesota Territorial Legislature]], leaders of east bank St. Anthony lost their bid to move the capital from Saint Paul.<ref name=McKinney /> In a close vote, Saint Paul and [[Stillwater, Minnesota|Stillwater]] agreed to divide federal funding:<ref name=McKinney /> Saint Paul would be the capital, while Stillwater would build the prison. The St. Anthony contingent eventually won the state university.<ref name=McKinney>{{cite book |author = Christianson, Theodore |publisher = [[American Historical Society]] |title = Minnesota: The Land of Sky-tinted Waters: A History of the State And Its People |date = 1935 |location = Chicago }} Courtesy ''[[Star Tribune]]'' and the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library, in {{cite news |title = How did Stillwater become home to Minnesota's first prison? |url = https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-territorial-prison-stillwater-history/600199594/ |author = McKinney, Matt |date = August 19, 2022 |access-date = August 19, 2022 |work =[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date = August 19, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220819125313/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-territorial-prison-stillwater-history/600199594/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In 1855 with a charter from the legislature, Steele and associates opened the [[Hennepin Avenue Bridge|first bridge]] across the Mississippi; the toll bridge cost pedestrians three cents {{USDCY|0.03|1855}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Father Louis Hennepin Bridge was first to span Mississippi|last=Reicher|first=Matt|date=May 6, 2014|access-date=May 11, 2023|url=https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2014/05/father-louis-hennepin-bridge-was-first-span-mississippi/|work=[[MinnPost]]|archive-date=May 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511143904/https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2014/05/father-louis-hennepin-bridge-was-first-span-mississippi/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1856, the territorial legislature authorized Minneapolis as a town on the Mississippi's west bank.{{sfn|Baldwin|1893a|p=39}} Minneapolis was incorporated as a city in 1867, and in 1872, it merged with St. Anthony.<ref>{{cite web |title = A History of Minneapolis: Governance and Infrastructure |url = http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=19 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120422185148/http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=19 |archive-date = April 22, 2012 |access-date = March 12, 2023 |publisher =[[Hennepin County Library]]}}</ref>
In 1877, [[Cadwallader C. Washburn]] co-founded Washburn-Crosby,{{sfn|Gray|1954|p=32}} the company that became [[General Mills]].{{sfn|Danbom|2003|p=283}}{{efn|In 1928, Washburn-Crosby merged with other local millers and changed its name to General Mills to reflect a wider product base including convenience foods like [[Wheaties]].{{sfn|Danbom|2003|p=283}}}} Washburn and partner [[John Crosby (General Mills)|John Crosby]]{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=162}} sent Austrian civil engineer [[William de la Barre]] to [[Hungary]] where he acquired innovations through [[industrial espionage]].{{sfn|Danbom|2003|p=277}} De la Barre calculated and managed the power at the falls and encouraged steam for auxiliary power.{{sfn|Kane|1987|p=118}} [[Charles Alfred Pillsbury]] and the [[Pillsbury Company|C. A. Pillsbury Company]] across the river hired Washburn-Crosby employees and began using the new methods.{{sfn|Danbom|2003|p=277}} The [[Wheat production in the United States#Classification and uses|hard red spring wheat]] grown in Minnesota became valuable, and Minnesota "patent" flour was recognized at the time as the best bread flour in the world.{{sfn|Danbom|2003|p=277}} In 1900, fourteen percent of America's grain was milled in Minneapolis{{sfn|Danbom|2003|p=277}} and about one third of that was shipped overseas.{{sfn|Gray|1954|p=41}} Overall production peaked at 18.5 million barrels in 1916.{{sfn|Liebling|Morrison|1966|p=180}} Decades of [[soil exhaustion]], [[stem rust]], and changes in freight tariffs combined to quash the city's flour industry.{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=238}} In the 1920s, Washburn-Crosby and Pillsbury developed new milling centers in [[Buffalo, New York]], and [[Kansas City, Missouri]], while maintaining their headquarters in Minneapolis.{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=238|loc="The anticipated decline came rather abruptly during the 1920s. By the end of that decade the Mill City produced only slightly more than half as much flour as it had at its zenith, and ranked third after Buffalo and Kansas City, Missouri."}} The falls became a [[List of contributing properties in the St. Anthony Falls Historic District|national historic district]],{{sfn|Kane|1987|p=186}} and the upper St. Anthony [[lock and dam]] is permanently closed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Army Corps studying dam removal that could restore free-flowing Mississippi River in Twin Cities|url=https://www.startribune.com/army-corps-studying-dam-removal-that-could-restore-free-flowing-mississippi-river-in-twin-cities/600216559/|date=October 17, 2022|last=Johnson|first=Chloe|access-date=June 28, 2023|work=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=June 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628194305/https://www.startribune.com/army-corps-studying-dam-removal-that-could-restore-free-flowing-mississippi-river-in-twin-cities/600216559/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Columnist Don Morrison says that after the milling era waned a "modern, major city" emerged.{{sfn|Liebling|Morrison|1966|p=29}} In 1900, Minneapolis attracted skilled workers{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=104|loc="Thus while Minneapolis began to lose jobs in the mills, it began to acquire other jobs in management, financial administration, advertising, market research, product research and design, and other mid-level management and administrative positions. The effect was to upgrade the workforce..."}} who leveraged expertise from the University of Minnesota.{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=111|loc="The university's role grew more and more important as the 20th century rolled along, for basic research and experimentation grew more complex and costly and as time went by."}} In 1923, [[Munsingwear]] was the world's largest manufacturer of underwear.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=74}} [[Frederick McKinley Jones]] invented mobile [[refrigeration]] in Minneapolis, and with his associate founded [[Thermo King]] in 1938.<ref>{{cite news|title=Love the ice cream truck? Thank inventor Fred Jones|url=https://www.marketplace.org/2014/02/21/love-ice-cream-truck-thank-inventor-fred-jones/|work=[[Marketplace (radio program)|Marketplace]]|publisher=[[Minnesota Public Radio]]|date=February 21, 2014|access-date=May 23, 2023|last=Wallace|first=Lewis|archive-date=May 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523234102/https://www.marketplace.org/2014/02/21/love-ice-cream-truck-thank-inventor-fred-jones/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1949, [[Medtronic]] was founded in a Minneapolis garage.<ref>{{cite news|title=Man behind first wearable external pacemaker dies at age 94|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/man-behind-first-wearable-external-pacemaker-dies-at-age-94-1.4144201|date=October 22, 2018|agency=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=[[Bell Media]]|work=[[CTV News]]|access-date=May 23, 2023|archive-date=May 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524185243/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/man-behind-first-wearable-external-pacemaker-dies-at-age-94-1.4144201|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Minneapolis-Honeywell]] built a south Minneapolis campus where their experience regulating [[control system]]s earned them military contracts for the [[Norden bombsight]] and the C-1 [[autopilot]].<ref name=BabbageHoneywell>{{cite web|url=http://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/digital-state/honeywell|title=Honeywell|access-date=May 22, 2023|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Libraries]]|work=[[Charles Babbage Institute]]|archive-date=May 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522231207/http://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/digital-state/honeywell|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1957, [[Control Data]] began in downtown Minneapolis,<ref name=BabbageCDC /> where in the [[CDC 1604]] computer they replaced [[vacuum tube]]s with [[transistor]]s.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cotter|first=George|title=Seymour Cray and NSA October 5|url=https://www.nsa.gov/portals/75/documents/news-features/declassified-documents/history-today-articles/10%202018/05OCT2018%20SEYMOUR%20CRAY%20and%20NSA.pdf|date=October 5, 2021|publisher=[[National Security Agency]]|access-date=August 17, 2024}}</ref> A highly successful business until disbanded in 1990, Control Data opened a facility in economically depressed north Minneapolis, bringing jobs and good publicity.<ref name=BabbageCDC>{{cite web|url=http://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/digital-state/control-data-corporation|title=Control Data Corporation|access-date=May 22, 2023|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Libraries]]|work=[[Charles Babbage Institute]]|archive-date=May 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522230028/http://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/digital-state/control-data-corporation|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[University of Minnesota]] computing group released [[Gopher (protocol)|Gopher]] in 1991; three years later, the [[World Wide Web]] superseded Gopher traffic.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.minnpost.com/business/2016/08/rise-and-fall-gopher-protocol/|title=The rise and fall of the Gopher protocol|first=Tim|last=Gihring|date=August 11, 2016|work=[[MinnPost]]|access-date=May 22, 2023|archive-date=February 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210211738/https://www.minnpost.com/business/2016/08/rise-and-fall-gopher-protocol/|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Water power, lumber, and flour milling ===
<!--In the 1960s, developers and city leaders successfully contended with shopping attractions in suburbia{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|p=164}}—the pioneering [[Southdale Center]]{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|p=163}} and later the [[Mall of America]].{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|p=183}} The new [[Minneapolis Skyway System]] and the [[Nicollet Mall]] brought with them a heyday for downtown.{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|p=175}}-->{{clear}}
[[File:Mid 1850s Daguerreotype of St. Anthony Falls (cropped, grayscale, levels).jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Waterfall surrounded by sawmills and scaffolding|[[Saint Anthony Falls]] {{circa|1850s}}]]
Minneapolis developed around Saint Anthony Falls, the only natural waterfall on the Mississippi, which was used as a source of energy.<ref name=NPSfalls /> A 1989 Minnesota Archaeological Society analysis of the Minneapolis riverfront describes the use of [[hydropower|water power]] in Minneapolis between 1880 and 1930 as "the greatest direct-drive waterpower center the world has ever seen".{{sfn|Anfinson|1990|loc=Chapter 4 Interpretive Potentials}} Minneapolis earned the nickname "Mill City."<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.minneapolis.org/about-us/history-of-minneapolis/ |title = About Us |access-date = February 28, 2023 |publisher = City of Minneapolis |archive-date = March 15, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230315160736/https://www.minneapolis.org/about-us/history-of-minneapolis/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=Sturdevant /> The city's two founding industries—lumber and flour milling—developed in the 19th century nearly concurrently. Flour milling overshadowed lumber for some decades; nevertheless, each came to prominence for about fifty years.{{efn|"Minneapolis would be the nation's flour capital for 50 years." and "Begun in 1848, timber milling had lasted for almost 50 years."{{sfn|Anfinson|Madigan|Forsberg|Nunnally|2003}}}} The city's first commercial [[sawmill]] was built in 1848, and the first [[gristmill]] in 1849.{{sfn|Gras|1922|pp=300–301}}{{efn|These mills were the first built for commerce. Earlier, soldiers from Fort Snelling built a sawmill in 1820, and a grist mill in 1823, on the west bank near the falls.{{sfn|Liebling|Morrison|1966|p=18}}{{sfn|Kane|1987|p=165}}}}
A lumber industry was built around forests in northern Minnesota, largely by lumbermen emigrating from [[Maine]]'s depleting forests.{{sfn|Blegen|1975|p=320}}{{sfn|Larson|2007|p=15}} Towns built in western Minnesota with lumber from Minneapolis sawmills shipped their wheat back to the city for milling.{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=175}} The region's waterways were used to transport logs well after railroads developed; the Mississippi River carried logs to [[St. Louis]] until the early 20th century.{{sfn|Lass|2000|pp=173–174}} In 1871, of the thirteen mills sawing lumber in St. Anthony, eight ran on water power and five ran on steam power.{{sfn|Larson|2007|p=146}} Minneapolis supplied the materials for farmsteads and settlement of rapidly expanding cities on the [[prairie]]s that lacked wood.{{sfn|Larson|2007|pp=7, 29}} [[White pine]] milled in Minneapolis built [[Miles City, Montana]]; [[Bismarck, North Dakota]]; [[Sioux Falls, South Dakota]]; [[Omaha, Nebraska]]; and [[Wichita, Kansas]].{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=173}} Auxiliary businesses on the river's west bank in 1871 included woolen mills, iron works, a railroad machine shop, and mills for cotton, paper, sashes, and wood-planing.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Frame |first1 = Robert M. III |first2 = Jeffrey |last2 = Hess |title = Historic American Engineering Record MN-16: West Side Milling District |publisher = [[US National Park Service]] |url = http://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/mn/mn0100/mn0100/data/mn0100data.pdf |date = January 1990 |access-date = December 5, 2020 |page = 2 |archive-date = June 12, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170612023256/https://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/mn/mn0100/mn0100/data/mn0100data.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> Due to the occupational hazards of milling, by the 1890s, six companies manufactured artificial limbs.<ref>{{cite news |last = Hart |first = Joseph |url = http://www.citypages.com/1997-06-11/news/lost-city/full/ |date = June 11, 1997 |work = [[City Pages]] |title = Lost City |access-date = January 12, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131104062935/http://www.citypages.com/1997-06-11/news/lost-city/full/ |archive-date = November 4, 2013 }}</ref>
Growing use of steam power freed lumbermen and their sawmills from dependence on the falls.{{sfn|Kane|1987|p=108|loc="Another factor which contributed to the decline of sawmilling at the falls was steam power"}} Lumber was the main Minneapolis industry in 1870,{{sfn|Kane|1987|p=106}} before flour milling overtook it in the 1880s.{{sfn|Kane|1987|p=106}} Lumbering reached a statewide peak in 1900 when its decline began.{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=180}} After depleting Minnesota's white pine,{{sfn|Risjord|2005|p=131|loc="By then, however, the pine woods were virtually exhausted"}} some lumbermen moved on to [[Douglas fir]] in the [[Pacific Northwest]].{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=180|loc=Here, Lass calls the lumbermen's actions as cutting at a "rapacious rate", and calls out a "rapacious assault on the coniferous forests" on page 196}} Sawmills in the city including the Minneapolis [[Weyerhauser]] mill closed by 1919.<ref>{{cite web|title=The National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings: Theme XVII-b|volume=2|author=[[National Park Service]] and [[United States Department of the Interior]]|date=1966|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|url=http://npshistory.com/publications/nhl/theme-studies/commerce-industry-2.pdf|quote=The last of Minneapolis' once great sawmills, that of Frederick Weyerhaeuser and Associates, closed forever in 1919.|access-date=August 27, 2023|archive-date=August 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827182832/http://npshistory.com/publications/nhl/theme-studies/commerce-industry-2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Loaders-Pillsbury-Minneapolis.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Two men who loaded flour and a bag of flour that says Monahan's Minneapolis and a Pillsbury truck|Loading flour, [[Pillsbury Company|Pillsbury]], 1939]]
Disasters struck the city in the late 19th century. Dug under the river at [[Nicollet Island]], the [[Eastman tunnel]] leaked in 1869. Water sucked the {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[tailrace]] into a {{convert|90|ft|m|abbr=on}}-wide chasm.<ref name=Carroll /> Community-led repairs failed and in 1870, several buildings and mills fell into the river.<ref name=Carroll /> For years, the [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] struggled to close the gap with timber until their concrete dike held in 1876.<ref name=Carroll>{{cite web |title = Engineering the Falls: The Corps of Engineers' Role at St. Anthony Falls |first1 = Jane |last1 = Lamm Carroll |date = October 27, 2015 |access-date = October 9, 2022 |url = https://www.mvp.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/626089/engineering-the-falls-the-corps-of-engineers-role-at-st-anthony-falls/ |publisher = St. Paul District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers |archive-date = October 9, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221009171443/https://www.mvp.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/626089/engineering-the-falls-the-corps-of-engineers-role-at-st-anthony-falls/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In 1870, and again in 1887, fire destroyed the entire row of sawmills on the east bank.{{sfn|Kane|1987|pp=81, 122}} In 1878, an explosion of flour dust at the [[Great Mill Disaster|Washburn A mill]] killed eighteen people{{sfn|Liebling|Morrison|1966|p=181}} and demolished several mills.<ref name=deBeaulieu>{{cite news|title=History: The Mill Explosion|last=de Beaulieu|first=Ron|date=Winter 2023|work=Minnesota Alumni|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|access-date=June 5, 2023|url=https://www.minnesotaalumni.org/stories/history-the-mill-explosion|archive-date=June 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605230020/https://www.minnesotaalumni.org/stories/history-the-mill-explosion|url-status=live}}</ref> The explosion cost the city nearly one half of its capacity, but the mill was rebuilt the next year.{{sfn|Blegen|1975|p=352}} In 1893, fire spread from Nicollet Island to Boom Island to northeast Minneapolis where wind stopped it at the stone [[Grain Belt (beer)#The former brewery|Grain Belt Brewery]]. Twenty blocks were destroyed and two people died.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lileks|first=James|title=Minnesota Moment: Grain Belt stopped Northeast fire of 1893|url=https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-moment-grain-belt-stopped-northeast-fire-of-1893/490498241/|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]|access-date=December 1, 2023|date=August 10, 2018|archive-date=November 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122183909/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-moment-grain-belt-stopped-northeast-fire-of-1893/490498241/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Cadwallader C. Washburn]] founded Washburn-Crosby, the company that became [[General Mills]].{{sfn|Danbom|2003|p=274}}{{sfn|Watts|2000|p=95}} He learned of and adopted three flour milling innovations:{{sfn|Watts|2000|p=92}} [[middlings purifier]]s blew out the [[husk]]s that had colored flour;{{sfn|Danbom|2003|p=277}} gradual reduction by steel and porcelain [[roller mill]]s combined gluten with starch;{{sfn|Danbom|2003|p=277}} and a ventilation system decreased the risk of explosion by reducing flour dust in the air.{{sfn|Watts|2000|p=96}} Washburn and partner [[John Crosby (General Mills)|John Crosby]]{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=162}} sent Austrian civil engineer [[William de la Barre]] to [[Hungary]] where he acquired some of these innovations through [[industrial espionage]].{{sfn|Danbom|2003|p=277}} De la Barre carefully calculated and managed the power at the falls and encouraged steam for auxiliary power.{{sfn|Kane|1987|p=118}} [[Charles Alfred Pillsbury]] and the [[Pillsbury Company|C. A. Pillsbury Company]] across the river hired Washburn employees and began using the new methods.{{sfn|Danbom|2003|p=277}}
The [[Wheat production in the United States#Classification and uses|hard red spring wheat]] grown in Minnesota became valuable—$0.50 profit per barrel in 1871 {{USDCY|0.50|1871}} increased to $4.50 in 1874 {{USDCY|4.50|1874}}{{sfn|Watts|2000|p=94}}—and Minnesota "patent" flour was recognized at the time as the best bread flour in the world.{{sfn|Danbom|2003|p=277}} By 1895, through the efforts of silent partner [[William Hood Dunwoody]], Washburn-Crosby exported four million barrels of flour a year to the United Kingdom.{{sfn|Gray|1954|pp=33–35}} When exports peaked in 1900, fourteen percent of America's grain was milled in Minneapolis{{sfn|Danbom|2003|p=277}} and about one third of that was shipped overseas.{{sfn|Gray|1954|p=41}} Overall production peaked at 18.5 million barrels in 1916.{{sfn|Liebling|Morrison|1966|p=180}}
Decades of [[soil exhaustion]], [[stem rust]], and changes in freight tariffs combined to quash the city's flour industry.{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=238}} In the 1920s, Washburn-Crosby and Pillsbury developed new milling centers in [[Buffalo, New York]], and [[Kansas City, Missouri]], while maintaining their headquarters in Minneapolis.{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=238|loc="The anticipated decline came rather abruptly during the 1920s. By the end of that decade the Mill City produced only slightly more than half as much flour as it had at its zenith, and ranked third after Buffalo and Kansas City, Missouri."}} Under increasingly consolidated management, plants on the Minneapolis mill properties generated [[hydroelectricity]] with surplus water.{{sfn|Kane|1987|pp=156, 166, 171}} Hydroelectricity became the equal of flour milling as a user of the falls's power.{{sfn|Kane|1987|p=164}} [[Northern States Power]] bought the united mill companies in 1923,{{sfn|Kane|1987|p=171}} and by the 1950s controlled over 53,000 horsepower at the falls.{{sfn|Kane|1987|p=174}} In 1971, the falls became a [[List of contributing properties in the St. Anthony Falls Historic District|national historic district]].{{sfn|Kane|1987|p=186}} Hitherto "the backside of the city",{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=159}} the riverfront caught the attention of a convoluted network of private and government interests who sometimes fought. They developed [[townhouse]]s and [[high rise]]s, and rebuilt and renovated lofts—often neglecting affordability—revitalizing mills on both banks.{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|loc=Chapter 6, ''Reimagining the Riverfront''}} The upper St. Anthony [[lock and dam]] permanently closed in 2015,<ref>{{cite news|title=Army Corps studying dam removal that could restore free-flowing Mississippi River in Twin Cities|url=https://www.startribune.com/army-corps-studying-dam-removal-that-could-restore-free-flowing-mississippi-river-in-twin-cities/600216559/|date=October 17, 2022|last=Johnson|first=Chloe|access-date=June 28, 2023|work=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=June 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628194305/https://www.startribune.com/army-corps-studying-dam-removal-that-could-restore-free-flowing-mississippi-river-in-twin-cities/600216559/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Saint Anthony Falls#Locks and dams|region's three locks]] were under federal disposition study as of 2023.<ref>{{cite news|title=On Minneapolis riverfront, 'orphan hazard' threatens St. Anthony Falls|last=Callaghan|first=Peter|date=June 30, 2023|access-date=July 3, 2023|work=[[MinnPost]]|url=https://www.minnpost.com/state-government/2023/06/on-minneapolis-riverfront-orphan-hazard-threatens-st-anthony-falls/|archive-date=July 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703051904/https://www.minnpost.com/state-government/2023/06/on-minneapolis-riverfront-orphan-hazard-threatens-st-anthony-falls/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Wide image|Panorama-Minneapolis-1915.jpg|1000px|alt=panoramic view of Saint Anthony Falls and the Mississippi riverfront in 1915|[[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] riverfront and [[Saint Anthony Falls]] in 1915. At left, [[Pillsbury "A" Mill|Pillsbury]], power plants and the [[Stone Arch Bridge (Minneapolis)|Stone Arch Bridge]]. Today the [[Minnesota Historical Society]]'s Mill City Museum is in the [[Washburn "A" Mill]], across the river just to the left of the falls. At center-left are [[Northwestern Consolidated Milling Company|Northwestern Consolidated]] mills. The tall building is [[Minneapolis City Hall]]. In the right foreground are [[Nicollet Island]] and the [[Hennepin Avenue Bridge]].}}
===Social tensions===
=== Other industries develop ===
{{further|List of incidents of civil unrest in Minneapolis–Saint Paul|2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest}}
''[[Minneapolis Star]]'' humorist Don Morrison wrote that the city doubled, tripled, then quadrupled its population every decade, and in 1922, the city's assessed [[property value]] was $266 million, "nearly 10 times the price paid for the entire midcontinent in the Louisiana Purchase."{{sfn|Liebling|Morrison|1966|p=29}} After the milling era waned, a "modern, major city"{{sfn|Liebling|Morrison|1966|p=29}} surfaced in 1900, attracted skilled workers,{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=104|loc="Thus while Minneapolis began to lose jobs in the mills, it began to acquire other jobs in management, financial administration, advertising, market research, product research and design, and other mid-level management and administrative positions. The effect was to upgrade the workforce..."}} and depended on expertise from the university's [[University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering|Institute of Technology]].{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=111|loc="The university's role became more and more important as the 20th century rolled along..."}}
[[File:Open battle between striking teamsters armed with pipes and the police in the streets of Minneapolis, 06-1934 - NARA - 541925.jpg|thumb|alt=Group confronting police|[[Minneapolis general strike of 1934|Battle between striking teamsters and police]], 1934. The May ''(pictured)'' and subsequent July battles killed four men, two on each side.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slphistory.org/dunnebrothers/|title=The Teamsters Strike of 1934|publisher=St Louis Park Historical Society|access-date=June 25, 2023|archive-date=June 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625183654/https://slphistory.org/dunnebrothers/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:Control Data 6600 Victor Ruiz-grayscale.jpg|thumb|[[Seymour Cray]] and colleagues began work on the [[CDC 6600]] ''(pictured)'' in downtown Minneapolis and completed the project in [[Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin]].{{sfn|Price|2005|p=36}}|alt=Refer to caption]]
In many ways, the 20th century in Minneapolis was a difficult time of bigotry and malfeasance, beginning with four decades of corruption.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=71}} Known initially as a kindly physician, mayor [[A. A. Ames|Doc Ames]] made his brother police chief, ran the city into crime, and tried to leave town in 1902.{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|pp=[https://archive.org/details/minneapolisintwe0000nath/page/40/mode/2up 41–47]}} The [[Ku Klux Klan]] was a force in the city from 1921{{sfn|Hatle|Vaillancourt|2009–2010|p=362}} until 1923.{{sfn|Chalmers|1987||p= [https://archive.org/details/hoodedamericanis00chal/page/149 149]}} The gangster [[Kid Cann]] engaged in bribery and intimidation between the 1920s and the 1940s.{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/minneapolisintwe0000nath/page/58/mode/2up 58]}} After Minnesota passed a [[eugenics]] law in 1925, the proprietors of [[Eitel Hospital]] [[sterilization (medicine)|sterilized]] people at [[Faribault State Hospital]].{{sfn|Ladd-Taylor|2005|p=242|loc="[[George G. Eitel|Eitel]], the founder of the private Eitel Hospital and a vice-president of Dight's eugenics society, performed the first 150 surgeries; his nephew George D. Eitel took over the work after the old man died in 1928"}}
During the summer of 1934 and the financial downturn of the Great Depression, the [[Citizens' Alliance]], an association of employers, refused to negotiate with [[International Brotherhood of Teamsters|teamsters]]. The truck drivers [[trade union|union]] executed [[Minneapolis general strike of 1934|strike]]s in May and July–August.<ref>{{cite news|title=Remembering the truckers strike of 1934|last=Nathanson|first=Iric|date=July 22, 2008|access-date=June 8, 2023|url=https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2008/07/remembering-truckers-strike-1934/|work=[[MinnPost]]|archive-date=June 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608211702/https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2008/07/remembering-truckers-strike-1934/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Charles Rumford Walker]] said that Minneapolis teamsters succeeded in part due to the "military precision of the strike machine".{{sfn|Walker|1937|pp=98–99}} The union victory ultimately led to [[National Labor Relations Act of 1935|1935]] and [[Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938|1938]] federal laws protecting workers' rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://teamster.org/about/teamster-history/the-minneapolis-strike/|title=The Minneapolis Strike|date=February 4, 2020|access-date=June 6, 2023|publisher=[[International Brotherhood of Teamsters]]|archive-date=June 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606211501/https://teamster.org/about/teamster-history/the-minneapolis-strike/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 1886, businessman George D. Munsing found that itchy wool underwear could be covered in silk. His Minneapolis textile business—known then as Munsingwear, today owned by Perry Ellis<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.munsingwear.com/|title=Munsingwear|access-date=May 21, 2023|publisher=[[Perry Ellis International]]|archive-date=May 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528235007/https://munsingwear.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>—lasted a century and in 1923, was the world's largest manufacturer of underwear.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=74}} In 1922, inventor David W. Onan founded Onan Corporation (bought by Cummins in 1986<ref name=Cummins>{{cite web|url=https://www.cummins.com/timeline|title=1919–2019 History: 100 years and counting|access-date=June 4, 2023|publisher=[[Cummins]]|quote=[In 1986] Cummins purchases a 63 percent share of the Onan Corporation. The remainder is acquired in 1992, making it a fully owned subsidiary for power systems.|archive-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728133241/https://www.cummins.com/timeline|url-status=live}}</ref>), that built and sold generators in Minneapolis.<ref name=Onan>{{cite web|url=https://onanfamily.org/wp-content/uploads/BOOK-ONAN-COMPANY-HISTORY-1982.pdf|title=Onan Company History: Beginnings Through 1982|first=David W. II|last=Onan|publisher=Onan Family Foundation|access-date=June 4, 2023|archive-date=July 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714105659/https://onanfamily.org/wp-content/uploads/BOOK-ONAN-COMPANY-HISTORY-1982.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Onan brought electricity to midwestern markets before power lines covered the country, and supplied about half the generator sets the US military used during World War II.{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=110|}} [[Frederick McKinley Jones]] invented mobile [[refrigeration]] in Minneapolis, and with his associate founded [[Thermo King]] in 1938.<ref>{{cite news|title=Love the ice cream truck? Thank inventor Fred Jones|url=https://www.marketplace.org/2014/02/21/love-ice-cream-truck-thank-inventor-fred-jones/|work=[[Marketplace (radio program)|Marketplace]]|publisher=[[Minnesota Public Radio]]|date=February 21, 2014|access-date=May 23, 2023|last=Wallace|first=Lewis|archive-date=May 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523234102/https://www.marketplace.org/2014/02/21/love-ice-cream-truck-thank-inventor-fred-jones/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Medtronic]], founded in a Minneapolis garage in 1949,<ref>{{cite news|title=Man behind first wearable external pacemaker dies at age 94|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/man-behind-first-wearable-external-pacemaker-dies-at-age-94-1.4144201|date=October 22, 2018|agency=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=[[Bell Media]]|work=[[CTV News]]|access-date=May 23, 2023|archive-date=May 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524185243/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/man-behind-first-wearable-external-pacemaker-dies-at-age-94-1.4144201|url-status=live}}</ref> and today domiciled in Ireland, as of 2022 usually appears in lists of the world's largest [[medical device]] makers.<ref>{{cite report|access-date=May 24, 2023|title=Medical Devices Market|publisher=Fortune Business Insights|url=https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/medical-devices-market-100085|date=June 2022|archive-date=May 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524173815/https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/medical-devices-market-100085|url-status=live}}</ref>
From the end of World War I in 1918 until 1950, [[antisemitism]] was commonplace in Minneapolis—[[Carey McWilliams (journalist)|Carey McWilliams]] called the city the antisemitic capital of the US.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://religionsmn.carleton.edu/exhibits/show/st-louis-park-eruv-jewish/history/anti-semtisim-in-minneapolis |title = Anti-Semitism in Minneapolis |work = Religions in Minnesota|publisher=[[Carleton College]]|access-date = September 24, 2021 |archive-date = June 15, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210615182209/https://religionsmn.carleton.edu/exhibits/show/st-louis-park-eruv-jewish/history/anti-semtisim-in-minneapolis |url-status = live }}</ref> Starting in 1936, a fascist [[hate group]] known as the [[Silver Legion of America|Silver Shirts]] held meetings in the city.{{sfn|Weber|1991|pp=88–89}} In the 1940s, mayor [[Hubert Humphrey]] worked to rescue the city's reputation{{sfn|Caro|2002|pp=440, 454}} and helped the city establish the country's first municipal [[Fair Employment Practices Commission|fair employment practices]]{{sfn|Garrettson|1993|p=85|loc="On the second try, the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) bill passed in 1948. It was the 'first municipal FEPC bill in America'"}} and a human-relations council that interceded on behalf of minorities.{{sfn|Reichard|1998|p=62}} However, the lives of Black people had not been improved.<ref name="ab">{{cite news |title = Why This Started in Minneapolis |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-05/revealing-the-divisive-history-of-minneapolis |author = Holder, Sarah |date = June 5, 2020 |access-date = May 27, 2021 |publisher = [[Bloomberg L.P.]]|work=[[Bloomberg L.P.#CityLab|CityLab]] |archive-date = August 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817094227/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-05/revealing-the-divisive-history-of-minneapolis |url-status = live }}</ref> In 1966 and 1967—years of significant [[Long, hot summer of 1967|turmoil across the US]]—suppressed anger among the Black population was released in two disturbances on Plymouth Avenue.{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/minneapolisintwe0000nath/page/115/mode/2up 115]|loc=Chapter 4: Plymouth Avenue Is Burning}} Historian Iric Nathanson says young Blacks confronted police, arson caused property damage, and "random gunshots" caused minor injuries in what was a "relatively minor incident" in Minneapolis compared to the loss of life and property in similar incidents in Detroit and Newark.{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/minneapolisintwe0000nath/page/115/mode/2up 115]}} A coalition reached a peaceful outcome but again failed to solve Black poverty and unemployment.{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|pp=[https://archive.org/details/minneapolisintwe0000nath/page/128/mode/2up 128–129]}} In the wake of unrest and voter backlash, [[Charles Stenvig]], a law-and-order candidate, became mayor in 1969, and governed for almost a decade.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=139}}{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|pp=[https://archive.org/details/minneapolisintwe0000nath/page/129/mode/2up 129–134]}}
Minnesota's computer industry was the largest and most varied in the US beginning in the 1950s, and in 1989 employed 68,000 people.{{sfn|Misa|2013|p=5}}{{efn|The computer industry in Minnesota began in 1946, when work in Washington, DC, and Ohio transferred to Saint Paul, where [[Engineering Research Associates]] was founded.{{sfn|Misa|2013|p=9}}}} [[Minneapolis-Honeywell]] built a south Minneapolis campus where their experience regulating indoor temperature earned them contracts controlling military servomechanisms like the secret [[Norden bombsight]] and the C-1 [[autopilot]].<ref name=BabbageHoneywell>{{cite web|url=http://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/digital-state/honeywell|title=Honeywell|access-date=May 22, 2023|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Libraries]]|work=[[Charles Babbage Institute]]|archive-date=May 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522231207/http://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/digital-state/honeywell|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1960s, the [[Honeywell 316]] and DDP-516 were nodes in [[ARPANET]], the internet's precursor.<ref name=BabbageHoneywell /> The [[Honeywell Project]] from 1968 until 1990 advocated for peaceful means to replace the company's military interests.<ref name=BabbageHoneywell /> General Mills built computers for [[NASA]] in northeast Minneapolis in the 1950s.<ref name=BabbageOthers>{{cite web|url=http://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/digital-state/other-major-players|title=Other Major Players|access-date=May 22, 2023|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Libraries]]|work=[[Charles Babbage Institute]]|archive-date=May 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522231440/http://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/digital-state/other-major-players|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1957, [[Control Data]] began in downtown Minneapolis, where in the [[CDC 1604]] they replaced [[vacuum tube]]s with [[transistor]]s. Later Control Data moved to the suburbs{{efn|Control Data moved office in 1962, at the request of chief designer [[Seymour Cray]], to Cray's hometown of [[Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin]], to give fewer distractions{{sfn|Murray|1997|p=81}} as he and colleagues built the [[CDC 6600]], generally called the first [[supercomputer]]. Corporate offices remained in Minneapolis until 1960 when they moved to the suburbs.<ref name=BabbageCDC />}} and built the [[CDC 6600]] and [[CDC 7600]], the first [[supercomputer]]s.<ref name=BabbageCDC /> A highly successful business until disbanded in 1990, Control Data opened a facility in economically depressed north Minneapolis in 1967, bringing jobs and good publicity.<ref name=BabbageCDC>{{cite web|url=http://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/digital-state/control-data-corporation|title=Control Data Corporation|access-date=May 22, 2023|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Libraries]]|work=[[Charles Babbage Institute]]|archive-date=May 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522230028/http://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/digital-state/control-data-corporation|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[University of Minnesota]] formed an educational computing group that placed three or four personal computers in every Minnesota school, and in 1991 the group's personnel released [[Gopher (protocol)|Gopher]] on a [[Macintosh SE/30]] which ran until World Wide [[Web traffic]] surpassed Gopher traffic in 1994.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.minnpost.com/business/2016/08/rise-and-fall-gopher-protocol/|title=The rise and fall of the Gopher protocol|first=Tim|last=Gihring|date=August 11, 2016|work=[[MinnPost]]|access-date=May 22, 2023|archive-date=February 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210211738/https://www.minnpost.com/business/2016/08/rise-and-fall-gopher-protocol/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Heart of the Earth Survival School-Minneapolis 1982.png|thumb|alt=Brick school in winter|The [[American Indian Movement]]'s [[Heart of the Earth Survival School]] in 1983]]
In the 1960s, developers and city leaders successfully contended with shopping attractions in suburbia{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|p=164}}—the pioneering [[Southdale Center]]{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|p=163}} and later the [[Mall of America]].{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|p=183}} The new [[Minneapolis Skyway System]] and the [[Nicollet Mall]] brought with them a heyday for downtown.{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|p=175}}
Disparate events defined the second half of the 20th century. Between 1958 and 1963, Minneapolis demolished "[[Skid row#Minneapolis|skid row]]".{{efn|Minneapolis experienced the largest [[urban renewal]] plan undertaken in the US {{as of|2022|lc=y}}.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=128}}}} Gone were {{convert|35|acre|ha|adj=off|sigfig=1}} with more than 200 buildings, or roughly 40 percent of downtown, including the [[Gateway District (Minneapolis)|Gateway District]] and its significant architecture such as the [[Metropolitan Building (Minneapolis)|Metropolitan Building]].<ref name=Hart>{{cite news |last = Hart |first = Joseph |title = Room at the Bottom |work = [[City Pages]] |volume = 19 |issue = 909 |date = May 6, 1998 |url = http://www.citypages.com/1998-05-06/news/room-at-the-bottom/ |access-date = December 7, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100401180715/http://www.citypages.com/1998-05-06/news/room-at-the-bottom/ |archive-date = April 1, 2010 }}</ref> In 1968, [[Indian Relocation Act of 1956|relocated]] Native Americans founded the [[American Indian Movement]] (AIM){{sfn|Weber|2022|page=141|loc="Explaining the name, [[Clyde Bellecourt]] remembered Alberta Downwind saying at AIM's founding: ''Indian'' is the word that they used to oppress us. ''Indian'' is the word we'll use to gain our freedom"}} in Minneapolis. Begun as an alternative to public and [[American Indian boarding schools|Bureau of Indian Affairs schools]], AIM's [[Heart of the Earth Survival School]] taught Native American traditions to children for nearly twenty years.{{sfn|Davis|2013|p=193}} A same-sex Minneapolis couple appealed all the way to the US Supreme Court but their marriage license was denied.<ref name=Mumford>{{cite news|title=For Mpls. couple, gay marriage ruling is a victory 43 years in the making|last=Mumford|first=Tracy|date=July 16, 2015|access-date=June 2, 2023|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/07/16/baker-mcconnell|work=[[MPR News]]|archive-date=June 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605160544/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/07/16/baker-mcconnell|url-status=live}}</ref> They managed to get a license and marry in 1971,<ref name=Mumford /> forty years before [[Same-sex marriage in Minnesota|Minnesota legalized same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Minnesota Issues Resource Guides|url=https://www.lrl.mn.gov/guides/guides?issue=samesexmarriage|title=Same-Sex Marriage in Minnesota|date=July 2022|publisher=Minnesota Legislative Reference Library|access-date=June 5, 2023|archive-date=June 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605160446/https://www.lrl.mn.gov/guides/guides?issue=samesexmarriage|url-status=live}}</ref> Immigration helped to curb the city's mid-20th century population decline. But because of a few radicalized persons, the city's large Somali population was targeted with discrimination after [[September 11 attacks|9/11]], when its [[hawala]]s or banks were closed.{{sfn|Weber|2022|pp=158–159}}
In 2020, 17-year-old [[Darnella Frazier]] recorded the [[murder of George Floyd]];<ref>{{cite news |title = Damning Report After Floyd Murder Finds Rampant Police Discrimination in Minneapolis |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-27/report-damns-minneapolis-police-after-george-floyd-murder-read-full-text#xj4y7vzkg |last = Ceron |first = Ella |date = April 27, 2022 |access-date = March 12, 2023 |work = [[Bloomberg News]] |archive-date = May 12, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220512071727/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-27/report-damns-minneapolis-police-after-george-floyd-murder-read-full-text#xj4y7vzkg |url-status = live }}</ref> Frazier's video contradicted the police department's initial statement.<ref>{{cite news |title = How a teenager's video upended the police department's initial tale. |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/20/us/darnella-frazier-floyd-video.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210421150451/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/20/us/darnella-frazier-floyd-video.html |archive-date = April 21, 2021 |url-access = subscription |url-status = live |author = Paybarah, Azi |date = April 20, 2021 |access-date = April 21, 2021 |work = [[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Floyd, a Black man, suffocated when [[Derek Chauvin]], a White Minneapolis police officer, knelt on his neck and back for more than nine minutes. Reporting on [[George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul|the local reaction]], ''The New York Times'' said that "over three nights, a five-mile stretch of Minneapolis sustained extraordinary damage"<ref name="Stockman (4 July 2020)">{{Cite news |last = Stockman |first = Farah |date = July 3, 2020 |title = 'They Have Lost Control': Why Minneapolis Burned |language = en-US |work =[[The New York Times]]|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/03/us/minneapolis-government-george-floyd.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200703221016/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/03/us/minneapolis-government-george-floyd.html |archive-date = July 3, 2020 |url-access = subscription |url-status = live |access-date = February 6, 2021 }}</ref>—destruction included a police station that demonstrators overran and set on fire.<ref name="Caputo et al (30 June 2020)">{{cite news |last1 = Caputo |first1 = Angela |last2 = Craft |first2 = Will |last3 = Gilbert |first3 = Curtis |date = June 30, 2020 |url = https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/06/30/the-precinct-is-on-fire-what-happened-at-minneapolis-3rd-precinct-and-what-it-means |title = 'The precinct is on fire': What happened at Minneapolis' 3rd Precinct—and what it means |work =[[MPR News]] |access-date = July 1, 2020 |archive-date = November 10, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211110091618/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/06/30/the-precinct-is-on-fire-what-happened-at-minneapolis-3rd-precinct-and-what-it-means |url-status = live }}</ref> Floyd's murder sparked international rebellions, mass protests,<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/george-floyd-black-lives-matter-impact/ |title = The global impact of George Floyd: How Black Lives Matter protests shaped movements around the world |date = June 4, 2021 |last1 = Silverstein |first1 = Jason |access-date = March 10, 2023 |work = [[CBS News]] |publisher = [[CBS Interactive]] |archive-date = June 5, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210605000855/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/george-floyd-black-lives-matter-impact/ |url-status = live }}</ref> and locally, years of [[2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest|ongoing unrest]] over racial injustice.{{sfn|Mitchell|2022|p=44|loc="Two years have passed since Floyd was killed, but the site where he died...continues to be contested space—an ongoing site of protest—but also a sacred location"}}<ref name=MPRFloyd /> As of 2024, protest continued daily at the intersection where Floyd died, now known as [[George Floyd Square]], with the slogan "No justice, no street".<ref name=MPRFloyd>Continuing protests in: {{cite news|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2024/05/25/no-justice-no-streets-4-years-after-murder-george-floyd-square-stands-in-protest|title='No Justice, No Streets': 4 years after murder, George Floyd Square stands in protest|first1=Josh|last1=Cobb|first2=Ngoc|last2=Bui|first3=Matthew|last3=Alvarez|first4=Emily|last4=Reese|first5=Emily|last5=Bright|date=May 25, 2024|access-date=August 31, 2024|work=[[MPR News]]|archive-date=September 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925184833/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2024/05/25/no-justice-no-streets-4-years-after-murder-george-floyd-square-stands-in-protest|url-status=live}}</ref> Minneapolis gathered ideas for the square and through community engagement promised final proposals for the end of 2024, that could be implemented by 2026 or thereafter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolismn.gov/government/programs-initiatives/38th-chicago/community-engagement/community-engagement-resources/|access-date=August 31, 2024|title=George Floyd Square community engagement resources|publisher=City of Minneapolis|archive-date=August 31, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831235357/https://www.minneapolismn.gov/government/programs-initiatives/38th-chicago/community-engagement/community-engagement-resources/|url-status=live}}</ref> Protesters continued to ask for twenty-four reforms—many now met; a sticking point was ending [[qualified immunity]] for police.<ref name=MPRFloyd />
=== Social tension ===
{{main|List of incidents of civil unrest in Minneapolis–Saint Paul|2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest}}
In many ways, the 20th century was a difficult time of bigotry and malfeasance, beginning with four decades of corruption.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=71}} Known initially as a kindly physician, mayor [[A. A. Ames|Doc Ames]] made his brother police chief, ran the city into crime, and tried to leave town in 1902 according to historian Iric Nathanson.{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|pp=41–47}} [[Lincoln Steffens]] published Ames's story in "The Shame of Minneapolis" in 1903.<ref>{{cite news |title = Goodwin's 'The Bully Pulpit' spotlights the Shame of Minneapolis |url = https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2013/12/goodwin-s-bully-pulpit-spotlights-shame-minneapolis/ |date = December 2, 2013 |last1 = Nathanson |first1 = Iric |work = [[MinnPost]] |access-date = December 10, 2020 |archive-date = August 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817022104/https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2013/12/goodwin-s-bully-pulpit-spotlights-shame-minneapolis/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[Ku Klux Klan]] was a force in the city from 1921{{sfn|Hatle|Vaillancourt|2009–2010|p=362}} until 1923.{{sfn|Chalmers|1987|p=149}} The gangster [[Kid Cann]] engaged in bribery and intimidation between the 1920s and the 1940s.{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|p=58}} After Minnesota passed a [[eugenics]] law in 1925, the proprietors of [[Eitel Hospital]] [[sterilization (medicine)|sterilized]] people at [[Faribault State Hospital]].{{sfn|Ladd-Taylor|2005|p=242|loc="[[George G. Eitel|Eitel]], the founder of the private Eitel Hospital and a vice-president of Dight's eugenics society, performed the first 150 surgeries; his nephew George D. Eitel took over the work after the old man died in 1928"}}
[[File:Open battle between striking teamsters armed with pipes and the police in the streets of Minneapolis, 06-1934 - NARA - 541925.jpg|thumb|alt=group of men holding pipes confronting police on street seen from above|[[Minneapolis general strike of 1934|Battle between striking teamsters and police]], 1934. The May ''(pictured)'' and subsequent July battles killed four men, two on each side.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slphistory.org/dunnebrothers/|title=The Teamsters Strike of 1934|publisher=St Louis Park Historical Society|access-date=June 25, 2023|archive-date=June 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625183654/https://slphistory.org/dunnebrothers/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
The city was relatively unsegregated before 1910,<ref name="ab" /> with a Black population of less than one percent,<ref name=Kaul>{{cite news |url = https://www.minnpost.com/metro/2019/02/with-covenants-racism-was-written-into-minneapolis-housing-the-scars-are-still-visible/ |title = With covenants, racism was written into Minneapolis housing. The scars are still visible |last = Kaul |first = Greta |date = February 22, 2019 |access-date = March 5, 2023 |work = [[MinnPost]] |archive-date = March 6, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230306005609/https://www.minnpost.com/metro/2019/02/with-covenants-racism-was-written-into-minneapolis-housing-the-scars-are-still-visible/ |url-status = live }}</ref> when a developer wrote the first restrictive covenant based on race and ethnicity into a Minneapolis deed.{{sfn|Walker|Ramer|Derickson|Keeler|2023|p=6|loc="The first racial covenant in Minneapolis was recorded by Edmund Walton in 1910..."}} Realtors adopted the practice, thousands of times preventing non-Whites from owning or leasing properties;{{sfn|Delegard|Ehrman-Solberg|2017|pp=73–74|loc="...the Seven Oaks Corporation, a real estate developer that inserted this same language into thousands of deeds across the city."}} this practice continued for four decades until the city became more and more racially divided.{{sfn|Walker|Ramer|Derickson|Keeler|2023|p=5|loc="...the Mapping Prejudice team showed that, prior to the introduction of covenants in 1910, the residences of people of color were dispersed throughout the city, yet as developers added thousands of racial covenants to deeds in Minneapolis until 1955, the city's neighborhoods became increasingly racially segregated"}} Though such language was prohibited by state law in 1953 and by the federal [[Civil Rights Act of 1968|Fair Housing Act of 1968]],{{sfn|Delegard|Ehrman-Solberg|2017|p=75}} restrictive covenants against minorities remained in many Minneapolis deeds as of the 2020s, and in 2021 the city gave residents a means to discharge them.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-starts-program-to-disavow-racial-covenants/600029949/ |date = March 3, 2021 |author = Navratil, Liz |title = Minneapolis starts program to disavow racial covenants |work =[[Star Tribune]]|access-date = March 4, 2021 |archive-date = August 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817055442/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-starts-program-to-disavow-racial-covenants/600029949/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
During the summer of 1934 and the financial downturn of the Great Depression, the [[Citizens' Alliance]], an association of employers, refused to negotiate with [[International Brotherhood of Teamsters|teamsters]]. The truck drivers [[trade union|union]] executed [[Minneapolis general strike of 1934|strike]]s in May and July–August.<ref>{{cite news|title=Remembering the truckers strike of 1934|last=Nathanson|first=Iric|date=July 22, 2008|access-date=June 8, 2023|url=https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2008/07/remembering-truckers-strike-1934/|work=[[MinnPost]]|archive-date=June 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608211702/https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2008/07/remembering-truckers-strike-1934/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Charles Rumford Walker]] explains in his book ''American City'' that Minneapolis teamsters succeeded in part due to the "military precision of the strike machine".{{sfn|Walker|1937|pp=98–99}} The union victory ultimately led to [[National Labor Relations Act of 1935|1935]] and [[Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938|1938]] federal laws protecting workers' rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://teamster.org/about/teamster-history/the-minneapolis-strike/|title=The Minneapolis Strike|date=February 4, 2020|access-date=June 6, 2023|publisher=[[International Brotherhood of Teamsters]]|archive-date=June 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606211501/https://teamster.org/about/teamster-history/the-minneapolis-strike/|url-status=live}}</ref>
From the end of World War I in 1918 until 1950, [[antisemitism]] was commonplace in Minneapolis—[[Carey McWilliams (journalist)|Carey McWilliams]] called the city the anti-Semitic capital of the US.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://religionsmn.carleton.edu/exhibits/show/st-louis-park-eruv-jewish/history/anti-semtisim-in-minneapolis |title = Anti-Semitism in Minneapolis |work = Religions in Minnesota|publisher=[[Carleton College]]|access-date = September 24, 2021 |archive-date = June 15, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210615182209/https://religionsmn.carleton.edu/exhibits/show/st-louis-park-eruv-jewish/history/anti-semtisim-in-minneapolis |url-status = live }}</ref> A [[hate group]] called the [[Silver Legion of America]] held meetings in the city from 1936 to 1938.{{sfn|Weber|1991|p=172}} In the 1940s, mayor [[Hubert Humphrey]] worked to rescue the city's reputation,{{sfn|Caro|2002|pp=440, 454}} and helped the city establish the country's first [[Fair Employment Practices Commission|fair employment practices]] and a human-relations council that interceded on behalf of minorities.{{sfn|Reichard|1998|p=62}} However, the lives of Black people had not been improved.<ref name="ab" /> In 1966 and 1967—years of significant [[Long, hot summer of 1967|turmoil across the US]]—suppressed anger among the Black population was released in two disturbances on Plymouth Avenue.{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|loc=Chapter 4: Plymouth Avenue Is Burning}} A coalition reached a peaceful outcome but again failed to solve Black poverty and unemployment. [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], who was [[school integration in the United States|bused]] to fourth grade in 1967, said in retrospect, "he believed that Minnesota at that time was no more enlightened than segregationist Alabama had been".<ref>{{cite news|title=Prince co-author details 'extremely unlikely' story behind new memoir in New Yorker article|last=Riemenschneider|first=Chris|date=September 5, 2019|access-date=May 17, 2023|work=[[Star Tribune]]|url=https://www.startribune.com/prince-co-author-details-extremely-unlikely-story-behind-new-memoir-in-new-yorker-article/559478242/|archive-date=May 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517221810/https://www.startribune.com/prince-co-author-details-extremely-unlikely-story-behind-new-memoir-in-new-yorker-article/559478242/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Between 1958 and 1963—in the largest [[urban renewal]] plan undertaken in America {{as of|2022|lc=y}}{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=128}}—Minneapolis demolished "[[Skid row#Minneapolis|skid row]]". Gone were {{convert|35|acre|ha|adj=off|sigfig=1}} with more than 200 buildings, or roughly 40 percent of downtown, including the [[Gateway District (Minneapolis)|Gateway District]] and its significant architecture, such as the [[Metropolitan Building (Minneapolis)|Metropolitan Building]].<ref name=Hart /> Efforts to save the building failed but encouraged interest in historic preservation.<ref name=Hart>{{cite news |last = Hart |first = Joseph |title = Room at the Bottom |work = [[City Pages]] |volume = 19 |issue = 909 |date = May 6, 1998 |url = http://www.citypages.com/1998-05-06/news/room-at-the-bottom/ |access-date = December 7, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100401180715/http://www.citypages.com/1998-05-06/news/room-at-the-bottom/ |archive-date = April 1, 2010 }}</ref>
In 1968, [[Indian Relocation Act of 1956|relocated]] Native Americans founded the [[American Indian Movement]]{{sfn|Weber|2022|page=141|loc="Explaining the name, [[Clyde Bellecourt]] remembered Alberta Downwind saying at AIM's founding: ''Indian'' is the word that they used to oppress us. ''Indian'' is the word we'll use to gain our freedom"}} in Minneapolis,{{sfn|Davis|2013|p=33}} and its [[Heart of the Earth Survival School|A.I.M. Survival School]], later called Heart of the Earth,{{sfn|Davis|2013|p=6}} taught native traditions to children until closing in 2008.{{sfn|Davis|2013|p=193}} In a backlash of the "dominant" White voters, [[Charles Stenvig]], a law-and-order candidate, became mayor in 1969, and governed for nearly a decade until 1977.{{sfn|Weber|2022|pp=139}}{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|pp=126–130, 132}} After their marriage license was denied in 1970, a same-sex Minneapolis couple appealed all the way to the US Supreme Court in ''[[Baker v. Nelson]].''<ref name=Mumford>{{cite news|title=For Mpls. couple, gay marriage ruling is a victory 43 years in the making|last=Mumford|first=Tracy|date=July 16, 2015|access-date=June 2, 2023|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/07/16/baker-mcconnell|work=[[MPR News]]|archive-date=June 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605160544/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/07/16/baker-mcconnell|url-status=live}}</ref> They managed to get a license and marry in 1971,<ref name=Mumford /> forty years before [[Same-sex marriage in Minnesota|Minnesota legalized same-sex marriage]] in 2013, and ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]'' did so nationwide in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|work=Minnesota Issues Resource Guides|url=https://www.lrl.mn.gov/guides/guides?issue=samesexmarriage|title=Same-Sex Marriage in Minnesota|date=July 2022|publisher=Minnesota Legislative Reference Library|access-date=June 5, 2023|archive-date=June 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605160446/https://www.lrl.mn.gov/guides/guides?issue=samesexmarriage|url-status=live}}</ref>
Immigration helped to curb the city's mid-20th century population decline. But because of a few radicalized persons, the city's large Somali population was targeted with discrimination after [[September 11 attacks|9/11]], when its [[hawala]]s or banks were closed.{{sfn|Weber|2022|pp=158–159}}
On May 25, 2020, 17-year-old [[Darnella Frazier]] recorded the [[murder of George Floyd]];<ref>{{cite news |title = Damning Report After Floyd Murder Finds Rampant Police Discrimination in Minneapolis |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-27/report-damns-minneapolis-police-after-george-floyd-murder-read-full-text#xj4y7vzkg |last = Ceron |first = Ella |date = April 27, 2022 |access-date = March 12, 2023 |work = [[Bloomberg News]] |archive-date = May 12, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220512071727/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-27/report-damns-minneapolis-police-after-george-floyd-murder-read-full-text#xj4y7vzkg |url-status = live }}</ref> her video contradicted the police department's initial statement.<ref>{{cite news |title = How a teenager's video upended the police department's initial tale. |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/20/us/darnella-frazier-floyd-video.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210421150451/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/20/us/darnella-frazier-floyd-video.html |archive-date = April 21, 2021 |url-access = subscription |url-status = live |author = Paybarah, Azi |date = April 20, 2021 |access-date = April 21, 2021 |work = [[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Floyd, an African American man, suffocated when [[Derek Chauvin]], a White Minneapolis police officer, knelt on his neck and back for more than nine minutes. While Floyd was neither the first nor the last Black man killed by Minneapolis police,<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.vox.com/first-person/2020/6/1/21276309/george-floyd-police-protests-minneapolis-black-lives-matter |title = Decades of tensions between Minneapolis police and Black communities have led to this moment |date = June 1, 2020 |access-date = March 10, 2023 |last1 = Montgomery |first1 = Kandace |last2 = Noor |first2 = Miski |work = [[Vox (website)|Vox]] |publisher = [[Vox Media]] |archive-date = March 10, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230310213208/https://www.vox.com/first-person/2020/6/1/21276309/george-floyd-police-protests-minneapolis-black-lives-matter |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/crime/amir-locke-george-floyd-minneapolis-police-b2022815.html |title = From George Floyd to Amir Locke, have Minneapolis police learned nothing? |date = March 1, 2022 |access-date = March 11, 2023 |work = [[The Independent]] |last1 = Marcus |first1 = Josh |archive-date = March 11, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230311142322/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/crime/amir-locke-george-floyd-minneapolis-police-b2022815.html |url-status = live }}</ref> his murder sparked international rebellions and mass protests.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/george-floyd-black-lives-matter-impact/ |title = The global impact of George Floyd: How Black Lives Matter protests shaped movements around the world |date = June 4, 2021 |last1 = Silverstein |first1 = Jason |access-date = March 10, 2023 |work = [[CBS News]] |publisher = [[CBS Interactive]] |archive-date = June 5, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210605000855/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/george-floyd-black-lives-matter-impact/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Reporting on [[George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul|the local insurgency]], ''The New York Times'' said that "over three nights, a five-mile stretch of Minneapolis sustained extraordinary damage"<ref name="Stockman (4 July 2020)">{{Cite news |last = Stockman |first = Farah |date = July 3, 2020 |title = 'They Have Lost Control': Why Minneapolis Burned |language = en-US |work =[[The New York Times]]|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/03/us/minneapolis-government-george-floyd.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200703221016/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/03/us/minneapolis-government-george-floyd.html |archive-date = July 3, 2020 |url-access = subscription |url-status = live |access-date = February 6, 2021 }}</ref>—destruction included a police station that demonstrators overran and set on fire.<ref name="Caputo et al (30 June 2020)">{{cite news |last1 = Caputo |first1 = Angela |last2 = Craft |first2 = Will |last3 = Gilbert |first3 = Curtis |date = June 30, 2020 |url = https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/06/30/the-precinct-is-on-fire-what-happened-at-minneapolis-3rd-precinct-and-what-it-means |title = 'The precinct is on fire': What happened at Minneapolis' 3rd Precinct—and what it means |work =[[MPR News]] |access-date = July 1, 2020 |archive-date = November 10, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211110091618/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/06/30/the-precinct-is-on-fire-what-happened-at-minneapolis-3rd-precinct-and-what-it-means |url-status = live }}</ref> The Twin Cities experienced [[2020–2022 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest|ongoing unrest]] over racial injustice from 2020 to 2022.{{sfn|Mitchell|2022|p=44|loc="Two years have passed since Floyd was killed, but the site where he died...continues to be contested space—an ongoing site of protest—but also a sacred location"}}
=== Structural racism ===
Minneapolis has a history of [[societal racism|structural racism]]<ref>{{cite magazine |title = George Floyd's Death and the Long History of Racism in Minneapolis |url = https://time.com/5844030/george-floyd-minneapolis-history/ |author = Waxman, Olivia B. |date = June 2, 2020 |magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |quote = Delegard told ''Time'', 'Structural racism is really baked into the geography of this city and as a result it really permeates every institution in this city.' |access-date = November 17, 2022 |archive-date = November 17, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221117002036/https://time.com/5844030/george-floyd-minneapolis-history/ |url-status = live|postscript=, }}</ref> and has racial disparities in nearly every aspect of society.<ref name=Mpls2040>{{cite web |quote = ...in 2010, Minneapolis led the nation in having the widest unemployment disparity between African-American and white residents. This remains true in 2018. And disparities also exist in nearly every other measurable social aspect, including of economic, housing, safety and health outcomes, between people of color and indigenous people compared with white people." and "In Minneapolis, 83 percent of white non-Hispanics have more than a high school education, compared with 47 percent of black people and 45 percent of American Indians. Only 32 percent of Hispanics have more than a high school education. |url = https://minneapolis2040.com/goals/eliminate-disparities/ |title = Goals: 1. Eliminate disparities |work = Department of Community Planning & Economic Development|publisher=City of Minneapolis |access-date = November 17, 2022 |archive-date = November 17, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221117184308/https://minneapolis2040.com/goals/eliminate-disparities/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Some historians and commentators have said White Minneapolitans used discrimination based on race against the city's non-White residents. As White settlers displaced the Indigenous population during the 19th century, they claimed the city's land,<ref>{{cite news |title = How did Minn. become one of the most racially inequitable states? |url = https://www.startribune.com/how-did-minnesota-become-one-of-the-most-racially-inequitable-states/547537761/ |first1 = Randy |last1 = Furst |first2 = MaryJo |last2 = Webster |date = September 6, 2019 |access-date = May 27, 2021 |work =[[Star Tribune]]|quote = The privileges of whites go back much further ... to when American Indians were forced off their land in the 1860s. |archive-date = June 2, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213424/https://www.startribune.com/how-did-minnesota-become-one-of-the-most-racially-inequitable-states/547537761/ |url-status = live }}</ref> and Kirsten Delegard of [[Mapping Prejudice]] explains that today's disparities evolved from control of the land.<ref name="ab">{{cite news |title = Why This Started in Minneapolis |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-05/revealing-the-divisive-history-of-minneapolis |author = Holder, Sarah |date = June 5, 2020 |access-date = May 27, 2021 |publisher = [[Bloomberg L.P.]]|work=[[Bloomberg L.P.#CityLab|CityLab]] |archive-date = August 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817094227/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-05/revealing-the-divisive-history-of-minneapolis |url-status = live }}</ref> Discrimination increased when flour milling moved to the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] and the economy declined.{{sfn|Weber|2022|pp=84, 88}} The [[Interstate 35W (Minnesota)|I-35W highway]] built in 1959 under the [[Interstate Highway System]]<ref>{{cite news|title=The Minnesota Paradox|url=https://www.minnesotaalumni.org/stories/the-minnesota-paradox|last=Larsen|first=Elizabeth Foy|date=Fall 2020|access-date=May 28, 2023|work=Minnesota Alumni|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|archive-date=May 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528223148/https://www.minnesotaalumni.org/stories/the-minnesota-paradox|url-status=live}}</ref> cut through Black and Mexican neighborhoods.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=132|loc=35W "...went through a Mexican and Black neighborhood"}}
The foundation laid by racial [[covenant (law)|covenant]]s on residential segregation, property value, homeownership, wealth, housing security, access to green spaces, trees and parks, and health equity shapes the lives of people in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is a Covenent: How racial covenants impact us today|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|access-date=May 28, 2023|url=https://mappingprejudice.umn.edu/racial-covenants/what-is-a-covenant|archive-date=May 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528221509/https://mappingprejudice.umn.edu/racial-covenants/what-is-a-covenant|url-status=live}}</ref> The city wrote in a decennial plan that racially discriminatory federal housing policies starting in the 1930s "prevented access to mortgages in areas with Jews, African-Americans and other minorities", and "left a lasting effect on the physical characteristics of the city and the financial well-being of its residents."<ref>{{cite web |url = https://minneapolis2040.com/goals/eliminate-disparities/ |title = Goals: 1. Eliminate disparities |work = Department of Community Planning & Economic Development |publisher = City of Minneapolis |access-date = June 22, 2023 |archive-date = November 17, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221117184308/https://minneapolis2040.com/goals/eliminate-disparities/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
Discussing a [[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]] report on how systemic racism compromises education in Minnesota,<ref>Factors outlined include racial gaps in opportunity, limited pre-school subsidy programs, educator bias, differences in families' and schools' economic resources, less-experienced teachers, and completion rate gaps. {{cite report|quote=This article highlights evidence of how systemic racism undermines the education system in Minnesota.|title=Minnesota's education system shows persistent opportunity gaps by race|url=https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2021/minnesotas-education-system-shows-persistent-opportunity-gaps-by-race|date=January 11, 2021|access-date=June 18, 2023|publisher=[[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]]|first1=Rob|last1=Grunewald|first2=Ben|last2=Horowitz|first3=Kim-Eng|last3=Ky|first4=Alene|last4=Tchourumoff|archive-date=June 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618150432/https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2021/minnesotas-education-system-shows-persistent-opportunity-gaps-by-race|url-status=live}}</ref> Professor [[Keith Mayes]] says, "So the housing disparities created the educational disparities that we still live with today."<ref name=Mayes>{{cite news|url=https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/george-floyd/a-look-at-the-history-of-racial-covenants-and-housing-discrimination-in-minneapolis/89-f1cacace-6655-42b5-b0a7-d5a6651d63b4|title=A look at the history of racial covenants and housing discrimination in Minneapolis|author=Wigdahl, Heidi|date=June 11, 2020|access-date=April 24, 2021|work=[[KARE (TV)|KARE-TV News]]|archive-date=February 15, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215133903/https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/george-floyd/a-look-at-the-history-of-racial-covenants-and-housing-discrimination-in-minneapolis/89-f1cacace-6655-42b5-b0a7-d5a6651d63b4|url-status=live}}</ref> Professor [[Samuel Myers Jr.]] says of [[redlining]], "Policing policies evolved that substituted explicit racial profiling with scientific management of racially disparate arrests. {{nowrap|... racially}} discriminatory policies became institutionalized and 'baked in' to the fabric of Minnesota life."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Minnesota Paradox|url=https://www.hhh.umn.edu/research-centers/roy-wilkins-center-human-relations-and-social-justice/minnesota-paradox|last=Myers|first=Samuel L. Jr.|access-date=May 29, 2023|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|archive-date=May 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529040243/https://www.hhh.umn.edu/research-centers/roy-wilkins-center-human-relations-and-social-justice/minnesota-paradox|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Separately, Myers describes how the Minneapolis police department's adoption of CODEFOR in 1998 increased policing in areas of Minneapolis that were disproportionately nonwhite, with dual results: "Minority residents are afforded improved safety and law enforcement services; minority offenders unsurprisingly may be disproportionately apprehended for relatively minor transgressions in order to achieve the higher levels of safety."{{sfn|Myers|2002}}}} In 2020, government efforts to address these disparities include declaring racism a [[public health emergency (United States)|public health emergency]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Minneapolis declares racism a public health emergency|last=McNamara|first=Audrey|date=July 17, 2020|access-date=May 18, 2023|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/minneapolis-racism-public-health-emergency/|work=[[CBS News]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|archive-date=May 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518173123/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/minneapolis-racism-public-health-emergency/|url-status=live}}</ref> and zoning changes passed by the 2018 [[Minneapolis City Council]] 2040 plan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Minneapolis Has A Bold Plan To Tackle Racial Inequity. Now It Has To Follow Through|last=Sommer|first=Laura|date=June 18, 2020|access-date=May 18, 2023|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/18/877460056/minneapolis-has-a-bold-plan-to-tackle-racial-inequity-now-it-has-to-follow-throu|archive-date=May 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518170735/https://www.npr.org/2020/06/18/877460056/minneapolis-has-a-bold-plan-to-tackle-racial-inequity-now-it-has-to-follow-throu|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Geography==
{{Main|Climate of Minnesota|Climate of Minneapolis–Saint Paulmain|Geography of Minneapolis|Geology of Minnesota}}
{{further|Climate of Minnesota|Climate of Minneapolis–Saint Paul|Geology of Minnesota}}
[[File:Lake Calhoun in Minneapolis in 2003.jpg|thumb|The city's largest lake, [[Bde Maka Ska]]<ref>{{cite report |title = Water Resources Report 2021 |url = https://www.minneapolisparks.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/2021-Water-Resources-Report-.pdf |date = November 2022 |publisher = [[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]] |author1 = Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board, Environmental Management|access-date = February 19, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230219155219/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/2021-Water-Resources-Report-.pdf |archive-date = February 19, 2023 |url-status = live |page = 17-1 }}</ref>|alt=Clouds reflected in lake, IDS tower and downtown visible in the distance]]
The history and economic growth of Minneapolis are linked to water, the city's defining physical characteristic. [[Glacial history of Minnesota|Long periods of glaciation and interglacial melt]] carved several riverbeds through what is now Minneapolis.{{sfn|Wright|1990|pp=3–4}} During the [[last glacial period]], around 10,000 years ago, ice buried in these ancient river channels melted, resulting in basins that filled with water to become the [[List of lakes in Minneapolis|lakes of Minneapolis]].{{sfn|Wright|1990|p=4}} Meltwater from [[Lake Agassiz]] fed the [[glacialGlacial River Warren]], which created [[River Warren Falls|a large waterfall]] that eroded upriver past the confluence of the Mississippi River, where it left a {{convert|75|ft|m|adj=on|abbr=off|sp=us}} drop in the Mississippi.{{sfn|Wright|1990|p=14}} This site is located in what is now downtown Saint Paul. The new waterfall, later called Saint Anthony Falls, in turn, eroded up the Mississippi about {{convert|8|mi|km|spell=in|abbr=off|sp=us}} to its present location, carving the [[Mississippi River gorge]] as it moved upstream. [[Minnehaha Falls]] also developed during this period via similar processes.{{sfn|Fremling|2005|pp=56–60}}{{sfn|Wright|1990|p=14}}
Minneapolis is sited above an [[artesian aquifer]]<ref name=Emporis>{{cite web |title = Minneapolis|publisher = [[Emporis]] |url = http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=101331 |access-date = January 12, 2021 |url-status = usurped|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070423121403/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=101331 |archive-date = April 23, 2007 }}</ref> and on flat terrain. Its total area is {{convert|59|sqmi|km2|1|abbr=onoff|sp=us}}, of which six percent is covered by water.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/cped/planning/cped_soc98_5-environment |page = 39 |title = Physical Environment |publisher = City of Minneapolis |access-date = January 12, 2021 |archive-date = February 10, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230210211119/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/business-services/planning-zoning/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The city has a {{convert|12|mi|km|adj=on}} segment of the Mississippi River, four streams, and 17 waterbodies—13 of them lakes,<ref>{{cite report|date=December 14, 2021|pages=3–14, ES-4|title=Water Resources Management Plan|url=https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/departments/Water-Resources-Management-Plan-Report.pdf|publisher=City of Minneapolis|access-date=April 6, 2023|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406224257/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/departments/Water-Resources-Management-Plan-Report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> with {{convert|24|mi|km}} of lake shoreline.<ref>{{cite report|date=December 14, 2021|page=3-1|title=Water Resources Management Plan|url=https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/departments/Water-Resources-Management-Plan-Report.pdf|publisher=City of Minneapolis|access-date=April 6, 2023|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406224257/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/departments/Water-Resources-Management-Plan-Report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
A 1959 report by the US [[Soil Conservation Service]] listed Minneapolis's elevation above [[mean sea level]] as {{convert|830|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}}.<ref name="harms">{{cite report |last1 = Harms |first1 = G. F. |title = Soil Survey of Scott County, Minnesota |url = https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/minnesota/MN139/0/Scott_MN.pdf |access-date = January 28, 2021 |publisher = [[Soil Conservation Service]] |page = 59 |date = October 1959 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170217201439/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/minnesota/MN139/0/Scott_MN.pdf |archive-date = February 17, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> The city's lowest elevation of {{convert|687|ft}} above sea level is near the confluence of Minnehaha Creek with the Mississippi River.<ref name="usgs elevations">{{cite web |title = Elevations and Distances in the United States |url = https://www.usgs.gov/publications/elevations-and-distances-united-states-1 |publisher = [[US Geological Survey]] |access-date = January 14, 2023 |archive-date = February 10, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230210211123/https://www.usgs.gov/publications/elevations-and-distances-united-states-1 |url-status = live }}</ref> Sources disagree on the exact location and elevation of the city's highest point, which is cited as being between {{convert|967|and|985|ft|m}} above sea level.{{efn|In a 1975 article, reporter John Carman said the city's highest point is {{convert|967|ft|m}} at Deming Heights Park in the [[Waite Park, Minneapolis|Waite Park]] neighborhood.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Carman |first1 = John |title = Twin Cities: Different as night and day |url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/190546731 |access-date = January 17, 2021 |work = [[Minneapolis Star]] |date = September 8, 1975 |pages = 1B, 5B |via =[[Newspapers.com]] |archive-date = January 28, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210128200944/http://www.newspapers.com/image/190546731/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[United States Geological Survey|US Geological Survey]] lists the highest elevation as {{convert|980|ft|m}} but does not give a location.<ref name="usgs elevations" /> Geography professor John Tichy said the highest point is the site of Waite Park Elementary School at approximately {{convert|985|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Tichy |first1 = John |title = Waite Park School sits on Minneapolis' highest point |url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/195185069 |access-date = January 17, 2021 |work = [[Star Tribune]] |date = July 18, 1996 |via = [[Newspapers.com]] |page = E17 |archive-date = January 29, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210129073116/http://www.newspapers.com/image/195185069/ |url-status = live }}</ref> All of the cited sources that list locations say the highest point is within the [[Northeast, Minneapolis|Northeast]] section of the city.}}
Line 232 ⟶ 200:
=== Neighborhoods ===
{{main|Neighborhoods of Minneapolis}}
[[File:Minneapolis Midtown Greenway.jpg|thumb|Cyclists on [[Midtown Greenway]] in [[Midtown Phillips, Minneapolis|Midtown Phillips]], one of the [[neighborhoods of Minneapolis|83 neighborhoods of Minneapolis]]|alt=See caption]]
Minneapolis has 83 neighborhoods and 70 neighborhood organizations.<ref>{{cite web |title = Community and neighborhoods |url = https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/resident-services/neighborhoods/ |access-date = February 5, 2023 |publisher = City of Minneapolis |archive-date = December 8, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221208034647/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/resident-services/neighborhoods/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In some cases, two or more neighborhoods act together under one organization.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://apps.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/cofm/Neighborhood-Organizations/ |title = Neighborhood Organizations |access-date = February 5, 2023 |publisher = City of Minneapolis |archive-date = February 6, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230206000128/http://apps.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/cofm/Neighborhood-Organizations/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
Around 1990, the city set up the Neighborhood Revitalization Program (NRP), in which every one of the city's eighty-some neighborhoods participated.<ref name=NRPprimer /> Funded for 20 years through 2011, with $400 million [[tax increment financing]] (TIF),<ref name=NRPprimer>{{cite web|pages=2, 3|publisher=Minneapolis Neighborhood Revitalization Program|title=A Primer for the Neighborhood Revitalization Program|url=http://www.nrp.org/r2/AboutNRP/Basics/NRPPrimer.pdf|access-date=September 3, 2023|archive-date=August 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802154424/https://www.nrp.org/R2/AboutNRP/Basics/NRPPrimer.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{USDCY|400000000|2011}},{{Inflation/fn|US}} the program caught the eye of [[UN-Habitat]], who considered it an example of [[best practice]]s. Residents had a direct connection to government in NRP, whereby they proposed ideas appropriate for their area, and NRP reviewed the plans and provided implementation funds.<ref name=NRPprimer /><ref>{{cite web|title=Neighborhood and Community Relations: 2022–2027 Financial Plan|url=https://stories.opengov.com/gjIIKX8yy/published/undefined|publisher=City of Minneapolis|via=OpenGov|access-date=September 6, 2023|archive-date=September 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906161624/https://stories.opengov.com/gjIIKX8yy/published/undefined|url-status=live}}</ref> The city's Neighborhood and Community Relations department took NRP's place in 2011<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tcdailyplanet.net/saying-good-bye-nrp/|title=Saying good-bye to NRP|last=Yeoman|first=Shirley|date=February 9, 2012|access-date=September 3, 2023|newspaper=[[Twin Cities Daily Planet]]|archive-date=September 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903201447/https://www.tcdailyplanet.net/saying-good-bye-nrp/|url-status=live}}</ref> and is funded only by city revenue. In 2019, the city released the Neighborhoods 2020 program, which reworked neighborhood funding with an equity-focused lens.<ref name=DuNeighborhoods"neighborhoods2020">{{cite web |author1=Neighborhood and Community Relations |title=Neighborhoods 2020 Program Guidelines |url=https://lims.minneapolismn.gov/Download/RCAV2/15342/Neighborhoods-2020-Program-Guidelines-Draft.pdf |website=Legislative Information Management System |publisher=City of Minneapolis |access-date=May 22, 2024 |date=February 2020 |archive-date=May 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522152630/https://lims.minneapolismn.gov/Download/RCAV2/15342/Neighborhoods-2020-Program-Guidelines-Draft.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> InThis 2023reduced guaranteed funding, twoand several neighborhood organizations mergedhave andsince othersstruggled contemplatedwith similaroperations movesor somerged theywith couldother combineneighborhoods reduceddue resourcesto decreased revenue.<ref name=DuNeighborhoods >{{cite news |last1=Martucci |first1=Brian |title=TwoNeighborhood northeastorg Minneapolisfunding neighborhoodshift associationsis toleaving mergesome amidstruggling diminishedto maintain operations funding|url=https://www.startribunesouthwestvoices.comnews/twoposts/neighborhood-northeastorg-minneapolisfunding-neighborhoodshift-associationsis-toleaving-mergesome-fundingstruggling-beltramito-northeastmaintain-park/600314966/|last=Du|first=Susanoperations |access-date=OctoberMay 2622, 20232024 |access-datework=NovemberSouthwest 28,Voices 2023|newspaperdate=[[StarJanuary 15, 2024 Tribune]]|archive-date=NovemberMay 322, 20232024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2023110319262220240522152629/https://www.startribunesouthwestvoices.comnews/twoposts/neighborhood-northeastorg-minneapolisfunding-neighborhoodshift-associationsis-toleaving-mergesome-fundingstruggling-beltramito-northeastmaintain-park/600314966/operations |url-status=live }}</ref> InBase hisfunding 2024for proposedevery budget,neighborhood theorganization mayor suggested an increaseincreased in basethe funding2024 forcity neighborhood organizationsbudget.<ref name=budget2004>{{cite newsweb|title='ChangeCity isn't cheap'Council saysadopts Mayor Frey's 2024 City budget|date=December 5, 2023|url=https://www.longfellownokomismessengerminneapolismn.comgov/storiesnews/change2023/december/2024-isntcity-cheap-says-mayor-frey,48780budget/|newspaperpublisher=LongfellowCity Nokomisof Messenger|date=August 30, 2023|last=Gordon|first=CamMinneapolis|access-date=September 626, 20232024|archive-date=SeptemberFebruary 613, 20232024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2023090615465620240213102311/https://www.longfellownokomismessengerminneapolismn.comgov/storiesnews/change2023/december/2024-isnt-cheapcity-says-mayor-frey,48780budget/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2018, the [[Minneapolis City Council]] approved the Minneapolis 2040 Comprehensive Plan, which resulted in a city-widecitywide end to [[single-family zoning]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://spokesman-recorder.com/2018/12/07/city-council-approves-minneapolis-2040-plan/ |title = City Council approves Minneapolis 2040 plan |work =[[Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder]]|date = December 7, 2018 |access-date = January 26, 2019 |archive-date = August 16, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210816133653/http://spokesman-recorder.com/2018/12/07/city-council-approves-minneapolis-2040-plan/ |url-status = live }}</ref> ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' reported that Minneapolis was believed to be the first major city in the US to make citywide such a revision in housing possibilities.<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://slate.com/business/2018/12/minneapolis-single-family-zoning-housing-racism.html |title = Minneapolis Confronts Its History of Housing Segregation |last = Grabar |first = Henry |date = December 7, 2018 |work = [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date = January 26, 2019 |archive-date = August 16, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210816073124/https://slate.com/business/2018/12/minneapolis-single-family-zoning-housing-racism.html |url-status = live }}</ref> At the time, 70 percent of residential land was zoned for detached, single-family homes,<ref>{{cite report |url = https://tcf.org/content/report/minneapolis-ended-single-family-zoning/ |title = How Minneapolis Ended Single-Family Zoning |publisher = [[The Century Foundation]] |access-date = March 13, 2023 |last = Kahlenberg |first = Richard D. |date = October 24, 2019 |archive-date = March 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230313182649/https://tcf.org/content/report/minneapolis-ended-single-family-zoning/ |url-status = live }}</ref> though many of those areas had "nonconforming" buildings with more housing units.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://streets.mn/2018/02/07/low-density-zoning-threatens-neighborhood-character/ |title = Low-density Zoning Threatens Neighborhood Character |last = Shaffer |first = Scott |date = February 7, 2018 |access-date = March 13, 2023 |work = Streets.mn |archive-date = March 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230313183407/https://streets.mn/2018/02/07/low-density-zoning-threatens-neighborhood-character/ |url-status = live }}</ref> City leaders sought to increase the supply of housing so more neighborhoods would be affordable and to decrease the effects single-family zoning had caused on racial disparities and segregation.<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://politi.co/2Ld7TSN |title = How Minneapolis Freed Itself From the Stranglehold of Single-Family Homes |last = Trickey |first = Erick |work =[[Politico]]|access-date = December 16, 2020 |archive-date = February 10, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230210211124/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2019/07/11/housing-crisis-single-family-homes-policy-227265/ |url-status = live |date = July 11, 2019 }}</ref> The [[Brookings Institution]] called it "a relatively rare example of success for the [[YIMBY]] agenda".<ref>{{cite news |title = Minneapolis 2040: The most wonderful plan of the year |last1 = Schuetz |first1 = Jenny |date = December 12, 2018 |url = https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2018/12/12/minneapolis-2040-the-most-wonderful-plan-of-the-year/ |access-date = October 15, 2019 |work =[[Brookings Institution]]|archive-date = August 18, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210818033213/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2018/12/12/minneapolis-2040-the-most-wonderful-plan-of-the-year/ |url-status = live }}</ref> InFrom 2023,2022 auntil district court judge ruled that the plan violated the Minnesota Environmental Rights Act and that the city must abandon it.2024,<ref>{{cite news|title=Minneapolis cannot proceed with 2040 Plan, court rules|url=https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-cannot-proceed-with-2040-plan-court-rules/600302266/|last=Du|first=Susan|date=September 6, 2023|access-date=September 6, 2023|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=September 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906135417/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-cannot-proceed-with-2040-plan-court-rules/600302266/|url-status=live}}</ref> The city reverted to its previous decennial plan for 2030.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/minneapolisappeals-developerscourt-to-lose-millions-withoutreverses-2040-plan-asinjunction-judgesminneapolis-orderto-goesrevive-intostalled-effectdevelopments/600317445600365610/|work=[[Star Tribune]]|date=May 13, 2024|last=Du|first=Susan|datetitle=NovemberAppeals 6,court 2023reverses 2040 Plan injunction; Minneapolis to revive stalled developments|access-date=NovemberMay 614, 20232024|titlearchive-date=MinneapolisMay 16, developers 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516132535/https://www.startribune.com/appeals-court-reverses-2040-plan-injunction-minneapolis-to-revive-stalled-developments/600365610/|url-status=live}}</ref> losethe millions[[Minnesota withoutSupreme 2040Court]], Planthe as[[United judge'sStates orderDistrict takesCourt effectfor the District of Minnesota|newspaper=US District Court]], and the [[StarMinnesota TribuneCourt of Appeals]] arrived at competing opinions, first shutting down the plan, and then securing its survival. Ultimately in 2024, the state legislature passed a bill approving the city's 2040 plan.<ref>{{cite web|title=City moving forward with Minneapolis 2040 Comprehensive Plan|access-date=June 28, 2024|date=June 25, 2024|url=https://www.minneapolismn.gov/news/2024/june/2040-plan/|publisher=City of Minneapolis|archive-date=NovemberJune 628, 20232024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2023110603230520240628194148/https://www.startribuneminneapolismn.comgov/news/2024/june/minneapolis-developers-to-lose-millions-without-2040-plan-as-judges-order-goes-into-effect/600317445/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Climate===
{{further|Climate of Minneapolis–Saint Paul}}
Minneapolis experiences a hot-summer [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfa'' in the [[Köppen climate classification]]),{{sfn|Peel|Finlayson|McMahon|2007|p=1639}} that is typical of southern parts of the [[Upper Midwest]]; it is situated in USDA [[hardiness zone|plant hardiness]] zone 5a.<ref>{{cite web |title = Normals, Means, and Extremes for Minneapolis/Saint Paul |date = 1971–2000 |url = http://climate.umn.edu/pdf/normals_means_and_extremes/2005_Annual_LCD_MSP_page_3.pdf |access-date = December 7, 2020 |publisher = US [[National Climatic Data Center]], Asheville, NC |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100720065506/http://climate.umn.edu/pdf/normals_means_and_extremes/2005_Annual_LCD_MSP_page_3.pdf |archive-date = July 20, 2010 |via = Internet Archive }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1 = ''Pioneer Press'' staff |title = USDA: Milder winters mean some changes in plant hardiness zones |url = http://www.twincities.com/2012/01/24/usda-milder-winters-mean-some-changes-in-plant-hardiness-zones/ |access-date = December 7, 2020 |work = [[St. Paul Pioneer Press]]|publisher=[[MediaNews Group]] |date = January 24, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160721202402/http://www.twincities.com/2012/01/24/usda-milder-winters-mean-some-changes-in-plant-hardiness-zones/ |archive-date = July 21, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/|title=USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map|date=2023|publisher=[[Agricultural Research Service]]|access-date=February 3, 2024|archive-date=July 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704214427/https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/phzmweb/interactivemap.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Minneapolis has cold, snowy winters and hot, humid summers, as is typical in a continental climate. The difference between average temperatures in the coldest winter month and the warmest summer month is {{convert|58.1|F-change|abbr=on|sp=us}}.
Minneapolis experiences a hot-summer [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfa'' in the [[Köppen climate classification]]){{sfn|Peel|Finlayson|McMahon|2007|p=1639}} that is typical of southern parts of the [[Upper Midwest]]; it is situated in USDA [[hardiness zone|plant hardiness]] zone 5a.<ref>{{cite web |title = Normals, Means, and Extremes for Minneapolis/Saint Paul |date = 1971–2000 |url = http://climate.umn.edu/pdf/normals_means_and_extremes/2005_Annual_LCD_MSP_page_3.pdf |access-date = December 7, 2020 |publisher = US [[National Climatic Data Center]], Asheville, NC |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100720065506/http://climate.umn.edu/pdf/normals_means_and_extremes/2005_Annual_LCD_MSP_page_3.pdf |archive-date = July 20, 2010 |via = Internet Archive }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1 = ''Pioneer Press'' staff |title = USDA: Milder winters mean some changes in plant hardiness zones |url = http://www.twincities.com/2012/01/24/usda-milder-winters-mean-some-changes-in-plant-hardiness-zones/ |access-date = December 7, 2020 |work = [[St. Paul Pioneer Press]]|publisher=[[MediaNews Group]] |date = January 24, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160721202402/http://www.twincities.com/2012/01/24/usda-milder-winters-mean-some-changes-in-plant-hardiness-zones/ |archive-date = July 21, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/|title=USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map|date=2023|publisher=[[Agricultural Research Service]]|access-date=February 3, 2024|archive-date=July 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704214427/https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/phzmweb/interactivemap.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> <!--Minneapolis has cold, snowy winters and hot, humid summers, as is typical in a continental climate. The difference between average temperatures in the coldest winter month and the warmest summer month is {{convert|58.1|F-change|abbr=on|sp=us}}.--> The Minneapolis area experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather events, including snow, sleet, ice, rain, thunderstorms, and fog. The highest recorded temperature is {{convert|108|°F}} in [[1936 North American heat wave|July 1936]] while the lowest is {{convert|-41|°F}} in January 1888.<ref>{{cite web |last = Fisk |first = Charles |url = http://www.climatestations.com/minneapolis/ |title = Graphical Climatology of Minneapolis-Saint Paul Area Temperatures, Precipitation, and Snowfall |work=ClimateStations.com|date = February 11, 2011 |access-date = February 18, 2011 |archive-date = April 20, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420081545/https://www.climatestations.com/minneapolis/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The snowiest winter on record was 1983–1984, when {{convert|98.6|in|cm|abbr=on|sp=us}} of snow fell.<ref name=DNRsnow /> The least-snowy winter was 1930–1931, when {{convert|14.2|in|cm}} fell.<ref name=DNRsnow>{{cite web |url = http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/historical/acis_stn_data_monthly_table.html?sid=mspthr&sname=Twin%20Cities%20Area&sdate=1884-07-01&edate=por&element=snow&span=season&counts=no |title = Twin Cities Area total monthly and seasonal snowfall in inches [1883–2016] |publisher = [[Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]]|access-date = September 9, 2016 |archive-date = May 5, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210505060637/https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/historical/acis_stn_data_monthly_table.html?counts=no&edate=por&element=snow&sdate=1884-07-01&sid=mspthr&sname=Twin%20Cities%20Area&span=season |url-status = live }}</ref> According to the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]], the annual average for [[sunshine duration]] is 58 percent.<ref>{{cite web |title = Ranking of Cities Based on % Annual Possible Sunshine |date = 2004 |url = http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ccd-data/pctposrank.txt |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]: US [[National Climatic Data Center]] |access-date = January 1, 2015 |archive-date = May 22, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210522235037/https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ccd-data/pctposrank.txt |url-status = live }}</ref><section begin="weatherbox" />
The Minneapolis area experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather events, including snow, sleet, ice, rain, thunderstorms, and fog. The highest recorded temperature is {{convert|108|°F}} in [[1936 North American heat wave|July 1936]] while the lowest is {{convert|-41|°F}} in January 1888.<ref>{{cite web |last = Fisk |first = Charles |url = http://www.climatestations.com/minneapolis/ |title = Graphical Climatology of Minneapolis-Saint Paul Area Temperatures, Precipitation, and Snowfall |work=ClimateStations.com|date = February 11, 2011 |access-date = February 18, 2011 |archive-date = April 20, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420081545/https://www.climatestations.com/minneapolis/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The snowiest winter on record was 1983–1984, when {{convert|98.6|in|cm|abbr=on|sp=us}} of snow fell.<ref name=DNRsnow /> The least-snowy winter was 1930–1931, when {{convert|14.2|in|cm}} fell.<ref name=DNRsnow>{{cite web |url = http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/historical/acis_stn_data_monthly_table.html?sid=mspthr&sname=Twin%20Cities%20Area&sdate=1884-07-01&edate=por&element=snow&span=season&counts=no |title = Twin Cities Area total monthly and seasonal snowfall in inches [1883–2016] |publisher = [[Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]]|access-date = September 9, 2016 |archive-date = May 5, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210505060637/https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/historical/acis_stn_data_monthly_table.html?counts=no&edate=por&element=snow&sdate=1884-07-01&sid=mspthr&sname=Twin%20Cities%20Area&span=season |url-status = live }}</ref> According to the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]], the annual average for [[sunshine duration]] is 58 percent.<ref>{{cite web |title = Ranking of Cities Based on % Annual Possible Sunshine |date = 2004 |url = http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ccd-data/pctposrank.txt |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]: US [[National Climatic Data Center]] |access-date = January 1, 2015 |archive-date = May 22, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210522235037/https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ccd-data/pctposrank.txt |url-status = live }}</ref><section begin="weatherbox" />
{{Weather box
Line 502 ⟶ 469:
|footnote=US Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html |title = Census of Population and Housing |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |access-date = May 21, 2014 |archive-date = April 26, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150426102944/http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html |url-status = live }}</ref><br />2020 Census
}}
The Minneapolis area was originally occupied by [[Sioux|Dakota]] bands, particularly the [[Mdewakanton]], until [[European Americans]] moved westward.<ref>{{cite web |publisher =[[Hennepin County Library]]|date = 2001 |title = A History of Minneapolis: Mdewakanton Band of the Dakota Nation |url = http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=1 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120409042030/http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=1 |archive-date = April 9, 2012 |access-date = March 12, 2023 }}</ref> In the 1840s,{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=48}} new settlers arrived from [[Maine]], [[New Hampshire]], and [[Massachusetts]], while [[French-Canadians]] came around the same time. {{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=203}}{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=217}} Farmers from [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Ohio]], and [[Pennsylvania]] followed in a secondary migration. Settlers from New England had an outsized influence on civic life.{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=214}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible floatright" style="font-size: 90%; float:right;"
|+ Racial and ethnic composition
[[Mexican people|Mexican]] migrant workers began coming to Minnesota as early as 1860, although few stayed year-round.<ref name="Anderson">{{cite news |url = http://articles.citypages.com/2003-10-01/news/living-in-america/ |title = Living in America |first = G.R. Jr. |last = Anderson |work = [[City Pages]] |date = October 1, 2003 |access-date = April 29, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121019205409/http://www.citypages.com/content/printVersion/14289/ |archive-date = October 19, 2012 }}</ref> [[Latin Americans|Latinos]] eventually settled in several neighborhoods in Minneapolis, including [[Phillips, Minneapolis|Phillips]], [[Whittier, Minneapolis|Whittier]], [[Longfellow, Minneapolis|Longfellow]] and [[Northeast, Minneapolis|Northeast]].{{sfn|HACER|1998|p=19}} Before the turn of the 21st century, Latinos were the state's largest and fastest-growing immigrant group.<ref name="Anderson" />{{sfn|League of Women Voters|2002|p=7}}
Immigrants from [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], and [[Denmark]] found common ground with the [[Republicanism|Republican]] and [[Protestant]] belief systems of the New England migrants who preceded them.{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|pp=224–225}}{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|pp=220–222, 224}} [[Irish people|Irish]], [[Scottish people|Scots]], and [[English people|English]] immigrants arrived after the Civil War;{{sfn|The Minneapolis '76 Bicentennial Commission|1976|p=18}} [[Germans]]{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=239}} and [[Jews]] from [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]], as well as [[Russians|Russia]], followed.<ref name=Nathanson>{{cite web |last = Nathanson |first = Iric |title = Jews in Minnesota |publisher = [[Jewish Community Relations Council]] |url = http://www.minndakjcrc.org/Docs/Jews%20of%20Minnesota%20by%20Iric%20Nathanson.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061228224800/http://www.minndakjcrc.org/Docs/Jews%20of%20Minnesota%20by%20Iric%20Nathanson.pdf |archive-date = December 28, 2006 |access-date = April 14, 2007 }}</ref> Minneapolis welcomed [[Italians]] and [[Greeks]] in the 1890s and 1900s,{{sfn|Vecoli|1981|p=450}}{{sfn|Saloutos|1981|pp=472, 474}} and [[Slovaks|Slovak]] and [[Czechs|Czech]] immigrants settled in the [[Bohemian Flats]] area on the west bank of the Mississippi River. [[Ukrainians]] arrived after 1900,{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|pp=244–247}} and Central European migrants made their homes in the Northeast neighborhood.{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|pp=48, 241}}
[[Chinese people|Chinese]] began immigration in the 1870s and Chinese businesses centered on the [[Gateway District (Minneapolis)|Gateway District]] and Glenwood Avenue.{{sfn|Mason|1981a|pp=531, 533–534}} [[Westminster Presbyterian Church (Minneapolis)|Westminster Presbyterian Church]] gave language classes and support for [[Chinese Americans]] in Minneapolis, many of whom had fled discrimination in western states.{{sfn|Mason|1981a|p=540}} [[Japanese Americans]], many relocated from San Francisco, worked at [[Camp Savage]], a secret military [[Japanese language|Japanese-language]] school that trained interpreters and translators.{{sfn|Albert|1981|p=561|loc="...Minneapolis received by far the greater share (see Table 30.2). Camp Savage and Fort Snelling, the greatest magnets for wives, relatives, and friends of those stationed there, were more accessible from Minneapolis than from St. Paul"}} Following World War II, some Japanese and Japanese Americans remained in Minneapolis, and by 1970, they numbered nearly 2,000, forming part of the state's largest [[Asian American]] community.{{sfn|Albert|1981|p=558}} In the 1950s, the US government relocated [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] to cities like Minneapolis, attempting to dismantle [[Indian reservation]]s.<ref>{{cite web |quote = Other cities like Cleveland, Salt Lake City, Dallas, Oakland, Cleveland, and Minneapolis would later be added in an ever-changing line-up of relocation cities. |url = https://www.apmreports.org/episode/2019/11/01/uprooted-the-1950s-plan-to-erase-indian-country |title = Uprooted: The 1950s plan to erase Indian Country |last1 = Nesterak |first1 = Max |access-date = February 7, 2023 |publisher = [[Minnesota Public Radio]]|work=[[American Public Media]] |archive-date = February 7, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214756/https://www.apmreports.org/episode/2019/11/01/uprooted-the-1950s-plan-to-erase-indian-country |url-status = live |date = November 1, 2019 }}</ref> Around 1970, [[Koreans]] arrived,{{sfn|Mason|1981c|p=572}} and the first [[Filipinos]] came to attend the [[University of Minnesota]].{{sfn|Mason|1981b|p=546}} [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], [[Hmong people|Hmong]] (some from [[Thailand]]), [[Lao people|Lao]], and [[Khmer people|Cambodians]] settled mainly in Saint Paul around 1975, but some built organizations in Minneapolis.{{sfn|Mason|1981d|pp=582, 584, 586, 590}}{{sfn|Mason|1981d|pp=586, 588, 589}} In 1992, 160 [[Tibetan people|Tibetan immigrants]] came to Minnesota, and many settled in the city's Whittier neighborhood.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/#tibetans|title=Tibetans|access-date=April 2, 2023|publisher=[[International Institute of Minnesota]]|archive-date=April 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402194417/https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/asia/tibetans/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Burmese people|Burmese]] immigrants arrived in the early 2000s, with some moving to [[Geography of Minnesota#Regions|Greater Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/08/13/lured-by-jobs-and-housing-karen-refugees-spread-across-minnesota|title=Lured by jobs and housing, Karen refugees spread across Minnesota|last=Hirsi|first=Ibrahim|date=August 13, 2019|access-date=April 2, 2023|work=[[MPR News]]|archive-date=April 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403174948/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/08/13/lured-by-jobs-and-housing-karen-refugees-spread-across-minnesota|url-status=live}}</ref> The population of people from [[Indian people|India]] in Minneapolis increased by 1,000 between 2000 and 2010, making it the largest concentration of Indians living in the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/asian-indian-numbers-in-metro-surge/122756984/|last=Shah|first=Allie|title=Asian Indian numbers in metro surge|date=May 28, 2011|access-date=April 2, 2023|work=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=April 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402192412/https://www.startribune.com/asian-indian-numbers-in-metro-surge/122756984/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The population of Minneapolis grew until 1950 when the census peaked at 521,718—the only time it has exceeded a half million. The population then declined for decades; after World War II, people moved to the suburbs and generally out of the Midwest.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=113}}
By 1930, Minneapolis had one of the nation's highest literacy rates among [[Black people|Black]] residents.{{sfn|Taylor|1981|p=82}}{{sfn|Spangler|1961|p=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b538878&seq=98&q1=illiteracy 94]|loc="Minnesota Negroes had the lowest illiteracy rate in the nation during this period" [in the period 1885 to 1920, 3.4 percent]}}{{sfn|Taylor|2002|p=34|loc={{circa|1930}} "In Minneapolis only 1.7% of blacks over 10 years of age were illiterate"}} However, [[Discrimination in the United States|discrimination]] prevented them from obtaining higher-paying jobs.{{sfn|Taylor|1981|p=76}} In 1935, [[Cecil Newman]] and the ''[[Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder|Minneapolis Spokesman]]'' led a year-long consumer boycott of four area breweries that refused to hire Blacks.{{sfn|Taylor|1981|p=84}} Employment improved during World War II, but [[Housing discrimination in the United States|housing discrimination]] persisted.{{sfn|Taylor|1981|p=90|loc=footnote 57}} Between 1950 and 1970, the Black population in Minneapolis increased by 436 percent.{{sfn|Taylor|1981|p=84}} After the [[Rust Belt]] economy declined in the 1980s, Black migrants were attracted to Minneapolis for its job opportunities, good schools, and safe neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite news |title = Moving Up: Part One |last = Biewen |first = John |date = August 19, 1997 |access-date = December 7, 2020 |url = http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/199708/19_biewenj_migration/ |work = [[Minnesota Public Radio]] |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414123411/http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/199708/19_biewenj_migration/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In the 1990s, immigrants from the [[Horn of Africa]] began to arrive,{{sfn|Maruggi|Gerten|2013}} from [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], and particularly [[Somalia]].<ref name="residents">{{cite web |title = A History of Minneapolis: 20th Century Growth and Diversity |publisher =[[Hennepin County Library]]|date = 2001 |url = http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120421143305/http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=26 |archive-date = April 21, 2012 |access-date = December 7, 2020 }}</ref> Immigration from Somalia slowed significantly following a [[Trump travel ban|2017 national executive order]].{{sfn|Weber|2022|loc=p. 159: "President Donald Trump's executive order in 2017 banned new immigration from Somalia and several other majority-Muslim nations. Just forty-eight people came to Minnesota from Somalia in 2018, down from more than fourteen hundred in 2016," and further reading p. 187}} As of 2022, about 3,000 Ethiopians and 20,000 [[History of Somalis in Minneapolis–Saint Paul|Somalis reside in Minneapolis]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDT5Y2019.B04004 |title = People Reporting Single Ancestry |date = 2022 |access-date = March 25, 2024 |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |work = [[American Community Survey]] |archive-date = May 12, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210512163401/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDT5Y2019.B04004 |url-status = live }}</ref>
The [[Williams Institute]] reported that the Twin Cities had an estimated 4.2-percent [[LGBT]] adult population in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/MSA-LGBT-Ranking-Mar-2021.pdf |title = LGBT Adults in Large US Metropolitan Areas |access-date = February 8, 2023 |date = December 2020 |work = [[Williams Institute]]|publisher=[[University of California, Los Angeles School of Law]]|first1 = Kerith J. |last1 = Conron |first2 = Winston |last2 = Luhur |first3 = Shoshana K. |last3 = Goldberg |archive-date = December 30, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221230005310/https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/MSA-LGBT-Ranking-Mar-2021.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2023, the [[Human Rights Campaign]] gave Minneapolis 94 points out of 100 on the Municipal Equality Index of support for the LGBTQ+ population.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.hrc.org/resources/mei-2023-see-your-cities-scores |date = 2023 |access-date = May 15, 2024 |title = MEI 2023: See Your Cities' Scores |publisher = [[Human Rights Campaign]] |archive-date = May 15, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240515211140/https://www.hrc.org/resources/mei-2023-see-your-cities-scores |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Twin Cities Pride]] is held in May.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://kstp.com/kstp-news/local-news/twin-cities-pride-festival-2023-expanding/|title=Twin Cities Pride Festival expanding ahead of June 2023 event|access-date=May 14, 2023|work=[[KSTP-TV]]|publisher=[[Hubbard Broadcasting]]|date=January 17, 2023|first=Ashley|last=Halbach|archive-date=May 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514144838/https://kstp.com/kstp-news/local-news/twin-cities-pride-festival-2023-expanding/|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Census and estimates ===
Minneapolis is the largest city in Minnesota and the 46th-largest city in the United States by population as of 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More, Ranked by July 1, 2022 Population|date=July 1, 2022|access-date=March 17, 2024|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/cities/totals/SUB-IP-EST2022-ANNRNK.xlsx|publisher=[[US Census Bureau]]|archive-date=July 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717001424/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/cities/totals/SUB-IP-EST2022-ANNRNK.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Community profile|url=https://stories.opengov.com/minneapolismn/published/cxcd-UhRjRb|access-date=October 12, 2023|publisher=City of Minneapolis|via=OpenGov|archive-date=October 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018031645/https://stories.opengov.com/minneapolismn/published/cxcd-UhRjRb|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[2020 United States census|2020 US Census]], Minneapolis had a population of 429,954.<ref name="2020-P1RACE">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |title = Race |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216182839/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1 |url-status = live }}</ref> Of this population, 44,513 (10.4 percent) identified as [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latinos]].<ref name="2020-P2ETHNICITY">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |title = Ethnicity |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216182840/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 |url-status = live }}</ref> Of those not Hispanic or Latino, 249,581 persons (58.0 percent) were [[Non-Hispanic whites|White]] alone (62.7 percent White alone or in combination), 81,088 (18.9 percent) were [[African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (21.3 percent Black alone or in combination), 24,929 (5.8 percent) were [[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone, 7,433 (1.2 percent) were [[American Indian and Alaska Native]] alone, 25,387 (0.6 percent) some other race alone, and 34,463 (5.2 percent) were [[Multiracial Americans|multiracial]].<ref name="2020-P1RACE" />
The most common ancestries in Minneapolis according to the 2021 [[American Community Survey]] (ACS) were [[German Americans|German]] (22.9 percent), [[Irish Americans|Irish]] (10.8 percent), [[Norwegian Americans|Norwegian]] (8.9 percent), [[Subsaharan Africa]]n (6.7 percent), and [[Swedish Americans|Swedish]] (6.1 percent).<ref name="2021-DP02">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |work = [[American Community Survey]] |title = Selected social characteristics in the United States |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP02 |date = 2021 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216182838/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP02 |url-status = live }}</ref> Among those five years and older, 81.2 percent spoke only [[English language|English]] at home, while 7.1 percent spoke [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and 11.7 percent spoke other languages, including large numbers of [[Somali language|Somali]] and [[Hmong language|Hmong]] speakers.<ref name="2021-DP02" /> About 13.7 percent of the population was [[Foreign born|born abroad]], with 53.2 percent of them being [[naturalization|naturalized]] [[US citizens]]. Most immigrants arrived from Africa (40.6 percent), Latin America (25.2 percent), and Asia (24.6 percent), with 34.6 percent of all foreign-born residents having arrived in 2010 or earlier.<ref name="2021-DP02" />
Comparable to the US average of $70,784 in 2021,<ref>{{cite report|title=Income in the United States: 2021|date=September 13, 2022|first1=Jessica|last1=Semega|first2=Melissa|last2=Kollar|url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2022/demo/p60-276.html|publisher=[[US Census Bureau]]|access-date=September 22, 2024|archive-date=September 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923162137/https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2022/demo/p60-276.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the ACS reported that the 2021 median household income in Minneapolis was $69,397 {{USDCY|69397|2021}},{{Inflation/fn|US}} It was $97,670 for families, $123,693 for married couples, and $54,083 for non-family households.<ref name="Minneapolis-data">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |title = Minneapolis data viewer |url = https://data.census.gov/profile/Minneapolis_city,_Minnesota?g=1600000US2743000 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = February 28, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230228005548/https://data.census.gov/profile/Minneapolis_city,_Minnesota?g=1600000US2743000 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="2021-S1901">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |work = [[American Community Survey]] |title = Income in the past 12 months |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S1901 |date = 2021 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = November 30, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221130204458/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S1901 |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2023, the median Minneapolis rent was $1,529, compared to the national median of $1,723.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Realtor.com® April Rental Report: National Rents Drop Again, But Three Midwest Markets Surge to Record Highs|url=https://mediaroom.realtor.com/2024-05-22-Realtor-com-R-April-Rental-Report-National-Rents-Drop-Again,-But-Three-Midwest-Markets-Surge-to-Record-Highs|date=May 22, 2024|access-date=October 3, 2024|publisher=[[National Association of Realtors]] and [[Move (company)|Move, Inc.]]|archive-date=July 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717105221/https://mediaroom.realtor.com/2024-05-22-Realtor-com-R-April-Rental-Report-National-Rents-Drop-Again,-But-Three-Midwest-Markets-Surge-to-Record-Highs|url-status=live}}</ref> Over 92 percent of housing units in Minneapolis were occupied.<ref name="2021-DP04" /> Housing units in the city built in 1939 or earlier comprised 43.7 percent.<ref name="2021-DP04">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |work = [[American Community Survey]] |title = Selected housing characteristics |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP04 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |date = 2021 |archive-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216182837/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP04 |url-status = live }}</ref> Almost 17 percent of residents lived in [[poverty]] in 2023, compared to the US average of 11.1 percent.<ref name=USCensusQuick2023>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/minneapoliscityminnesota,US/IPE120223|title=QuickFacts: Minneapolis city, Minnesota; United States|access-date=September 23, 2024|publisher=[[US Census Bureau]]|archive-date=September 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925184842/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/minneapoliscityminnesota,US/IPE120223|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2022, 90.8 percent of residents age 25 years or older had earned a high school degree compared to 89.1 percent nationally, and 53.5 percent had a bachelor's degree or higher compared to the 34.3 percent US national average.<ref name=USCensusQuick2023 /> US [[veterans]] made up 2.8 percent of the population compared to the national average of 5 percent in 2023.<ref name=USCensusQuick2023 />
In Minneapolis in 2020, Blacks owned homes at a rate one-third that of White families.<ref name=WPdisparity /> Statewide by 2022, the gap between White and Black home ownership declined from 51.5 percent to 48 percent.<ref name=Reformer /> Statewide, alongside this small improvement was a sharp increase in the Black-to-White comparative number of [[deaths of despair]] (e.g., alcohol, drugs, and suicide).<ref name=Reformer /> The Minneapolis income gap in 2018 was one of the largest in the country, with Black families earning about 44 percent of what White families earned annually.<ref name=WPdisparity>{{cite news |title = Racial inequality in Minneapolis is among the worst in the nation |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/30/minneapolis-racial-inequality/ |author = Ingraham, Christopher |date = May 30, 2020 |access-date = September 30, 2022 |newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] |archive-date = March 28, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220328051150/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/30/minneapolis-racial-inequality/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Statewide in 2022 using inflation-adjusted dollars, the median income for a Black family was $34,377 less than a White family's median income, an improvement of $7,000 since 2019.<ref name=Reformer>{{cite news|url=https://minnesotareformer.com/2024/05/23/four-years-after-george-floyd-minnesotas-racial-gaps-remain-stark/|title=Four years after George Floyd, Minnesota's racial gaps remain stark|last=Ingraham|first=Christopher|date=May 23, 2024|access-date=September 1, 2024|work=[[Minnesota Reformer]]|archive-date=August 31, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831202750/https://minnesotareformer.com/2024/05/23/four-years-after-george-floyd-minnesotas-racial-gaps-remain-stark/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible left" style="text-align:right; font-size: 90%;"
|+ Race and ethnicity of Minneapolis, 1990–2020
|-
! rowspan="3"|Race/ethnicity
! !! 2020<ref name=data.census.gov>{{cite web |url = https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US2743000&y=2020&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |title = Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino By Race |date = August 12, 2021 |access-date = February 11, 2022 |archive-date = February 4, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220204215915/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US2743000&y=2020&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 |url-status = live }}</ref>!! 2010<ref name=data.census.gov/>!! 1990<ref name="census">{{cite web |title = Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |url = https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |access-date = April 21, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date = August 12, 2012 }}</ref>!! 1970<ref name="census" /> !! 1950<ref name="census" />
|-
! colspan="2|2020<ref name="2020CensusP2">{{Cite web |title=P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Minneapolis, Minnesota |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P2?q=p2&g=160XX00US2743000 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |archive-date=August 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804143749/https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P2?q=p2&g=160XX00US2743000 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Non-Hispanic whites|White]] alone || 58.0% || 60.3% || 77.5% || 92.8% || {{n/a}}
! colspan="2|2010<ref name="2010CensusP2">{{Cite web |title=P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Minneapolis, Minnesota |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2010.P2?q=p2&g=160XX00US2743000 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |archive-date=August 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804143749/https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2010.P2?q=p2&g=160XX00US2743000 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2|2000<ref name="Census 2000">{{Cite web |title=Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000. Summary File 4 Demographic Profile, Table DP1 |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDPSF42000.DP1?q=race%20in%20Minneapolis%20in%202000&tp=true |url-status=live |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=U.S. Census Bureau |archive-date=August 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817170820/https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDPSF42000.DP1?q=race%20in%20Minneapolis%20in%202000&tp=true }}</ref>
! colspan="2|1990<ref name="Census 1990">{{cite web |date=October 6, 2022 |title=1990 Census of Population: General Population Characteristics Minnesota |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/cp-1/cp-1-25.pdf |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=U.S. Census Bureau |page=57 |archive-date=August 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817170808/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/cp-1/cp-1-25.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! Number
| [[African Americans|Black or African American]] alone || 18.9% || 18.3% || 13.0% || 4.4% || 1.3%
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Non-Hispanic whites|White]] alone
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] || 10.4% || 10.5% || 2.1% || 0.9% || {{n/a}}
|| 249,581 || {{Percentage | 249581 | 429954 | 1 |pad=yes}}
|| 230,650 || {{Percentage | 230650 | 382578 | 1 }}
|| 249,466 || {{Percentage | 249466 | 382452 | 1 }}
|| 288,967 || {{Percentage | 288967 | 368383 | 1 }}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[African Americans|Black]] alone
| [[Asian American|Asian]] alone || 5.8% || 5.6% || 4.3% || 0.4% || 0.2%
|| 81,088 || {{Percentage | 81088 | 429954| 1 }}
|| 69,971 || {{Percentage | 69971 | 382578 | 1 }}
|| 67,262 || {{Percentage | 67262 | 382452 | 1 }}
|| 47,948 || {{Percentage | 47948 | 368383 | 1 |pad=yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race)
| Other race alone || 0.5% || 0.3% || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|| 44,513 || {{Percentage | 44513 | 429954 | 1 }}
|| 40,073 || {{Percentage | 40073 | 382578 | 1 }}
|| 29,085 || {{Percentage | 29085 | 382452 | 1 }}
|| 7,900 || {{Percentage | 7900 | 368383 | 1 }}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Asian American|Asian]] alone
| [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]]|| 5.2% || 3.4% || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|| 24,743 || {{Percentage | 24743 | 429954 | 1 }}
|| 21,399 || {{Percentage | 21399 | 382578 | 1 }}
|| 23,912 || {{Percentage | 23912 | 382452 | 1 }}
|| 15,550 || {{Percentage | 15550 | 368383 | 1 }}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian and Alaska Native]] alone
|| 5,184 || {{Percentage | 5184 | 429954 | 1 }}
|| 6,351 || {{Percentage | 6351 | 382578 | 1 }}
|| 7,576 || {{Percentage | 7576 | 382452 | 1 |pad=yes}}
|| 12,335 || {{Percentage | 12335 | 368383 | 1 }}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Other race alone
|| 2,136 || {{Percentage | 2136 | 429954 | 1 }}
|| 962 || {{Percentage | 962 | 382578 | 1 }}
|| — || —
|| 3,410 || {{Percentage | 3410 | 368383 | 1 }}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]]
|| 22,538 || {{Percentage | 22538 | 429954 | 1 }}
|| 13,004 || {{Percentage | 13004 | 382578 | 1 }}
|| 17,771 || {{Percentage | 17771 | 382452 | 1 |pad=yes}} || — || —
|-
! Total || style="text-align:right;"|429,954 || style="text-align:right;"|100% || style="text-align:right;"|382,578 || style="text-align:right;"|100% || style="text-align:right;"|382,452 || style="text-align:right;"|100% || style="text-align:right;"|368,383 || style="text-align:right;"|100%
|}
The Minneapolis area was originally occupied by [[Sioux|Dakota]] bands, particularly the [[Mdewakanton]], until [[European Americans]] [[Manifest destiny|moved westward]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher =[[Hennepin County Library]]|date = 2001 |title = A History of Minneapolis: Mdewakanton Band of the Dakota Nation |url = http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=1 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120409042030/http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=1 |archive-date = April 9, 2012 |access-date = March 12, 2023 }}</ref> In the 1840s,{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=48}} new settlers arrived from [[Maine]], [[New Hampshire]], and [[Massachusetts]], while [[French-Canadians]] came around the same time. {{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=203}}{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=217}} Farmers from [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Ohio]], and [[Pennsylvania]] later followed in a secondary migration. A small fraction of the populace, settlers from New England had an outsized influence on civic life.{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=214}}
=== Structural racism ===
[[Mexican people|Mexican]] [[migrant workers]] began coming to Minnesota as early as 1860, although few stayed year-round.<ref name="Anderson">{{cite news |url = http://articles.citypages.com/2003-10-01/news/living-in-america/ |title = Living in America |first = G.R. Jr. |last = Anderson |work = [[City Pages]] |date = October 1, 2003 |access-date = April 29, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121019205409/http://www.citypages.com/content/printVersion/14289/ |archive-date = October 19, 2012 }}</ref> Latinos eventually settled in several neighborhoods in Minneapolis, including [[Phillips, Minneapolis|Phillips]], [[Whittier, Minneapolis|Whittier]], [[Longfellow, Minneapolis|Longfellow]] and [[Northeast, Minneapolis|Northeast]].{{sfn|HACER|1998|p=19}} Before the turn of the 21st century, Latinos were the state's largest<ref name="Anderson" /> and fastest-growing group of immigrants.{{sfn|League of Women Voters|2002|p=7}}
Before 1910,<ref name="ab"/> when a developer wrote the first restrictive [[Covenant (law)#Exclusionarycovenants|covenant]] based on race and ethnicity into a Minneapolis deed,{{sfn|Walker|Ramer|Derickson|Keeler|2023|p=6|loc="The first racial covenant in Minneapolis was recorded by Edmund Walton in 1910..."}} the city was relatively unsegregated with a Black population of less than one percent.<ref name=Kaul>{{cite news |url = https://www.minnpost.com/metro/2019/02/with-covenants-racism-was-written-into-minneapolis-housing-the-scars-are-still-visible/ |title = With covenants, racism was written into Minneapolis housing. The scars are still visible |last = Kaul |first = Greta |date = February 22, 2019 |access-date = March 5, 2023 |work = [[MinnPost]] |archive-date = March 6, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230306005609/https://www.minnpost.com/metro/2019/02/with-covenants-racism-was-written-into-minneapolis-housing-the-scars-are-still-visible/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Realtors adopted the practice, thousands of times preventing non-Whites from owning or leasing properties;{{sfn|Delegard|Ehrman-Solberg|2017|pp=73–74|loc="...the Seven Oaks Corporation, a real estate developer that inserted this same language into thousands of deeds across the city."}} this practice continued for four decades until the city became more and more racially divided.{{sfn|Walker|Ramer|Derickson|Keeler|2023|p=5|loc="...the Mapping Prejudice team showed that, prior to the introduction of covenants in 1910, the residences of people of color were dispersed throughout the city, yet as developers added thousands of racial covenants to deeds in Minneapolis until 1955, the city's neighborhoods became increasingly racially segregated"}} Though such language was prohibited by state law in 1953 and by the federal [[Civil Rights Act of 1968|Fair Housing Act of 1968]],{{sfn|Delegard|Ehrman-Solberg|2017|p=75}} restrictive covenants against minorities remained in many Minneapolis deeds as of the 2020s. In 2021, the city gave residents a means to discharge them.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-starts-program-to-disavow-racial-covenants/600029949/ |date = March 3, 2021 |author = Navratil, Liz |title = Minneapolis starts program to disavow racial covenants |work =[[Star Tribune]]|access-date = March 4, 2021 |archive-date = August 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817055442/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-starts-program-to-disavow-racial-covenants/600029949/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
Immigrants from [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], and [[Denmark]] found common ground with the [[Republicanism|Republican]] and [[Protestant]] belief systems of the New England migrants who preceded them.{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|pp=224–225}}{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|pp=220–222, 224}} Irish, Scots, and English immigrants arrived after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]];{{sfn|The Minneapolis '76 Bicentennial Commission|1976|p=18}} [[Germans]]{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=239}} and [[Jews]] from [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]], as well as [[Russia]], followed.<ref name=Nathanson>{{cite web |last = Nathanson |first = Iric |title = Jews in Minnesota |publisher = [[Jewish Community Relations Council]] |url = http://www.minndakjcrc.org/Docs/Jews%20of%20Minnesota%20by%20Iric%20Nathanson.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061228224800/http://www.minndakjcrc.org/Docs/Jews%20of%20Minnesota%20by%20Iric%20Nathanson.pdf |archive-date = December 28, 2006 |access-date = April 14, 2007 }}</ref> Minneapolis welcomed [[Italians]] and [[Greeks]] in the 1890s and 1900s,{{sfn|Vecoli|1981|p=450}}{{sfn|Saloutos|1981|pp=472, 474}} and [[Slovaks|Slovak]] and [[Czechs|Czech]] immigrants settled in the [[Bohemian Flats]] area on the west bank of the Mississippi River. [[Ukrainians]] arrived after 1900,{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|pp=244–247}} and Central European migrants made their homes in the Northeast neighborhood.{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|pp=48, 241}}
Chinese began immigration in the 1870s and Chinese businesses centered on the [[Gateway District (Minneapolis)|Gateway District]] and Glenwood Avenue.{{sfn|Mason|1981a|pp=531, 533–534}} [[Westminster Presbyterian Church (Minneapolis)|Westminster Presbyterian Church]] gave language classes and support for [[Chinese Americans]] in Minneapolis, many of whom had fled discrimination in western states.{{sfn|Mason|1981a|p=540}} [[Japanese Americans]], many relocated from San Francisco, worked at [[Camp Savage]], a secret military [[Japanese language|Japanese-language]] school that trained interpreters and translators.{{sfn|Albert|1981|p=561|loc="...Minneapolis received by far the greater share (see Table 30.2). Camp Savage and Fort Snelling, the greatest magnets for wives, relatives, and friends of those stationed there, were more accessible from Minneapolis than from St. Paul"}} Following World War II, some Japanese and Japanese Americans remained in Minneapolis, and by 1970, they numbered nearly 2,000, forming part of the state's largest [[Asian American]] community.{{sfn|Albert|1981|p=558}} In the 1950s, the US government relocated [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] to cities like Minneapolis, attempting to do away with [[Indian reservation]]s.<ref>{{cite web |quote = Other cities like Cleveland, Salt Lake City, Dallas, Oakland, Cleveland, and Minneapolis would later be added in an ever-changing line-up of relocation cities. |url = https://www.apmreports.org/episode/2019/11/01/uprooted-the-1950s-plan-to-erase-indian-country |title = Uprooted: The 1950s plan to erase Indian Country |last1 = Nesterak |first1 = Max |access-date = February 7, 2023 |publisher = [[Minnesota Public Radio]]|work=[[American Public Media]] |archive-date = February 7, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214756/https://www.apmreports.org/episode/2019/11/01/uprooted-the-1950s-plan-to-erase-indian-country |url-status = live |date = November 1, 2019 }}</ref> Around 1970, [[Koreans]] arrived,{{sfn|Mason|1981c|p=572}} and the first [[Filipinos]] came to attend the [[University of Minnesota]].{{sfn|Mason|1981b|p=546}} [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], [[Hmong people|Hmong]] (some from [[Thailand]]), [[Lao people|Lao]], and [[Cambodians]] settled mainly in Saint Paul around 1975, but some built organizations in Minneapolis.{{sfn|Mason|1981d|pp=582, 584, 586, 590}}{{sfn|Mason|1981d|pp=586, 588, 589}} In 1992, 160 [[Tibetan Americans|Tibetan immigrants]] came to Minnesota, and many settled in the city's Whittier neighborhood.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/asia/tibetans/|title=Tibetans|access-date=April 2, 2023|publisher=[[International Institute of Minnesota]]|archive-date=April 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402194417/https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/asia/tibetans/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Burmese people|Burmese]] immigrants arrived in the early 2000s, with some moving to [[Geography of Minnesota#Regions|Greater Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/08/13/lured-by-jobs-and-housing-karen-refugees-spread-across-minnesota|title=Lured by jobs and housing, Karen refugees spread across Minnesota|last=Hirsi|first=Ibrahim|date=August 13, 2019|access-date=April 2, 2023|work=[[MPR News]]|archive-date=April 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403174948/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/08/13/lured-by-jobs-and-housing-karen-refugees-spread-across-minnesota|url-status=live}}</ref> The population of people from India in Minneapolis increased by 1,000 between 2000 and 2010, making it the largest concentration of Indians living in the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/asian-indian-numbers-in-metro-surge/122756984/|last=Shah|first=Allie|title=Asian Indian numbers in metro surge|date=May 28, 2011|access-date=April 2, 2023|work=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=April 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402192412/https://www.startribune.com/asian-indian-numbers-in-metro-surge/122756984/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The population of Minneapolis grew until 1950 when the census peaked at 521,718—the only time it has exceeded a half million. The population then declined for decades; after World War II, people moved to the suburbs, and generally out of the Midwest.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=113}}
In 1910, there were approximately 2,500 Black residents,{{sfn|Taylor|1981|p=74}} and by 1930, Minneapolis had one of the nation's highest literacy rates{{sfn|Taylor|1981|p=82}} among Black residents.{{sfn|Spangler|1961|p=94|loc="Minnesota Negroes had the lowest illiteracy rate in the nation during this period" [in the period 1885 to 1920, 3.4 percent]}}{{sfn|Taylor|2002|p=34|loc={{circa|1930}} "In Minneapolis only 1.7% of blacks over 10 years of age were illiterate"}} However, [[Discrimination in the United States|discrimination]] prevented them from obtaining higher-paying jobs.{{sfn|Taylor|1981|p=76}} In 1935, [[Cecil Newman]] and the ''[[Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder|Minneapolis Spokesman]]'' led a year-long consumer boycott of four area breweries that refused to hire Blacks.{{sfn|Taylor|1981|p=84}} Employment improved during World War II, but [[Housing discrimination in the United States|housing discrimination]] persisted.{{sfn|Taylor|1981|p=90|loc=footnote 57}} Between 1950 and 1970, the Black population in Minneapolis increased by 436 percent.{{sfn|Taylor|1981|p=84}} After the [[Rust Belt]] economy declined in the 1980s, Black migrants were attracted to Minneapolis for its job opportunities, good schools, and relatively safe neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite news |title = Moving Up: Part One |last = Biewen |first = John |date = August 19, 1997 |access-date = December 7, 2020 |url = http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/199708/19_biewenj_migration/ |work = [[Minnesota Public Radio]] |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414123411/http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/199708/19_biewenj_migration/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
In the 1990s, immigrants from the [[Horn of Africa]] began to arrive,{{sfn|Maruggi|Gerten|2013}} from [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], and particularly [[Somalia]].<ref name="residents">{{cite web |title = A History of Minneapolis: 20th Century Growth and Diversity |publisher =[[Hennepin County Library]]|date = 2001 |url = http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120421143305/http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=26 |archive-date = April 21, 2012 |access-date = December 7, 2020 }}</ref> Immigration from Somalia slowed following a [[Trump travel ban|2017 executive order]].{{sfn|Weber|2022|loc=p. 159: "President Donald Trump's executive order in 2017 banned new immigration from Somalia and several other majority-Muslim nations. Just forty-eight people came to Minnesota from Somalia in 2018, down from more than fourteen hundred in 2016," and further reading p. 187}} As of 2022, about 3,000 Ethiopians and 20,000 [[History of Somalis in Minneapolis–Saint Paul|Somalis reside in Minneapolis]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDT5Y2019.B04004 |title = People Reporting Single Ancestry |date = 2022 |access-date = March 25, 2024 |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |work = [[American Community Survey]] |archive-date = May 12, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210512163401/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDT5Y2019.B04004 |url-status = live }}</ref>
The [[Williams Institute]] reported that the Twin Cities had an estimated 4.2% [[LGBT]] adult population in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/MSA-LGBT-Ranking-Mar-2021.pdf |title = LGBT Adults in Large US Metropolitan Areas |access-date = February 8, 2023 |date = December 2020 |work = [[Williams Institute]]|publisher=[[University of California, Los Angeles School of Law]]|first1 = Kerith J. |last1 = Conron |first2 = Winston |last2 = Luhur |first3 = Shoshana K. |last3 = Goldberg |archive-date = December 30, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221230005310/https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/MSA-LGBT-Ranking-Mar-2021.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2022, the [[Human Rights Campaign]] gave Minneapolis its highest score possible on the Municipal Equality Index of support for the LGBTQ+ population.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.hrc.org/resources/mei-2022-see-your-cities-scores |date = 2022 |access-date = February 8, 2023 |title = MEI 2022: See Your Cities' Scores |publisher = [[Human Rights Campaign]] |archive-date = February 8, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230208234049/https://www.hrc.org/resources/mei-2022-see-your-cities-scores |url-status = live }}</ref>
=== Census and estimates ===
Minneapolis is the country's 46th largest city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More, Ranked by July 1, 2022 Population|date=July 1, 2022|access-date=March 17, 2024|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/cities/totals/SUB-IP-EST2022-ANNRNK.xlsx|publisher=[[US Census Bureau]]|archive-date=July 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717001424/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/cities/totals/SUB-IP-EST2022-ANNRNK.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref> and, by 2023 population, the state's largest city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Community profile|url=https://stories.opengov.com/minneapolismn/published/cxcd-UhRjRb|access-date=October 12, 2023|publisher=City of Minneapolis|via=OpenGov|archive-date=October 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018031645/https://stories.opengov.com/minneapolismn/published/cxcd-UhRjRb|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[2020 United States census|2020 US census]], the population of Minneapolis was 429,954.<ref name="2020-P1RACE">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |title = Race |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216182839/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1 |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic and Latinos]] comprised 44,513 (10.4 percent).<ref name="2020-P2ETHNICITY">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |title = Ethnicity |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216182840/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 |url-status = live }}</ref> For those who were not Hispanic or Latino, 249,581 people (58.0 percent) were [[Non-Hispanic whites|White]] alone (62.7 percent White alone or in combination), 81,088 (18.9 percent) were [[African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (21.3 percent Black alone or in combination), 24,929 (5.8 percent) were [[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone, 7,433 (1.2 percent) were [[American Indian and Alaska Native]] alone, 25,387 (0.6 percent) some other race alone, and 34,463 (5.2 percent) were [[Multiracial Americans|multiracial]].<ref name="2020-P1RACE" />
Minneapolis has a history of [[societal racism|structural racism]]<ref>{{cite magazine |title = George Floyd's Death and the Long History of Racism in Minneapolis |url = https://time.com/5844030/george-floyd-minneapolis-history/ |author = Waxman, Olivia B. |date = June 2, 2020 |magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |quote = Delegard told ''Time'', 'Structural racism is really baked into the geography of this city and as a result it really permeates every institution in this city.' |access-date = November 17, 2022 |archive-date = November 17, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221117002036/https://time.com/5844030/george-floyd-minneapolis-history/ |url-status = live|postscript=, }}</ref> and has racial disparities in nearly every aspect of society.<ref name=Mpls2040>{{cite web |quote = ...in 2010, Minneapolis led the nation in having the widest unemployment disparity between African-American and white residents. This remains true in 2018. And disparities also exist in nearly every other measurable social aspect, including of economic, housing, safety and health outcomes, between people of color and indigenous people compared with white people." and "In Minneapolis, 83 percent of white non-Hispanics have more than a high school education, compared with 47 percent of black people and 45 percent of American Indians. Only 32 percent of Hispanics have more than a high school education. |url = https://minneapolis2040.com/goals/eliminate-disparities/ |title = Goals: 1. Eliminate disparities |work = Department of Community Planning & Economic Development|publisher=City of Minneapolis |access-date = November 17, 2022 |archive-date = November 17, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221117184308/https://minneapolis2040.com/goals/eliminate-disparities/ |url-status = live }}</ref> As White settlers displaced the Indigenous population during the 19th century, they claimed the city's land,<ref>{{cite news |title = How did Minn. become one of the most racially inequitable states? |url = https://www.startribune.com/how-did-minnesota-become-one-of-the-most-racially-inequitable-states/547537761/ |first1 = Randy |last1 = Furst |first2 = MaryJo |last2 = Webster |date = September 6, 2019 |access-date = May 27, 2021 |work =[[Star Tribune]]|quote = The privileges of whites go back much further ... to when American Indians were forced off their land in the 1860s. |archive-date = June 2, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213424/https://www.startribune.com/how-did-minnesota-become-one-of-the-most-racially-inequitable-states/547537761/ |url-status = live }}</ref> and Kirsten Delegard of [[Mapping Prejudice]] explains that today's disparities evolved from control of the land.<ref name="ab"/> Discrimination increased when flour milling moved to the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] and the economy declined.{{sfn|Weber|2022|pp=84, 88}}
The most common ancestries in Minneapolis according to the 2021 [[American Community Survey]] (ACS) were [[German Americans|German]] (22.9 percent), [[Irish Americans|Irish]] (10.8 percent), [[Norwegian Americans|Norwegian]] (8.9 percent), [[Subsaharan Africa]]n (6.7 percent), and [[Swedish Americans|Swedish]] (6.1 percent).<ref name="2021-DP02">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |work = [[American Community Survey]] |title = Selected social characteristics in the United States |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP02 |date = 2021 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216182838/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP02 |url-status = live }}</ref> Among those five years and older, 81.2 percent spoke only [[English language|English]] at home, while 7.1 percent spoke [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and 11.7 percent spoke other languages, including large numbers of [[Somali language|Somali]] and [[Hmong language|Hmong]] speakers.<ref name="2021-DP02" /> About 13.7 percent of the population was [[Foreign born|born abroad]], with 53.2 percent of them being [[naturalization|naturalized]] [[US citizens]]. Most immigrants arrived from Africa (40.6 percent), Asia (24.6 percent), and Latin America (25.2 percent), with 34.6 percent of all foreign-born residents having arrived in 2010 or earlier.<ref name="2021-DP02" />
The foundation laid by racial covenants on residential segregation, property value, homeownership, wealth, housing security, access to green spaces, and health equity shapes the lives of people in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is a Covenant: How racial covenants impact us today|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|access-date=May 28, 2023|url=https://mappingprejudice.umn.edu/racial-covenants/what-is-a-covenant|archive-date=May 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528221509/https://mappingprejudice.umn.edu/racial-covenants/what-is-a-covenant|url-status=live}}</ref> The city wrote in a decennial plan that racially discriminatory federal housing policies starting in the 1930s "prevented access to mortgages in areas with Jews, African-Americans and other minorities" and "left a lasting effect on the physical characteristics of the city and the financial well-being of its residents".<ref>{{cite web |url = https://minneapolis2040.com/goals/eliminate-disparities/ |title = Goals: 1. Eliminate disparities |work = Department of Community Planning & Economic Development |publisher = City of Minneapolis |access-date = June 22, 2023 |archive-date = November 17, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221117184308/https://minneapolis2040.com/goals/eliminate-disparities/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
The 2021 ACS reported that the median household income in Minneapolis was $69,397. It was $97,670 for families, $123,693 for married couples, and $54,083 for non-family households.<ref name="Minneapolis-data">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |title = Minneapolis data viewer |url = https://data.census.gov/profile/Minneapolis_city,_Minnesota?g=1600000US2743000 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = February 28, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230228005548/https://data.census.gov/profile/Minneapolis_city,_Minnesota?g=1600000US2743000 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="2021-S1901">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |work = [[American Community Survey]] |title = Income in the past 12 months |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S1901 |date = 2021 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = November 30, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221130204458/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S1901 |url-status = live }}</ref> The median gross rent in Minneapolis was $1,225, and 92.7 percent of housing units in Minneapolis were occupied. Housing units in the city built in 1939 or earlier comprised 43.7 percent.<ref name="2021-DP04">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |work = [[American Community Survey]] |title = Selected housing characteristics |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP04 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |date = 2021 |archive-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216182837/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP04 |url-status = live }}</ref> About 15.0 percent of residents lived in [[poverty]].<ref name="2021-S1701">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |title = Poverty status in the past 12 months |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S1701 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216182836/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S1701 |url-status = live }}</ref> The percentage of residents who had obtained a [[bachelor's degree]] or higher was 53.6 percent, and 92.1 percent had at least a [[high school diploma]].<ref name="2021-S1501">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |work = [[American Community Survey]] |title = Educational attainment |date = 2021 |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S1501 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216182841/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S1501 |url-status = live }}</ref> US [[veterans]] made up 3.2 percent of the population.<ref name="2021-DP02"/>
Discussing a [[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]] report on how systemic racism compromises education in Minnesota,<ref>Factors outlined include racial gaps in opportunity, limited pre-school subsidy programs, educator bias, differences in families' and schools' economic resources, less-experienced teachers, and completion rate gaps. {{cite report|quote=This article highlights evidence of how systemic racism undermines the education system in Minnesota.|title=Minnesota's education system shows persistent opportunity gaps by race|url=https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2021/minnesotas-education-system-shows-persistent-opportunity-gaps-by-race|date=January 11, 2021|access-date=June 18, 2023|publisher=[[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]]|first1=Rob|last1=Grunewald|first2=Ben|last2=Horowitz|first3=Kim-Eng|last3=Ky|first4=Alene|last4=Tchourumoff|archive-date=June 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618150432/https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2021/minnesotas-education-system-shows-persistent-opportunity-gaps-by-race|url-status=live}}</ref> Professor [[Keith Mayes]] says, "So the housing disparities created the educational disparities that we still live with today."<ref name=Mayes>{{cite news|url=https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/george-floyd/a-look-at-the-history-of-racial-covenants-and-housing-discrimination-in-minneapolis/89-f1cacace-6655-42b5-b0a7-d5a6651d63b4|title=A look at the history of racial covenants and housing discrimination in Minneapolis|author=Wigdahl, Heidi|date=June 11, 2020|access-date=April 24, 2021|work=[[KARE (TV)|KARE-TV News]]|archive-date=February 15, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215133903/https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/george-floyd/a-look-at-the-history-of-racial-covenants-and-housing-discrimination-in-minneapolis/89-f1cacace-6655-42b5-b0a7-d5a6651d63b4|url-status=live}}</ref> Professor [[Samuel Myers Jr.]] says of [[redlining]], "Policing policies evolved that substituted explicit racial profiling with scientific management of racially disparate arrests. {{nowrap|... racially}} discriminatory policies became institutionalized and 'baked in' to the fabric of Minnesota life."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Minnesota Paradox|url=https://www.hhh.umn.edu/research-centers/roy-wilkins-center-human-relations-and-social-justice/minnesota-paradox|last=Myers|first=Samuel L. Jr.|access-date=May 29, 2023|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|archive-date=May 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529040243/https://www.hhh.umn.edu/research-centers/roy-wilkins-center-human-relations-and-social-justice/minnesota-paradox|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Separately, Myers describes how the Minneapolis police department's adoption of CODEFOR in 1998 increased policing in areas of Minneapolis that were disproportionately non-White, with dual results: "Minority residents are afforded improved safety and law enforcement services; minority offenders unsurprisingly may be disproportionately apprehended for relatively minor transgressions in order to achieve the higher levels of safety."{{sfn|Myers|2002}}}} Government efforts to address these disparities included declaring racism a [[public health emergency (United States)|public health emergency]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Minneapolis declares racism a public health emergency|last=McNamara|first=Audrey|date=July 17, 2020|access-date=May 18, 2023|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/minneapolis-racism-public-health-emergency/|work=[[CBS News]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|archive-date=May 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518173123/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/minneapolis-racism-public-health-emergency/|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2020 and passing zoning changes in the 2018 [[Minneapolis city council]] 2040 plan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Minneapolis Has A Bold Plan To Tackle Racial Inequity. Now It Has To Follow Through|last=Sommer|first=Laura|date=June 18, 2020|access-date=May 18, 2023|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/18/877460056/minneapolis-has-a-bold-plan-to-tackle-racial-inequity-now-it-has-to-follow-throu|archive-date=May 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518170735/https://www.npr.org/2020/06/18/877460056/minneapolis-has-a-bold-plan-to-tackle-racial-inequity-now-it-has-to-follow-throu|url-status=live}}</ref>
In Minneapolis, African Americans comprised approximately 20% of the population as of 2020.<ref name="2020-P1RACE" /> Blacks owned homes at a rate one-third that of White families.<ref name=WPdisparity /> In the metro area, Black home ownership declined between 2000 and 2018; in the Twin Cities for that period, 93 percent of new Black households rented their homes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/104355/who-owns-the-twin-cities_0.pdf|access-date=January 31, 2024|work=[[Urban Institute]]|title=Who Owns the Twin Cities? An Analysis of Racialized Ownership Trends in Hennepin and Ramsey Counties|last1=Freemark|first1=Yonah|last2=Noble|first2=Eleanor|last3=Su|first3=Yipeng|date=June 2021|archive-date=January 31, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131180634/https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/104355/who-owns-the-twin-cities_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, the median income for a Black family was $36,000, which was $47,000 less than a White family's median income. This income gap was one of the largest in the country, with Black Minneapolitans earning about 44% of what White Minneapolitans earned annually.<ref name=WPdisparity>{{cite news |title = Racial inequality in Minneapolis is among the worst in the nation |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/30/minneapolis-racial-inequality/ |author = Ingraham, Christopher |date = May 30, 2020 |access-date = September 30, 2022 |newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] |archive-date = March 28, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220328051150/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/30/minneapolis-racial-inequality/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
===Religion===
{{further|Religion in Minnesota}}[[File:Christ Church Lutheran Highsmith.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|alt=Christ Church with its, tower, and cross|[[Christ Church Lutheran (Minneapolis, Minnesota)|Christ Church Lutheran]] is one of the city's four [[List of National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota|National Historic Landmark]]s.<ref name=nps>{{cite web |title = National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota |url = https://mn.gov/admin/shpo/registration/nhl/ |publisher = Minnesota State Historic Preservation Office |access-date = December 10, 2022 |archive-date = December 10, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221210185103/https://mn.gov/admin/shpo/registration/nhl/ |url-status = live }}</ref>]]
The Indigenous Dakota people believed in the [[Great Spirit]], and were surprised that not all European settlers were religious.<ref name=religion>{{cite web |title = A History of Minneapolis: Religion |publisher =[[Hennepin County Library]]|url = http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=29 |access-date = January 24, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120423193057/http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=29 |archive-date = April 23, 2012 }}</ref>
Twin Cities residents are 70 percent [[Christianity|Christian]] according to the most recenta [[Pew Research Center]] religious survey in 2014.<ref name=Pewreligion>{{cite web|title=Adults in the Minneapolis metro area|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/minneapolisst-paul-metro-area/|access-date=May 9, 2023|date=2014|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|archive-date=May 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509200058/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/minneapolisst-paul-metro-area/|url-status=live}}</ref> Settlers who arrived in Minneapolis from New England were for the most part [[Protestant]]s, [[Quakers]], and [[Universalist]]s.<ref name="religion">{{cite web |title = A History of Minneapolis: Religion |publisher =[[Hennepin County Library]]|url = http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=29 |access-date = January 24, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120423193057/http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=29 |archive-date = April 23, 2012 }}</ref> The oldest continuously used church, [[Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church (Minneapolis, Minnesota)|Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church]], was built in 1856 by Universalists and soon afterward was acquired by a French Catholic congregation.{{sfn|Millett|2007|p=127}} St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral was founded in 1887;<ref>{{cite web |publisher = [[St. Mary's Cathedral (Minneapolis)|St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral]] |title = About St. Mary's |date = 2006 |url = http://www.stmarysoca.org/about.html |access-date = March 19, 2023 |archive-date = September 30, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930000609/http://www.stmarysoca.org/about.html |url-status = live }}</ref> it opened a missionary school and in 1905 created a [[Russian Orthodox]] seminary.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.svots.edu/about/our-history|title=Our History: Beginnings|access-date=November 28, 2023|publisher=[[Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary]]|archive-date=December 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201021014/https://www.svots.edu/about/our-history|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Edwin Hawley Hewitt]] designed [[St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral (Minneapolis)|St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral]] and [[Hennepin Avenue United Methodist Church]], both of which are located south of downtown.{{sfn|Millett|2007|p=84}} The nearby [[Basilica of Saint Mary, Minneapolis|Basilica of Saint Mary]], the first [[basilica]] in the US and [[co-cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis]], was named by [[Pope Pius XI]] in 1926.<ref name="religion" /> The [[Billy Graham Evangelistic Association]] was headquartered in Minneapolis from the 1950s until 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://billygraham.org/news/media-resources/electronic-press-kit/bgea-history/timeline-of-historic-events/ |title = Timeline of Historic Events |access-date = March 19, 2023 |publisher = [[Billy Graham Evangelistic Association]] |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414151315/https://billygraham.org/news/media-resources/electronic-press-kit/bgea-history/timeline-of-historic-events/ |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Christ Church Lutheran (Minneapolis, Minnesota)|Christ Church Lutheran]] in the [[Longfellow (neighborhood), Minneapolis|Longfellow]] neighborhood was the final work in the career of [[Eliel Saarinen]], and it has an education building designed by his son [[Eero Saarinen|Eero]].{{sfn|Millett|2007|pp=159–160|loc="Christ Church was Saarinen's last building" and "the addition was among Eero's last commissions"}}
Aligning with a national trend, the metro area's next largest group after Christians is the 23 -percent [[irreligion|non-religious]] population.<ref name=Pewreligion /> At the same time, more than 50 denominations and religions are present in Minneapolis, representing most of the world's religions.<ref name="religion" /> [[Temple Israel (Minneapolis)|Temple Israel]] was built in 1928 by the city's first [[Judaism|Jewish]] congregation, Shaarai Tov, which formed in 1878.<ref name="Nathanson" /> By 1959, a Temple of Islam was located in north Minneapolis.<ref name=CityHistory>{{cite report |url = https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/government/View-the-Minneapolis-in-the-Modern-Era-1930-1975-Historic-Context-Study-wcmsp-227161.pdf |date = June 2020 |first1 = Tamara |last1 = Halvorsen Ludt |first2 = Laurel |last2 = Fritz |first3 = Lauren |last3 = Anderson |access-date = July 14, 2022 |pages = 7.24, 7.27 |publisher = City of Minneapolis|work=Community Planning and Economic Development |archive-date = September 22, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220922205430/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/government/View-the-Minneapolis-in-the-Modern-Era-1930-1975-Historic-Context-Study-wcmsp-227161.pdf |url-status = live |title = Minneapolis in the Modern Era: 1930–1975 }}</ref> In 1971, a reported 150 persons attended classes at a Hindu temple near the universityUniversity of Minnesota.<ref name=CityHistory /> In 1972, athe reliefTwin agency resettled theCities' first [[Shia Islam|Shi'a Muslim]] family resettled from Uganda in the Twin Cities.{{sfn|Barlow|Silk|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eTpnyr2Z0moC&pg=PA139 139]}} Somalis who live in Minneapolis are primarily [[Sunni Muslim]].<ref>{{cite web |date = January 2017 |publisher = [[International Institute of Minnesota]] |url = https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/#somalis/ |title = Somalis |access-date = DecemberAugust 161, 20202024 |archive-date = August 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817105056/https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/somalis/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2022, Minneapolis amended its noise ordinance to allow broadcasting the [[adhan|Muslim call to prayer]] five times per day.<ref>{{cite news|title=Minneapolis allows Islamic call to prayer five times per day|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/14/minneapolis-allows-islamic-call-to-prayer-five-times-per-day|date=April 14, 2023|access-date=May 8, 2023|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|archive-date=May 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508224122/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/14/minneapolis-allows-islamic-call-to-prayer-five-times-per-day|url-status=live}}</ref> The city has about seven [[Buddhist]] centers and meditation centers.<ref>{{cite news |title = Guide to Local Meditation Centers |last = Hagen |first = Nina |date = May 16, 2016 |access-date = March 19, 2023 |url = https://www.minnesotamonthly.com/travel-recreation/guide-to-local-meditation-centers/ |work = [[Minnesota Monthly]] |publisher = [[Greenspring Media]] |archive-date = March 19, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230319215525/https://www.minnesotamonthly.com/travel-recreation/guide-to-local-meditation-centers/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
== Economy ==
{{See alsofurther|Economy of Minnesota}}
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:90%; text-align:center; margin:1em;"
|+ Largest downtown<br />Minneapolis employers<br />2023<ref>{{cite web|title = Target loses top spot as largest downtown Minneapolis employer|first1 = Keith|last1 = Schubert|first2 = J.D.|last2 = Duggan|date = February 7, 2024|url = https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2024/02/07/target-corp-no-longer-downtown-largest-employer.html|access-date = February 8, 2024|publisher = [[Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal]]|archive-date = February 15, 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240215133903/https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2024/02/07/target-corp-no-longer-downtown-largest-employer.html|url-status = live}}</ref><br />2023
|- style="background:#ccc;"
|| '''Rank''' || style="background:#ccc;"|'''Company/Organization'''
Line 594 ⟶ 613:
| 5 || [[Thrivent]] || 412 || $9,347
|}
Early in the city's history, millers were required to pay for wheat with cash during the growing season, and then to store the wheat until it was needed for flour.{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=164}} The [[Minneapolis Grain Exchange]] was founded in 1881; located near the riverfront, it is the only exchange as of 2023 for [[Wheat production in the United States#Classification and uses|hard red spring]] wheat [[futures exchange|futures]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Trading of Wheat – Minneapolis Grain Exchange |url = https://www.ndwheat.com/buyers/marketinformation/ |access-date = January 14, 2023 |publisher = North Dakota Wheat Commission |archive-date = January 14, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230114174445/https://www.ndwheat.com/buyers/marketinformation/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
Along with cash requirements for the milling industry, the large amounts of capital that lumbering had accumulated stimulated the local banking industry and made Minneapolis a major financial center.{{sfn|Lass|2000|pp= 164, 181}} The [[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]] serves Minnesota, [[Montana]], [[North Dakota|North]] and [[South Dakota]], and parts of [[Wisconsin]] and [[Michigan]]; it has the smallest population of the twelve districts in the [[Federal Reserve System]], and it has one branch in [[Helena, Montana]].{{sfn|Misa|2013|p=200}}
Minneapolis area employment is primarily in trade, transportation, utilities, education, health services, and professional and business services. Smaller numbers of residents are employed in government, manufacturing, leisure and hospitality, mining,and logging, andfinancial constructionactivities.<ref>{{cite web |title = Minneapolis Area Economic Summary |date = August 31, 2022 |access-date = September 30, 2022 |url = https://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/summary/blssummary_minneapolis.pdf|date=August 5, 2024|publisher access-date=August 25, 2024|publisher=[[US Bureau of Labor Statistics]]|title=Minneapolis Area Economic Summary|archive-date = September 30, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220930180857/https://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/summary/blssummary_minneapolis.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>
<!-- Please don't add companies headquartered in: Minnetonka (UnitedHealth), Richfield (Best Buy), Eden Prairie (Supervalu), Fridley (Medtronic), Golden Valley (General Mills), and so forth. Please do add any companies we missed who are headquartered inside Minneapolis borders. -->
In 2022, the Twin Cities metropolitan area tied with [[Boston]] as having the eighth-highest concentration of major corporate headquarters in the US.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.realpage.com/analytics/markets-fortune-500-headquarters-2/ |title = Markets with the Most Fortune 500 Headquarters |author = Wheeler, Charlotte |date = June 13, 2022 |access-date = February 20, 2023 |publisher = [[RealPage]] |archive-date = February 20, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230220223755/https://www.realpage.com/analytics/markets-fortune-500-headquarters-2/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Five [[Fortune 500|Fortune 500 corporations]] were headquartered within the city limits of Minneapolis:<ref name="Fortune_500" /> [[Target Corporation]], [[U.S. Bancorp]],<!--please use their spelling with periods--> [[Xcel Energy]], [[Ameriprise Financial]], and [[Thrivent]].<ref name="Fortune_500" /> The metro area's [[gross domestic product]] was $323.9 billion in 2022<ref name=BEA-GDP /> {{USDCY|323900000000|2022}}.{{Inflation/fn|US}}
In 2022, the Twin Cities metropolitan area tied with [[Boston]] as having the eighth-highest concentration of major corporate headquarters in the US.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.realpage.com/analytics/markets-fortune-500-headquarters-2/ |title = Markets with the Most Fortune 500 Headquarters |author = Wheeler, Charlotte |date = June 13, 2022 |access-date = February 20, 2023 |publisher = [[RealPage]] |archive-date = February 20, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230220223755/https://www.realpage.com/analytics/markets-fortune-500-headquarters-2/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Five [[Fortune 500|Fortune 500 corporations]] were headquartered within the city limits of Minneapolis:<ref name="Fortune_500" /> [[Target Corporation]], [[U.S. Bancorp]],<!--please use their spelling with periods--> [[Ameriprise Financial]], [[Xcel Energy]], and [[Thrivent]].<ref name="Fortune_500" /> Other companies with offices or headquarters in Minneapolis include [[Accenture]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/print-edition/2012/02/03/accenture-cuts-1-floor-all-cubes.html|title=Accenture cuts 1 floor, all cubes|date=February 3, 2012|access-date=May 15, 2023|last=Hammerand|first=Jim|work=[[Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal]]|publisher=[[American City Business Journals]]|archive-date=September 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915104747/http://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/print-edition/2012/02/03/accenture-cuts-1-floor-all-cubes.html?|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bellisio Foods]],<ref>{{cite news |title = Minneapolis-based Bellisio Foods sells for $1.08 billion to Thailand company |url = http://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-based-bellisio-foods-sells-for-1-08-billion-to-thailand-company/401713865/ |work =[[Star Tribune]]|date = November 17, 2016 |last = St. Anthony |first = Neal |access-date = November 19, 2016 |archive-date = April 20, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420142710/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-based-bellisio-foods-sells-for-1-08-billion-to-thailand-company/401713865/ |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Canadian Pacific]],<ref>{{cite news |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160512222829/https://www.startribune.com/canadian-pacific-s-u-s-hq-moves-to-new-digs/167371215/ |archive-date = May 12, 2016 |work =[[Star Tribune]]|date = August 25, 2012 |access-date = February 18, 2023 |last = St. Anthony |first = Neal |title = Canadian Pacific's U.S. HQ moves to new digs |url = https://www.startribune.com/canadian-pacific-s-u-s-hq-moves-to-new-digs/167371215/ }}</ref> [[Coloplast]],<ref>{{cite press release |date = July 5, 2006 |title = Saint Paul—Governor Tim Pawlenty announced today that Coloplast will move its North American corporate headquarters to Minnesota beginning this fall. |url = http://www.coloplast.com/Press/Press/News--press-release-archive/20061/?section=North-American-headquarters_8154 |publisher = [[Coloplast]] |access-date = January 20, 2010 |archive-date = August 22, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210822050355/https://www.coloplast.com/Press/Press/News--press-release-archive/20061/?section=North-American-headquarters_8154 |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Royal Bank of Canada|RBC]],<ref>{{cite web |title = Our Company |url = https://www.rbcwealthmanagement.com/us/en/research-insights/required-disclosures-jan-2016/detail/ |publisher = [[RBC Wealth Management]] |access-date = January 24, 2016 |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414124202/https://www.rbcwealthmanagement.com/us/en/research-insights/required-disclosures-jan-2016/detail/ |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Deloitte]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/footerlinks/office-locator/minnesota/minneapolis.html|title=Our offices: Minneapolis|publisher=[[Deloitte]]|access-date=March 20, 2024|archive-date=March 19, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319221004/https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/footerlinks/office-locator/minnesota/minneapolis.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[PwC Plaza|PricewaterhouseCoopers]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pwc.com/us/en/about-us/pwc-office-locations.html#/office/minc|title=PwC US offices: Minneapolis|publisher=[[PricewaterhouseCoopers]]|access-date=March 20, 2024|archive-date=February 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203194045/https://www.pwc.com/us/en/about-us/pwc-office-locations.html#/office/minc|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Voya Financial]].<ref>{{cite news |last = Black |first = Sam |title = ING rebrands Minneapolis unit as Voya Financial |date = April 7, 2014 |work = [[Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal]] |publisher = [[American City Business Journals]] |url = http://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/blog/real_estate/2014/04/ing-rebrands-minneapolis-unit-as-voya-financial.html |access-date = July 5, 2014 |archive-date = March 10, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210310085349/http://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/blog/real_estate/2014/04/ing-rebrands-minneapolis-unit-as-voya-financial.html |url-status = live }}</ref>
{{clear}}
==Arts and culture==
===Visual arts===
{{Main|Arts in Minneapolis}}
[[File:Minneapolis Institute of Arts.jpg|thumb|alt=center of imposing facade of a block-long, white classical building|The [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]] admission is free except for special exhibitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://new.artsmia.org/visit|title=Plan Your Visit|publisher=[[Minneapolis Institute of Art]]|access-date=April 14, 2023|archive-date=April 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414193419/https://new.artsmia.org/visit|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
===Visual arts===
During the [[Gilded Age]], the [[Walker Art Center]] began as a private art collection in the home of lumberman [[T. B. Walker]] who extended free admission to the public.{{sfn|Whitmore|2004|loc=Whitmore cites a 1903 article in the ''[[New York Herald]]'', "...the gallery is open to the public six days in the week, and all who ring his bell and ask to see the old masters receive not only permission from the white-aproned maid who answers the ring, but also a catalogue as well."}} Around 1940, the center's focus shifted to modern and contemporary art.<ref name=WalkerAbout>{{cite web|url=https://walkerart.org/about/mission-history/|title=About: Walker Art Center History|publisher=[[Walker Art Center]]|access-date=April 14, 2023|archive-date=November 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130141416/http://info.walkerart.org/about/history.wac|url-status=live}}</ref> In partnership with the [[Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board]], the Walker operates the adjacent [[Minneapolis Sculpture Garden]] which has about forty sculptures on view year-round.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/gardens__bird_sanctuaries/minneapolis_sculpture_garden/|title=Minneapolis Sculpture Garden|access-date=March 21, 2023|publisher=[[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]]|archive-date=March 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306153418/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/gardens__bird_sanctuaries/minneapolis_sculpture_garden/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Minneapolis Institute of Arts.jpg|thumb|alt=White classical building|The [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]] admission is free except for special exhibitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://new.artsmia.org/visit|title=Plan Your Visit|publisher=[[Minneapolis Institute of Art]]|access-date=April 14, 2023|archive-date=April 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414193419/https://new.artsmia.org/visit|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
TheDuring the [[MinneapolisGilded InstituteAge]], ofthe [[Walker Art Center]] (Mia)began isas locateda inprivate south-centralart Minneapoliscollection onin the {{convert|10|acre|ha|adj=on|sigfig=1}} former homesteadhome of thelumberman [[DorilusT. Morrison|MorrisonB. Walker]], who extended free admission to the familypublic.{{sfn|HessWhitmore|19852004|ploc=28}}Whitmore Thecites collectionthe 1903 ''[[New York Herald]]'' which calls T. B. Walker "the Pine King of morethe thanWest" 90,000and artworkssays spans"...the gallery is open to the public six continentsdays in the week, and aboutall 5who ring his bell and ask to see the old masters receive not only permission from the white-aproned maid who answers the ring,000 yearsbut also a catalogue as well."}} Around 1940, the center's focus shifted to modern and contemporary art.<ref name=WalkerAbout>{{cite web|url=https://collections.artsmiawalkerart.org/about/mission-history/|title=Collection|access-date=AprilAbout: 14,Walker 2023Art Center History|publisher=[[Minneapolis InstituteWalker ofArt ArtCenter]]|access-date=April 14, 2023|archive-date=SeptemberNovember 2030, 20122011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2012092001545320111130141416/httpshttp://collectionsinfo.artsmiawalkerart.org/about/history.wac|url-status=live}}</ref> PerhapsIn reflectingpartnership with the ambitions[[Minneapolis ofPark theand foundersRecreation Board]], competitionthe winnerWalker operates the adjacent [[McKim, MeadMinneapolis &Sculpture WhiteGarden]], designedwhich ahas complexabout sevenforty timessculptures theon sizeview of what opened in 1915year-round.<ref name=SAH>{{cite web|title=Minneapolis Institute of Art|date=July 17, 2018|url=https://sah-archipediawww.minneapolisparks.org/buildingsparks-destinations/MNparks-01-053-0058lakes/gardens__bird_sanctuaries/minneapolis_sculpture_garden/|title=Minneapolis Sculpture Garden|access-date=AprilMarch 1421, 2023|publisher=[[SocietyMinneapolis ofPark Architecturaland HistoriansRecreation Board]]|quote=This ambitious plan was not realized...|archive-date=AprilMarch 146, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2023041418002220230306153418/https://sah-archipediawww.minneapolisparks.org/buildingsparks-destinations/MNparks-01-053-0058lakes/gardens__bird_sanctuaries/minneapolis_sculpture_garden/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]] (Mia) is located in south-central Minneapolis on the {{convert|10|acre|ha|adj=on|sigfig=1}} former homestead of the [[Dorilus Morrison|Morrison]] family.{{sfn|Hess|1985|p=[https://archive.org/details/theirsplendidleg0000hess/page/22/mode/2up 22]}} [[McKim, Mead & White]] designed a vast complex meeting the ambitions of the founders for a cultural center with spaces for sculpture, an art school, and orchestra. One-seventh of their design was built and opened in 1915. Additions by other firms from 1928 to 2006 achieved much of the original scheme.<ref name=SAH>{{cite web|title=Minneapolis Institute of Art|date=July 17, 2018|url=https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/MN-01-053-0058|access-date=April 14, 2023|publisher=[[Society of Architectural Historians]]|quote=This ambitious plan was not realized...|archive-date=April 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414180022/https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/MN-01-053-0058|url-status=live}}</ref> Today the collection of more than 90,000 artworks spans six continents and about 5,000 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collections.artsmia.org/|title=Collection|access-date=April 14, 2023|publisher=[[Minneapolis Institute of Art]]|archive-date=September 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920015453/https://collections.artsmia.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Frank Gehry]] designed [[Weisman Art Museum]], which opened in 1993, for the [[University of Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wam.umn.edu/about/|title=The Museum|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|access-date=April 14, 2023|archive-date=April 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414204644/http://wam.umn.edu/about/|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2011 addition by Gehry doubled the size of the galleries.<ref>{{cite news |last = Kerr |first = Euan |title = Weisman celebrates reopening with its designer in attendance |url = http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2011/10/02/gehry-at-weisman-museum-opening/ |date = October 2, 2011 |work =[[MPR News]]|access-date = January 14, 2012 |archive-date = January 22, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120122135926/http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2011/10/02/gehry-at-weisman-museum-opening |url-status = live }}</ref> [[The Museum of Russian Art]] opened in a restored church in 2005, and hosts a collection of 20th-century Russian art and special events.<ref>{{cite web |title = History: TMORA |url = http://tmora.org/about-us/history/ |publisher =[[The Museum of Russian Art]]|date = September 30, 2015 |access-date = April 19, 2012 |archive-date = December 19, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151219005841/http://tmora.org/about-us/history/ |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Northeast, Minneapolis#Arts|Northeast Minneapolis Arts District]] hosts 400 independent artists, a center at the [[Northrup-King]] Building, and recurring annual events.<ref>{{cite news |title = Northeast Minneapolis Named Best Art District |url = http://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-art-district/ |work =[[USA Today]] |access-date = April 5, 2015 |archive-date = April 21, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210421063349/https://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-art-district/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
[[Frank Gehry]] designed [[Weisman Art Museum]], which opened in 1993, for the [[University of Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wam.umn.edu/about/|title=The Museum|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|access-date=April 14, 2023|archive-date=April 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414204644/http://wam.umn.edu/about/|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2011 addition by Gehry doubled the size of the galleries.<ref>{{cite news |last = Kerr |first = Euan |title = Weisman celebrates reopening with its designer in attendance |url = http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2011/10/02/gehry-at-weisman-museum-opening/ |date = October 2, 2011 |work =[[MPR News]]|access-date = January 14, 2012 |archive-date = January 22, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120122135926/http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2011/10/02/gehry-at-weisman-museum-opening |url-status = live }}</ref> [[The Museum of Russian Art]] opened in a restored church in 2005, and it hosts a collection of 20th-century Russian art and special events.<ref>{{cite web |title = History: TMORA |url = http://tmora.org/about-us/history/ |publisher =[[The Museum of Russian Art]]|date = September 30, 2015 |access-date = April 19, 2012 |archive-date = December 19, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151219005841/http://tmora.org/about-us/history/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[Northeast, Minneapolis#Arts|Northeast Minneapolis Arts District]] hosts 400 independent artists and a center at the [[Northrup-King]] building, and it presents the [[Northeast Minneapolis Arts Association|Art-A-Whirl]] open studio tour every May.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecurrent.org/events/20230519-art-a-whirl|title=Art-A-Whirl® Weekend|access-date=May 13, 2023|work=[[KCMP|The Current]]|publisher=[[Minnesota Public Radio]]|date=2023|archive-date=June 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603083226/https://www.thecurrent.org/events/20230519-art-a-whirl|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Northeast Minneapolis Named Best Art District |url = http://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-art-district/ |work =[[USA Today]] |access-date = April 5, 2015 |archive-date = April 21, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210421063349/https://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-art-district/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
=== Theater and performing arts ===
{{mainfurther|List of theaters in Minnesota}}
[[File:Guthrie Theater, 2nd Street, Mill District, Minneapolis, MN.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Midnight blue modern building seen from green area|[[The Guthrie Theater]] originated as an alternative to [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]].{{sfn|Bly|Schechter|1979|p=33|loc="In 1963, the Tyrone Guthrie Theater was founded in Minneapolis as an alternative to Broadway and its commercialism."}}]]
Minneapolis has hosted theatrical performances since the end of the American Civil War.{{sfn|Blegen|1975|p=503}} Early theaters included [[Pence Opera House]], the Academy of Music, Grand Opera House, Lyceum, and later the Metropolitan Opera House, which opened in 1894.{{sfn|Blegen|1975|pp=503–504}} Fifteen of the fifty-five Twin Cities theater companies counted in 2015 by Peg Guilfoyle had a physical site in Minneapolis. About half the remainder performed in variable spaces throughout the metropolitan area.{{sfn|Guilfoyle|2015|pages=455–484}}
In his social history of [[Regional theater in the United States|American regional theater]], Joseph Zeigler calls the [[Guthrie Theater]] the "granddaddy" of regional theater.{{sfn|Zeigler|1973|pp=74, 75, 87, 241}} [[Tyrone Guthrie]] founded the Guthrie in 1963 with an inventive [[thrust stage]]—a collaboration by Guthrie, designer [[Tanya Moiseiwitsch]], and architect [[Ralph Rapson]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Project Fact Sheet|access-date=July 24, 2023|publisher=[[Guthrie Theater]]|url=https://www.guthrietheater.org/globalassets/8-footer/b-for-press/for-press/guthrie_factsheet.pdf|archive-date=November 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111030145/https://www.guthrietheater.org/globalassets/8-footer/b-for-press/for-press/guthrie_factsheet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>—jutting into the seats and surrounded by the audience on three sides.<ref name=Russell /> French architect [[Jean Nouvel]] designed a new Guthrie that opened in 2006 overlooking the Mississippi River.<ref name=Russell /> The design team reproduced the thrust stage with some alterations, and they added a [[proscenium stage]] and an experimental stage.<ref name=Russell>{{cite magazine|last=Russell|first=James S.|title=Guthrie Theater: Minneapolis, Minnesota|journal=[[Architectural Record]]|publisher=[[The McGraw-Hill Companies]]|date=August 2006|volume=194|issue=8|pages=108, 117|issn=0003-858X|url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/ext/resources/archives/backissues/2006-08.pdf|access-date=July 25, 2023|archive-date=July 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724161153/https://www.architecturalrecord.com/ext/resources/archives/backissues/2006-08.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
Minneapolis purchased and renovated the [[Orpheum Theatre (Minneapolis)|Orpheum]], Shubert (now the [[Cowles Center for Dance and the Performing Arts]]), [[State Theatre (Minneapolis, Minnesota)|State]], and [[Pantages Theatre (Minneapolis)|Pantages Theatres]] theaters, [[vaudeville]] and film houses on [[Hennepin Avenue]] that are now used for concerts and, plays.,<ref>{{cite web |publisher =Hennepin Theatre Trust |access-date = January 14, 2023 |url = https://hennepintheatretrust.org/about-us/history-and-background/ |title = Looking back |date = May 6, 2016 |archive-date = January 14, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230114204307/https://hennepintheatretrust.org/about-us/history-and-background/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Another renovated theater, the Shubert, joined with the [[Hennepin Center for the Arts]] to become the [[Cowles Center for Dance and the Performing Arts]], which represents more than 20 performing arts groups.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.thecowlescenter.org/history-and-mission |title = Mission & History and Who we are: Programs |access-date = January 14, 2023 |work = [[Cowles Center for Dance and the Performing Arts]]|publisher=[[Artspace Projects]] |archive-date = January 14, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230114204255/https://www.thecowlescenter.org/history-and-mission |url-status = live }}</ref> YouthEvery make upAugust, the Somali[[Minnesota MuseumFringe DanceFestival]] Troupehosts whoperformances performin and teachvenues Somaliacross dancestown.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newwww.artsmiaoprah.orgcom/eventworld/somaliminneapolis-familytravel-nightguide-minnesota-fringe-festival/1|title=O's Minneapolis Travel Guide|last=Blackwood|first=Alisa|access-date=AprilMay 119, 2024|titlepublisher=Somali[[Harpo FamilyProductions]]|archive-date=May Night19, 2024|publisherarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519181032/https://www.oprah.com/world/minneapolis-travel-guide-minnesota-fringe-festival/1|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[MinneapolisIn Institutethe Heart of Artthe Beast Puppet and Mask Theatre#May Day Parade and Tree of Life Ceremony|May Day Parade]] is held in south Minneapolis each May.<ref>{{cite news|title=MayDay Parade returns to South Minneapolis|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3TZui4I7C4|format=video|via=[[YouTube]]|work=[[Unicorn Riot]]|date=May 7, 2023|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-date=May 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516060805/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3TZui4I7C4|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Music ===
{{mainfurther|Music of Minnesota}}
[[File:Prince at Coachella (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=.6|[[Prince (musician)|Prince]] studied at the [[Minnesota Dance Theatre]]<ref>{{cite news |title = Dancers recall Prince as a hard-working 'darling' in tights and ballet slippers |url = http://www.startribune.com/dancers-recall-prince-as-a-hard-working-darling-in-tights-and-ballet-slippers/378179261/ |date = May 5, 2016 |first = Caroline |last = Palmer |work =[[Star Tribune]]|access-date = May 3, 2018 |archive-date = May 4, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180504011637/http://www.startribune.com/dancers-recall-prince-as-a-hard-working-darling-in-tights-and-ballet-slippers/378179261/ |quote=While growing up, Prince had ballet training through an initiative called the Urban Arts Program...Prince took classes with MDT in Dinkytown. }}</ref> through the [[Minneapolis Public Schools]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.minnpost.com/artscape/2022/02/new-documentary-looks-back-at-minneapolis-1970s-era-experimental-arts-program/|title=New documentary looks back at Minneapolis' 1970s-era experimental arts program|last=Regan|first=Sheila|date=February 8, 2022|access-date=April 22, 2023|work=[[MinnPost]]|quote=FITC began as a program offered through the Minneapolis Public Schools, under the umbrella of the Urban Arts Program....(Among the notable alumni of the Urban Arts program was none other than Prince himself.)|archive-date=April 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422153520/https://www.minnpost.com/artscape/2022/02/new-documentary-looks-back-at-minneapolis-1970s-era-experimental-arts-program/|url-status=live}}</ref>|alt=Hip height portrait of Prince playing guitar at night wearing white suit with metallic silver ornament]]
[[Minnesota Orchestra]] plays classical and popular music at [[Orchestra Hall (Minneapolis)|Orchestra Hall]] under music director [[Thomas Søndergård]].<ref>{{cite web |date = July 28, 2022 |access-date = September 26, 2022 |publisher = [[Minnesota Orchestra|Minnesota Orchestral Association]] |url = https://www.minnesotaorchestra.org/stories/meet-the-music-director-designate-thomas-sondergard/ |title = Meet the Music Director Designate: Thomas Søndergård |archive-date = September 26, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220926192123/https://www.minnesotaorchestra.org/stories/meet-the-music-director-designate-thomas-sondergard/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The orchestra won a 2014 [[56th Annual Grammy Awards#Classical|Grammy]] for their recording of SymphoniesSibelius's Nos.first 1and &fourth 4 by Sibelius,symphonies<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.mprnews.org/story/2014/01/26/minnesota-orchestra-wins-grammy |title = Minnesota Orchestra wins Grammy |author = Wurzer, Cathy |date = January 26, 2014 |work =[[MPR News]]|access-date = February 7, 2023 |archive-date = February 8, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230208002919/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2014/01/26/minnesota-orchestra-wins-grammy |url-status = live }}</ref> and a 2004 [[46th Annual Grammy Awards|Grammy]] for composer [[Dominick Argento]] with their recording of ''[[Casa Guidi (album)|Casa Guidi]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title = Best Contemporary Composition |date = February 9, 2004 |url = https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1667101 |access-date = July 19, 2021 |work = [[NPR]] |archive-date = July 19, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210719152300/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1667101 |url-status = live }}</ref> Minneapolis's opera companies include [[Minnesota Opera]],<ref name=CBSMNopera>{{cite news|last=Cameron|first=Linda|date=July 18, 2016|title=Best Operas In Minnesota|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/best-operas-in-minnesota/|work=[[CBS News Minnesota]]|publisher=[[CBS Broadcasting]]|access-date=May 14, 2023|archive-date=May 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514190812/https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/best-operas-in-minnesota/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|The Minnesota Opera has offices in Minneapolis and performs in Saint Paul.<ref name=CBSMNopera />}} the Gilbert & Sullivan Very Light Opera Company,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/twin-cities-troupe-offers-a-rare-slice-of-gilbert-sullivan/248871161/|last=Royce|first=Graydon|date=March 6, 2014|title=Theater: Gilbert & Sullivan Very Light Opera Company|work=[[Star Tribune]]|access-date=January 1, 2021|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414123701/https://www.startribune.com/twin-cities-troupe-offers-a-rare-slice-of-gilbert-sullivan/248871161/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Really Spicy Opera]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Longbella|first=Maren|date=August 7, 2016|title=Fringe review: 'Game of Thrones: The Musical'|url=https://www.twincities.com/2016/08/07/fringe-review-game-of-thrones-the-musical/|work=[[St. Paul Pioneer Press]]|publisher=[[MediaNews Group]]|access-date=May 14, 2023|archive-date=May 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514185904/https://www.twincities.com/2016/08/07/fringe-review-game-of-thrones-the-musical/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Singer and multi-instrumentalist [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] was a [[child prodigy]],<ref name=CityMusicHistory>{{cite report |title = Minneapolis Music History, 1850–2000: A Context |first1 = Charlene |last1 = Roise |first2 = Elizabeth |last2 = Gales |first3 = Kristen |last3 = Koehlinger |first4 = Kathryn |last4 = Goetz |last5 = Hess |first5 = Roise and Company |first6 = Kristen |last6 = Zschomler |first7 = Stephanie |last7 = Rouse |first8 = Jason |last8 = Wittenberg |date = December 2018 |page = 42 |access-date = May 1, 2023 |publisher = City of Minneapolis |url = https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/government/Minneapolis-Music-History-1850-2000.pdf |quote = A true musical prodigy, Prince mastered the piano by about age eight while living at 2620 Eighth Avenue North, where he could play anything he heard by ear on the piano and began songwriting. |archive-date = May 15, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230515114952/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/government/Minneapolis-Music-History-1850-2000.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> who was born in Minneapolis and anlived areain residentthe area for most of his life.<ref>{{cite news |title = So you're a Prince fan visiting Minnesota: Five must-see stops |last1 = Gabler |first1 = Jay |date = January 27, 2018 |work=[[KCMP|The Current]]|publisher = [[Minnesota Public Radio]] |access-date = December 20, 2019 |url = https://blog.thecurrent.org/2018/01/so-youre-a-prince-fan-visiting-minnesota-five-must-see-stops/ |archive-date = August 15, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210815082522/https://blog.thecurrent.org/2018/01/so-youre-a-prince-fan-visiting-minnesota-five-must-see-stops/ |url-status = live }}</ref> MinneapolisIn becamean whatera of [[indie music scene|music scene]]s,<ref>{{cite web|title=A Tale Of Twin Cities: Hüsker Dü, The Replacements And The Rise And Fall Of The ''80s Minneapolis Scene|url=https://magnetmagazine.com/2005/06/12/a-tale-of-twin-cities-husker-du-the-replacements-and-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-80s-minneapolis-scene/|date=June 12, 2005|access-date=July 24, 2024|publisher=[[PitchforkMagnet (websitemagazine)|PitchforkMagnet magazine]]''|quote=For a few years in the mid-’80s, not long after Athens and sometime before Seattle, the epicenter of American underground rock was Minneapolis....But genius can put any town on the map, which Prince accomplished for his home city with 1984 album and film Purple Rain, whose prominent concert footage was shot at a local club called First Avenue.|archive-date=April 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412182805/https://magnetmagazine.com/2005/06/12/a-tale-of-twin-cities-husker-du-the-replacements-and-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-80s-minneapolis-scene/|url-status=live}}</ref> 1980s Minneapolis was a hotbed for American underground rock alongside R&B, funk, and soul{{sfn|Corrigan|Sigelman|2018|p=x|loc="centerAt the dawn of the 1980s, the Twin Cities music inscene was poised to explode.... Husker Du, the Replacements, Loud Fast Rules (later Soul Asylum) and others were fast building rabid local followings and would soon achieve national acclaim.... At the same time, a vibrant R&B, funk, and soul scene was maturing and forming what would be known as the '80s"Minneapolis sound." The young guitar and songwriting virtuoso Prince was perfecting his innovative and infectious style..."}} thanks to the nightclub [[First Avenue (nightclub)|First Avenue]] and musicians like Prince, [[Hüsker Dü]], and [[The Replacements (band)|The Replacements]], and Prince.<ref>{{cite web|title=Everybody Is a Star: How the Rock Club First Avenue Made Minneapolis the Center of Music in the '80s|url=https://pitchfork.com/features/article/9832-everybody-is-a-star-how-the-rock-club-first-avenue-made-minneapolis-the-center-of-music-in-the-80s/|last=Matos|first=Michaelangelo|date=March 14, 2016|access-date=April 16, 2023|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|quote=Minneapolis music peaked in the middle of 1984: Purple Rain in theaters, the release of Hüsker Dü’s Zen Arcade, and the 12" of the Replacements’ “I Will Dare”. By 1987, that crazy peak had subsided. Hüsker Dü released another double LP in January...but broke up shortly after their manager David Savoy’s suicide. On May 27, the Replacements played First Avenue for the last time. And in September, Prince opened Paisley Park Studios way out in Chanhassen....|archive-date=April 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416150455/https://pitchfork.com/features/article/9832-everybody-is-a-star-how-the-rock-club-first-avenue-made-minneapolis-the-center-of-music-in-the-80s/|url-status=live}}</ref> The city hosts several other concert venues including the [[The Cedar Cultural Center|Cedar]] and the [[Dakota Jazz Club|Dakota]],.<ref name=Moran>{{cite news |url = https://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/concert-venues/ |title = A Guide to Twin Cities Concert Venues |author = Moran, Lydia |date = January 28, 2019 |access-date = September 26, 2022 |work = Mpls. St. Paul |publisher = Key Enterprises |archive-date = September 26, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220926181502/https://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/concert-venues/ |url-status = live }}</ref> and [[Live Nation Entertainment|Live Nation]] books theThe [[Minneapolis Armory|Armory]] and, the [[UptownSkyway Theater (Minneapolis)|Uptown TheaterTheatre]].,<ref>{{cite web|title=Uptown Theater Minneapolisnews|url=https://www.livenationstartribune.com/venue/KovZ917AtLX/uptownoct-theater10-minneapolisskyway-eventstheatre-is-reborn-as-a-music-venue/227269021|title=Minneapolis' Skyway Theatre is reborn as a music venue|last=Riemenschneider|first=Chris|date=November 25, 2013|access-date=JuneSeptember 1110, 20232024|publisherwork=[[LiveStar NationTribune]]|archive-date=JuneSeptember 119, 20232024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2023061117012220240909040959/https://www.livenationstartribune.com/venue/KovZ917AtLX/uptownoct-theater10-minneapolisskyway-events|urltheatre-status=live}}</ref> As her fame increased, [[Lizzo]] lived in Minneapolis for about five years,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bringmethenews.com/minnesotais-lifestyle/lizzoreborn-movingas-toa-minneapolismusic-one-of-best-decisions-ive-madevenue/227269021|title=Lizzo: Moving to Minneapolis 'one of best decisions I've made'|last=Uren|first=Adam|date=August 1, 2018|accessurl-datestatus=April 2, 2024|work=[[Bring Me The News]]live}}</ref> and other hip hop acts such asthe [[AtmosphereUptown (music group)|Atmosphere]] featured the city and Minnesota in their lyrics.<ref>[[AtmosphereTheater (music groupMinneapolis)|Atmosphere]] (January 4, 2005). "I Wish Those Cats @ FobiaUptown Would Give Me Some Free Shoes" and "Sep Seven Game Show Them" and "7th St. Entry" on ''[[Headshots: SE7ENTheater]]'' remasteredhave [[Rhymesayersnational Entertainment|Rhymesayers]], ASIN: B0006SSRXS [Explicit lyrics]management.</ref><ref>{{cite newsweb|title=Uptown Theater Minneapolis|url = httphttps://www.citypageslivenation.com/musicvenue/theKovZ917AtLX/uptown-besttheater-minnesotaminneapolis-rapevents|access-albums-of-2014-6635036 |title = The Best Minnesota Rap Albums of 2014 |last = Spencer |first = Jack |date =June December 1211, 2014 2023|work publisher=[[CityLive PagesNation]]|publisher = Star Tribune Media |access-date = August 20, 2015 |archive-date =June August 1911, 2021 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/2021081901520520230611170122/httphttps://www.citypageslivenation.com/musicvenue/theKovZ917AtLX/uptown-besttheater-minnesotaminneapolis-rap-albums-of-2014-6635036 events|url-status = live }}</ref>
=== Charity ===
Philanthropy and charitable giving have been part of the Minneapolis community since the 1800s.<ref>{{cite web |title = A History of Minneapolis: Social Services |publisher =[[Hennepin County Library]]|date = 2001 |url = http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=30 |access-date = October 17, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120422184300/http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=30 |archive-date = April 22, 2012 }}</ref> According to [[AmeriCorps]], in 2017,{{efn|AmeriCorps, formerly known as the Corporation for National and Community Service, has had no information for volunteer rates in Minneapolis–Saint Paul since 2017.}} Minneapolis–Saint Paul, with 46.3 percent of the population volunteering, had the highest proportion of volunteers among US cities.<ref>{{cite news |title = The most generous state in America |last1 = Patterson |first1 = Thom |date = June 4, 2019 |access-date = December 1, 2020 |url = https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/04/us/volunteering-statistics-united-states-america-cfc/index.html |publisher = [[Cable News Network]]|work=[[CNN]]|archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414150900/https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/04/us/volunteering-statistics-united-states-america-cfc/index.html |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Catholic Charities USA|Catholic Charities]] of Minneapolis and Saint Paul is one of the largest non-profit organizations in the state, and a provider of several social services.<ref>{{cite news |title = Catholic Charities names former Minneapolis schools leader Michael Goar as new CEO |url = https://www.startribune.com/catholic-charities-names-former-minneapolis-schools-leader-michael-goar-as-new-ceo/573033691/ |last1 = Smith |first1 = Kelly |date = November 10, 2020 |access-date = January 1, 2021 |work =[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date = August 15, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210815123038/https://www.startribune.com/catholic-charities-names-former-minneapolis-schools-leader-michael-goar-as-new-ceo/573033691/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
A decades-old [[non-governmental organization|NGO]] with a $75 million annual budget located in Minneapolis,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-based-american-refugee-committee-now-alight-spent-a-decade-changing-its-approach/512603252/|title=Minneapolis-based American Refugee Committee, now Alight, spent a decade changing its approach|date=July 12, 2019|access-date=September 25, 2023|last=St. Anthony|first=Neal|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=September 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925212853/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-based-american-refugee-committee-now-alight-spent-a-decade-changing-its-approach/512603252/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Alight]] helps millions of refugees in Africa and Asia with water, shelter, and economic support.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90475107/how-the-american-refugee-committee-transformed-its-brand-and-changed-its-name|title=How the American Refugee Committee transformed its brand—and changed its name|last=Peters|first=Adele|date=April 3, 2020|access-date=May 12, 2023|work=[[Fast Company]]|publisher=Mansueto Ventures|archive-date=May 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512142930/https://www.fastcompany.com/90475107/how-the-american-refugee-committee-transformed-its-brand-and-changed-its-name|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Historical museums===
[[File:Aerial view of Black Lives Matter mural at Penn and Plymouth (50139920322).jpg|thumb|right|[[Black Lives Matter]] mural (2020) organized by the [[Minnesota African American Heritage Museum and Gallery]]<ref name=Eler>{{cite news |title = Exhibits at Minnesota African American museum keep George Floyd's spirit alive |url = https://www.startribune.com/exhibits-at-minnesota-african-american-museum-keep-george-floyd-s-spirit-alive/572612682/ |author = Eler, Alicia |date = October 2, 2020 |access-date = November 28, 2022 |work =[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date = November 28, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221128191038/https://www.startribune.com/exhibits-at-minnesota-african-american-museum-keep-george-floyd-s-spirit-alive/572612682/ |url-status = live }}</ref>|alt=The phrase "Black Lives Matter" painted on a road.]]
Exhibits at [[Mill City Museum]] feature the city's history of flour milling.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mill City Museum: Learn|url=https://www.mnhs.org/millcity/learn|access-date=April 20, 2023|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|archive-date=April 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420153946/https://www.mnhs.org/millcity/learn|url-status=live}}</ref> [[The Bakken]], formerly known as the Bakken Library and Museum of Electricity in Life,{{sfn|Vollmar|2003<!--no page number available-->}} shifted focus in 2016 from electricity and magnetism to invention and innovation, and in 2020 opened a new entrance on [[Bde Maka Ska]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-s-quirky-bakken-museum-reinvents-itself-with-4-5m-face-lift/572674982/ |title = Minnesota's quirky Bakken Museum reinvents itself with $4.5M face lift |work =[[Star Tribune]] |author = Eler, Alicia |access-date = November 27, 2021 |date = October 8, 2020 |archive-date = November 27, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211127220626/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-s-quirky-bakken-museum-reinvents-itself-with-4-5m-face-lift/572674982/ |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Hennepin History Museum]] is housed in a former mansion.<ref>{{cite news |title = New director says Hennepin History Museum has 'room for growth' |author = Farber, Zac |date = September 9, 2019 |access-date = November 27, 2021 |url = https://www.southwestjournal.com/news/2019/09/new-director-says-hennepin-history-museum-has-room-for-growth/ |work = [[Southwest Journal]] |publisher =Minnesota Premier Publications |archive-date = November 27, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211127201256/https://www.southwestjournal.com/news/2019/09/new-director-says-hennepin-history-museum-has-room-for-growth/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Built of elaborate woodwork in 1875 and maintained today as a historic site, the little [[Minnehaha Depot]] was a stop on one of the first railroads built inout 1875of Minneapolis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mnhs.org/minnehahadepot/learn|title=Minnehaha Depot: Learn|access-date=April 20, 2023|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|archive-date=April 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420153948/https://www.mnhs.org/minnehahadepot/learn|url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[American Swedish Institute]] occupies a former mansion on Park Avenue.<ref>{{cite web |publisher = [[Minnesota Digital Library]] |url = https://collection.mndigital.org/catalog/swede:310#/image/0 |title = Detail of the grand hall fireplace, American Swedish Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota |access-date = November 27, 2021 |archive-date = November 27, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211127214723/https://collection.mndigital.org/catalog/swede:310#/image/0 |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[American Indian Cultural Corridor]], about eight blocks on Franklin Avenue, houses All My Relatives Gallery.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/20/arts/minneapolis-native-american-culture.html |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/20/arts/minneapolis-native-american-culture.html |archive-date = December 28, 2021 |url-access = limited |title = In Minneapolis, a Thriving Center for Indigenous Art |author = Cipolle, Alex V. |date = October 20, 2021 |access-date = November 27, 2021 |work =[[The New York Times]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2013, the [[Somali Museum of Minnesota]] opened on Lake Street.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-museum-preserves-somalia-s-culture/228489191/|title=Somali culture on display|last=Feyder|first=Susan|date=October 20, 2013|access-date=September 30, 2023|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=November 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104162005/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-museum-preserves-somalia-s-culture/228489191/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Minnesota African American Heritage Museum and Gallery]] was founded in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title = Minnesota finally gets an African-American museum, thanks to two visionary women |author = Eler, Alicia |date = September 28, 2018 |access-date = November 27, 2021 |url = https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-finally-gets-an-african-american-museum-thanks-to-two-visionary-women/494621491/ |work =[[Star Tribune]] |archive-date = November 27, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211127201253/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-finally-gets-an-african-american-museum-thanks-to-two-visionary-women/494621491/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
===Libraries and literary arts===
{{main|Hennepin County Library}}
In 2008, the [[Minneapolis Public Library]] merged with the [[Hennepin County Library]]. Fifteen of the system's [[List of Hennepin County Library branches|41 branches]] serve Minneapolis.<ref>{{cite news |title = Minneapolis PL Merges with Hennepin County Library |url = https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/minneapolis-pl-merges-with-hennepin-county-library/ |access-date = February 11, 2023 |work = [[American Libraries]]|publisher=[[American Library Association]] |date = January 11, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220831155737/https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/minneapolis-pl-merges-with-hennepin-county-library/ |archive-date = August 31, 2022 |url-status = live }}</ref> The downtown [[Minneapolis Central Library|Central Library]], designed by [[César Pelli]], opened in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Millett |first1 = Larry |title = Minneapolis' 'library block' has a fascinating history of loss and renewal |url = https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-library-block-was-once-home-to-other-noteworthy-buildings/430375493/ |access-date = February 11, 2023 |work = [[Star Tribune]] |date = June 23, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210724091217/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-library-block-was-once-home-to-other-noteworthy-buildings/430375493/ |archive-date = July 24, 2021 |url-status = live }}</ref> Seven special collections hold resources for researchers.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.hclib.org/about/locations/special-collections#collections |title = Collections |access-date = February 12, 2023 |publisher = [[Hennepin County Library]]|archive-date = February 12, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230212193509/https://www.hclib.org/about/locations/special-collections#collections |url-status = live }}</ref>
In 2008, the [[Minneapolis Public Library]] merged with the [[Hennepin County Library]]. Fifteen of the system's [[List of Hennepin County Library branches|forty-one branches]] serve Minneapolis.<ref>{{cite news |title = Minneapolis PL Merges with Hennepin County Library |url = https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/minneapolis-pl-merges-with-hennepin-county-library/ |access-date = February 11, 2023 |work = [[American Libraries]]|publisher=[[American Library Association]] |date = January 11, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220831155737/https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/minneapolis-pl-merges-with-hennepin-county-library/ |archive-date = August 31, 2022 |url-status = live }}</ref> The downtown [[Minneapolis Central Library|Central Library]], designed by [[César Pelli]], opened in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Millett |first1 = Larry |title = Minneapolis' 'library block' has a fascinating history of loss and renewal |url = https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-library-block-was-once-home-to-other-noteworthy-buildings/430375493/ |access-date = February 11, 2023 |work = [[Star Tribune]] |date = June 23, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210724091217/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-library-block-was-once-home-to-other-noteworthy-buildings/430375493/ |archive-date = July 24, 2021 |url-status = live }}</ref> Seven special collections hold resources for researchers.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.hclib.org/about/locations/special-collections#collections |title = Collections |access-date = February 12, 2023 |publisher = [[Hennepin County Library]]|archive-date = February 12, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230212193509/https://www.hclib.org/about/locations/special-collections#collections |url-status = live }}</ref>
The nonprofit literary presses [[Coffee House Press]], [[Graywolf Press]], and [[Milkweed Editions]] are based in Minneapolis.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.minnpost.com/artscape/2021/09/new-leaders-at-the-ordway-and-coffee-house-press-new-minnesota-poet-laureate/ |title = New leaders at the Ordway and Coffee House Press; new Minnesota poet laureate |author = Espeland, Pamela |date = September 14, 2021 |access-date = September 14, 2021 |work = [[MinnPost]] |archive-date = September 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210914164046/https://www.minnpost.com/artscape/2021/09/new-leaders-at-the-ordway-and-coffee-house-press-new-minnesota-poet-laureate/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[University of Minnesota Press]] publishes books, journals, and the [[Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=May 13, 2023|title=Minnesota Scholarship Online: About|url=https://academic.oup.com/minnesota-scholarship-online/pages/about|archive-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513165311/https://academic.oup.com/minnesota-scholarship-online/pages/about|url-status=live}}</ref> The Open Book facility houses [[The Loft Literary Center]], Milkweed, and the [[Minnesota Center for Book Arts]].<ref>{{cite news|title=With Books as a Catalyst, Minneapolis Neighborhood Revives|last=Chamberlain|first=Lisa|date=April 30, 2008|access-date=May 12, 2023|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/30/realestate/commercial/30books.html|archive-date=May 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512134605/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/30/realestate/commercial/30books.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Other Minneapolis publishers are [[1517 Media]],<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Publishers Weekly]]|access-date=May 13, 2023|title=Christian Publishers Sharpen a Direct-to-Consumer Focus|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/religion/article/90986-christian-publishers-sharpen-a-direct-to-consumer-focus.html|first=Ann|last=Byle|date=November 22, 2022|archive-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513171747/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/religion/article/90986-christian-publishers-sharpen-a-direct-to-consumer-focus.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Button Poetry]],<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Publishers Weekly]]|access-date=May 13, 2023|title=Is Poetry the New Adult Coloring Book?|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/74638-is-poetry-the-new-adult-coloring-book.html|first=Jason|last=Boog|date=August 25, 2017|archive-date=April 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409002213/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/74638-is-poetry-the-new-adult-coloring-book.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Lerner Publishing Group]].<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Publishers Weekly]]|access-date=May 13, 2023|title=Lerner Publishing Group's New Partnership Centers Accessibility|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-industry-news/article/92093-lerner-publishing-group-s-new-partnership-centers-accessibility.html|first=Iyana|last=Jones|date=April 24, 2023|archive-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513170418/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-industry-news/article/92093-lerner-publishing-group-s-new-partnership-centers-accessibility.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Cuisine ===
{{See alsofurther|Cuisine of the Midwestern United States#Minneapolis and Saint Paul}}
After the flight to the suburbs began in the 1950s, [[streetcar]] service ended citywide.<ref name="Wood">{{cite news |title = The Fierce Urgency of North |last1 = Wood |first1 = Drew |url = http://minnesotabusiness.com/fierce-urgency-north |date = March–April 2018 |work = Minnesota Business |publisher = Tiger Oak Media |access-date = March 25, 2018 |archive-date = June 25, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180625185335/http://minnesotabusiness.com/fierce-urgency-north }}</ref>
One of the largest urban [[food desert]]s in the US developed on the north side of Minneapolis, where as of mid-2017, 70,000 people had access to only two grocery stores.<ref>{{cite news |title = Minnesota Among Worst States for Food Deserts |last1 = Kamal |first1 = Rana |url = http://thecwtc.com/news/local/minnesota-among-worst-states-for-food-deserts |date = July 23, 2017 |access-date = March 25, 2018 |work = [[WUCW|The CW Twin Cities]]|publisher= [[Sinclair Broadcast Group]] |archive-date = April 20, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420111429/https://thecwtc.com/news/local/minnesota-among-worst-states-for-food-deserts |url-status = live }}</ref> When [[Aldi]] closed in 2023, the area again became a food desert with two full-service grocers.<ref>{{cite news |title = Aldi to close north Minneapolis store, leaving few full-service options |url = https://www.startribune.com/aldi-to-close-its-north-minneapolis-store-one-of-the-areas-only-full-service-grocers-next-week/600249570/ |author = Sitaramiah, Gita |date = February 6, 2023 |work = [[Star Tribune]] |access-date = February 7, 2023 |archive-date = February 7, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230207165051/https://www.startribune.com/aldi-to-close-its-north-minneapolis-store-one-of-the-areas-only-full-service-grocers-next-week/600249570/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The nonprofit Appetite for Change sought to improve the diet of residents, competing against an influx of fast-food stores,<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Noguchi |first1 = Yuki |date = November 27, 2020 |title = A Garden Is The Frontline In The Fight Against Racial Inequality And Disease |work = [[NPR]] |url = https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/27/933084469/a-garden-is-the-frontline-in-the-fight-against-racial-inequality-and-disease |access-date = November 29, 2020 |archive-date = July 18, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210718044657/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/27/933084469/a-garden-is-the-frontline-in-the-fight-against-racial-inequality-and-disease |url-status = live }}</ref> and by 2017 it administered ten gardens, sold produce in the mid-year months at West Broadway Farmers Market, supplied its restaurants, and gave away boxes of fresh produce.<ref name="Phillips">{{cite news |last1 = Phillips |first1 = Brandi D. |date = June 7, 2017 |title = Appetite for Change creates oasis in Northside food desert |work = [[Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder]] |url = http://spokesman-recorder.com/2017/06/07/appetite-change-creates-oasis-northside-food-desert/ |access-date = March 25, 2017 |archive-date = April 20, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420083715/https://spokesman-recorder.com/2017/06/07/appetite-change-creates-oasis-northside-food-desert/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Appetite for Change closed its Minneapolis restaurant in 2023, opened a food truck, and received a grant from the Minnesota legislature to create a long-term home.<ref>{{cite news|title=Appetite For Change to close Breaking Bread, launch it as food truck as it seeks forever home|url=https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-lifestyle/appetite-for-change-to-close-breaking-bread-launch-it-as-food-truck|last=Uren|first=Adam|date=July 17, 2023|access-date=August 29, 2024|work=Bring Me The News|archive-date=August 29, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829141700/https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-lifestyle/appetite-for-change-to-close-breaking-bread-launch-it-as-food-truck|url-status=live}}</ref> West Broadway is one of twenty farmers markets and mini-markets operating in the city, and among them, four are open during winter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://farmersmarketsofmpls.org/markets-a-to-z/|title=Markets A to Z|access-date=March 21, 2024|publisher=Farmers Markets of Minneapolis|archive-date=May 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520235050/https://farmersmarketsofmpls.org/markets-a-to-z/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Minneapolis-based individuals who have won the food industry [[James Beard Foundation Award]] include chef [[Gavin Kaysen]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jamesbeard.org/chef/gavin-kaysen-0|title=Gavin Kaysen|access-date=April 21, 2023|publisher=[[James Beard Foundation]]|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414123425/https://www.jamesbeard.org/chef/gavin-kaysen-0|url-status=live}}</ref> writer [[Dara Moskowitz Grumdahl]],<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.jamesbeard.org/chef/dara-moskowitz-grumdahl |publisher = [[James Beard Foundation]] |title = Dara Moskowitz Grumdahl |access-date = February 24, 2021 |archive-date = August 18, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210818095115/https://www.jamesbeard.org/chef/dara-moskowitz-grumdahl |url-status = live }}</ref> television personality [[Andrew Zimmern]],<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.jamesbeard.org/chef/andrew-zimmern |title = Andrew Zimmern |publisher = [[James Beard Foundation]] |access-date = February 3, 2018 |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414123411/https://www.jamesbeard.org/chef/andrew-zimmern |url-status = live}}</ref> and chef [[Sean Sherman]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jamesbeard.org/chef/sean-sherman|title=Sean Sherman|publisher=[[James Beard Foundation]]|access-date=April 21, 2023|archive-date=March 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329203951/https://www.jamesbeard.org/chef/sean-sherman|url-status=live}}</ref> whose restaurant [[Owamni]] received James Beard's 2022 best new restaurant award.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Kormann|first=Carolyn|date=September 19, 2022|title=How Owamni Became the Best New Restaurant in the United States|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/09/19/how-owamni-became-the-best-new-restaurant-in-the-united-states|access-date=June 17, 2023|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|archive-date=March 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318023452/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/09/19/how-owamni-became-the-best-new-restaurant-in-the-united-states|url-status=live}}</ref>
Conceived in Minneapolis as a malted milkshake in candy form, the [[Milky Way (chocolate bar)|Milky Way]] bar of [[nougat]], caramel, and chocolate was made in the [[North Loop, Minneapolis|North Loop]] neighborhood during the 1920s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/first-milky-way-bar-made-in-minneapolis-100-years-ago-mars-candy-food-innovation-history/600309804/|title=The Milky Way bar, born in a Minneapolis diner, turns 100|last=Johnson|first=Brooks|date=October 5, 2023|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]|access-date=October 5, 2023|archive-date=October 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006020459/https://www.startribune.com/first-milky-way-bar-made-in-minneapolis-100-years-ago-mars-candy-food-innovation-history/600309804/|url-status=live}}</ref> Both purported originators of the [[Jucy Lucy]] burger—the [[5-8 Club]] and [[Matt's Bar]]—have served it since the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1020256-juicy-lucy-burger |author = Weibel, Alexa |title = Juicy Lucy Burger |work =[[The New York Times]] |access-date = January 18, 2021 |archive-date = August 18, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210818230459/https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1020256-juicy-lucy-burger |url-status = live }}</ref> [[East African cuisine]] arrived in Minneapolis with the wave of migrants from Somalia that started in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Rosenberg |first1 = Meredith |title = Camel burgers and beyond: Minneapolis' Somali food scene |url = http://www.phillytrib.com/news/camel-burgers-and-beyond-minneapolis-somali-food-scene/article_abadc151-f761-5f69-ac77-3271be0e8bf5.html |access-date = September 17, 2017 |work = [[The Philadelphia Tribune]] |date = August 19, 2017 |archive-date = April 21, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210421060540/https://www.phillytrib.com/news/camel-burgers-and-beyond-minneapolis-somali-food-scene/article_abadc151-f761-5f69-ac77-3271be0e8bf5.html |url-status = live }}</ref> The Herbivorous Butcher opened in 2016; the shop offers natural alternatives to meat that were, described by CBS News as "meat-free meat" from the "first vegan 'butcher' shop in the United States", opened in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title = DeRusha Eats: The Herbivorous Butcher |date = January 21, 2016 |access-date = February 18, 2023 |url = https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/derusha-eats-the-herbivorous-butcher/ |work = [[CBS News Minnesota]] |publisher = [[CBS Broadcasting]] |archive-date = February 18, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230218215813/https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/derusha-eats-the-herbivorous-butcher/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
=== Annual events ===
Each January and February, a series of events called The Great Northern is held in Minneapolis.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.minneapolis.org/cultural-districts/annual-events/ |title = 2023 Calendar of Events: Annual Events |access-date = February 12, 2023 |publisher = Meet Minneapolis|archive-date = February 12, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230212232723/https://www.minneapolis.org/cultural-districts/annual-events/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The series includes the annual [[U.S. Pond Hockey Championships]] on [[Lake Nokomis]];<ref>{{Cite web |title = U.S. Pond Hockey Championships |url = https://www.uspondhockey.com/ |access-date = March 3, 2021|publisher=[[SportsEngine]] |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414150506/https://www.uspondhockey.com/ |url-status = live }}</ref> and the City of Lakes Loppet, a {{convert|21|km|mile|order=flip|adj=on|abbr=off|sp=us}} or {{convert|42|km|mile|order=flip|adj=on|abbr=off|sp=us}} cross-country ski race that is part of the American [[ski marathon]] series.<ref>{{Cite web |title = City of Lakes Loppet (USA) – Worldloppet |date = September 18, 2019 |url = https://www.worldloppet.com/city-of-lakes-loppet-festival/ |access-date = March 3, 2021 |language = en-US |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414150511/https://www.worldloppet.com/city-of-lakes-loppet-festival/ |url-status = live|publisher=[[Worldloppet Ski Federation]] }}</ref>
The annual [[In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theatre#May Day Parade and Tree of Life Ceremony|MayDay Parade]] is held in south Minneapolis in May.<ref>{{cite news|title=MayDay Parade returns to South Minneapolis|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3TZui4I7C4|format=video|via=[[YouTube]]|work=[[Unicorn Riot]]|date=May 7, 2023|access-date=May 13, 2023|archive-date=May 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516060805/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3TZui4I7C4|url-status=live}}</ref> Other events include
[[Northeast Minneapolis Arts Association|Art-A-Whirl]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecurrent.org/events/20230519-art-a-whirl|title=Art-A-Whirl® Weekend|access-date=May 13, 2023|work=[[KCMP|The Current]]|publisher=[[Minnesota Public Radio]]|date=2023|archive-date=June 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603083226/https://www.thecurrent.org/events/20230519-art-a-whirl|url-status=live}}</ref> in May; [[Twin Cities Pride]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://kstp.com/kstp-news/local-news/twin-cities-pride-festival-2023-expanding/|title=Twin Cities Pride Festival expanding ahead of June 2023 event|access-date=May 14, 2023|work=[[KSTP-TV]]|publisher=[[Hubbard Broadcasting]]|date=January 17, 2023|first=Ashley|last=Halbach|archive-date=May 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514144838/https://kstp.com/kstp-news/local-news/twin-cities-pride-festival-2023-expanding/|url-status=live}}</ref> the Stone Arch Bridge Festival,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.minnesotamonthly.com/travel-recreation/stone-arch-bridge-festival/|title=Stone Arch Bridge Festival|access-date=May 14, 2023|work=[[Minnesota Monthly]]|publisher=[[Greenspring Media]]|date=June 10, 2018|first=Kyle|last=Smelter|archive-date=May 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514144838/https://www.minnesotamonthly.com/travel-recreation/stone-arch-bridge-festival/|url-status=live}}</ref> and Twin Cities Juneteenth<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/where-to-celebrate-juneteenth-in-the-twin-cities/|title=Where to Celebrate Juneteenth in the Twin Cities|access-date=May 14, 2023|work=Mpls. St. Paul|publisher=Key Enterprises|date=June 16, 2022|archive-date=May 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514143208/https://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/where-to-celebrate-juneteenth-in-the-twin-cities/|url-status=live}}</ref> in June; Sister Cities Day,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolis.org/about-us/sister-cities/sister-cities-day/|title=Sister Cities Day|access-date=March 18, 2024|publisher=City of Minneapolis|archive-date=December 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206104436/https://www.minneapolis.org/about-us/sister-cities/sister-cities-day/|url-status=live}}</ref> Minnehaha Falls Art Fair, and Loring Park Art Festival in July;<ref name=Maya>{{cite news|url=https://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/minnesota-summer-art-fairs/|title=Minnesota's Summer Art Fairs|access-date=May 13, 2023|publisher=Key Enterprises|work=Mpls. St. Paul|date=June 15, 2022|last=Maya|first=Cynthia|archive-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513212238/https://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/minnesota-summer-art-fairs/|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Minneapolis Aquatennial]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/aquatennial-minneapolis/|title=Aquatennial: The Ultimate Summer Block Party|access-date=May 13, 2023|publisher=Key Enterprises|work=Mpls. St. Paul|date=July 22, 2019|last=Marsh|first=Steve|archive-date=March 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319052255/https://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/aquatennial-minneapolis/|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Minnesota Fringe Festival]],<ref>Date varies by year. {{cite news |last1=Roth |first1=Ellie |title=Intermission Is Over: The Fringe Fest Is Back |url=https://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/intermission-is-over-minnesota-fringe-fest-is-back/ |access-date=July 20, 2022 |work=Mpls. St. Paul|publisher=Key Enterprises|date=July 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710154510/https://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/intermission-is-over-minnesota-fringe-fest-is-back/ |archive-date=July 10, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> the Uptown Art Fair, Powderhorn Art Fair, and Downtown Minneapolis Street Art Festival in August;<ref name=Maya /> the Minneapolis Monarch Festival in September that celebrates the [[monarch butterfly]]'s {{convert|2300|mile|km|adj=on}} [[Monarch butterfly migration|migration]];<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.minneapolisparks.org/activities-events/events/minneapolis_monarch_festival/ |publisher = [[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]] |access-date = February 12, 2023 |title = Minneapolis Monarch Festival – Festival de la Monarca |archive-date = February 12, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230212232727/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/activities-events/events/minneapolis_monarch_festival/ |url-status = live }}</ref> and in October, the [[Twin Cities Marathon]] which is a [[Boston Marathon]] qualifier.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.baa.org/races/boston-marathon/enter/qualify/top-qualifying-races |publisher = [[Boston Athletic Association]] |title = Qualifying Races Around The World |access-date = January 3, 2021 |archive-date = August 16, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210816012209/https://www.baa.org/races/boston-marathon/enter/qualify/top-qualifying-races |url-status = live }}</ref>
== Sports ==
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Minneapolis has four professional sports teams. The American football team [[Minnesota Vikings]] and the baseball team [[Minnesota Twins]] have played in the state since 1961. The Vikings were a [[National Football League]] [[expansion team]], and the Twins were formed when the [[Washington Senators (1901–1960)|Washington Senators]] relocated to Minnesota.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Murphy |first1 = Brian |title = The Twins and Vikings: How they started |url = https://www.twincities.com/2011/07/30/the-twins-and-vikings-how-they-started/amp/ |access-date = November 13, 2020 |work = [[St. Paul Pioneer Press]]|publisher=[[MediaNews Group]] |date = November 12, 2015 |archive-date = August 19, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210819015156/https://www.twincities.com/2011/07/30/the-twins-and-vikings-how-they-started/amp/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The Twins won the [[World Series]] in 1987 and 1991, and have played at [[Target Field]] since 2010.<ref>{{cite web|work=Minnesota Issues Resource Guides|title=Baseball Stadiums in Minnesota|url=https://www.lrl.mn.gov/guides/guides?issue=baseball|access-date=April 15, 2023|date=October 2022|publisher=Minnesota Legislative Reference Library|archive-date=April 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415192723/https://www.lrl.mn.gov/guides/guides?issue=baseball|url-status=live}}</ref> The Vikings played in the [[Super Bowl]] following the 1969, 1973, 1974, and 1976 seasons, losing all four games.<ref>{{cite web|work=Minnesota Issues Resource Guides|title=Football Stadiums in Minnesota and the Vikings|url=https://www.lrl.mn.gov/guides/guides?issue=football|access-date=April 15, 2023|date=September 2022|publisher=Minnesota Legislative Reference Library|archive-date=April 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415192722/https://www.lrl.mn.gov/guides/guides?issue=football|url-status=live}}</ref> The basketball team [[Minnesota Timberwolves]] returned [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) basketball to Minneapolis in 1989, and were followed by [[Minnesota Lynx]] in 1999. Both basketball teams play in the [[Target Center]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Minnesota Issues Resource Guides|title=Basketball in Minnesota and the Target Center Arena|url=https://www.lrl.mn.gov/guides/guides?issue=target|access-date=April 15, 2023|date=September 2022|publisher=Minnesota Legislative Reference Library|archive-date=April 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415194456/https://www.lrl.mn.gov/guides/guides?issue=target|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2010s, the Lynx were the most-successful Minnesota professional sports team and a dominant force in the [[Women's National Basketball Association]] (WNBA), winning four WNBA championships from 2011 to 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=The 2010s: Minnesota Lynx all-decade team, with a twist|last=Davidson|first=Katie|date=November 25, 2019|access-date=November 2, 2023|newspaper=[[The Athletic]]|url=https://theathletic.com/1383750/2019/11/25/the-2010s-minnesota-lynx-all-decade-team-with-a-twist/|archive-date=November 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102155543/https://theathletic.com/1383750/2019/11/25/the-2010s-minnesota-lynx-all-decade-team-with-a-twist/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Minnesota Wild]], a [[National Hockey League]] team, play at the [[Xcel Energy Center]];,<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.xcelenergycenter.com/teams/detail/minnesota-wild |title = Minnesota Wild |access-date = January 15, 2023 |publisher = [[Xcel Energy Center]] |archive-date = January 15, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230115202013/https://www.xcelenergycenter.com/teams/detail/minnesota-wild |url-status = live }}</ref> and the [[Major League Soccer]] soccer team [[Minnesota United FC]] play at [[Allianz Field]], both. ofBoth whichvenues are located in Saint Paul.<ref>{{cite web|title=All About Allianz: Guide to the Home of Minnesota United|url=https://www.visitsaintpaul.com/blog/all-about-allianz-guide-to-the-new-home-of-minnesota-united-fc/|access-date=April 17, 2023|publisher=Visit Saint Paul Official Convention & Visitors Bureau|archive-date=April 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417204531/https://www.visitsaintpaul.com/blog/all-about-allianz-guide-to-the-new-home-of-minnesota-united-fc/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In addition to professional sports teams, Minneapolis hosts a majority of the [[Minnesota Golden Gophers]]' [[college sports]] teams of the University of Minnesota. The [[Minnesota Golden Gophers football|Gophers football team]] plays at [[Huntington Bank Stadium]] and havehas won seven [[College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS|national championships]].<ref>{{Cite web |date = December 2, 2014 |title = University of Minnesota Official Athletic Site – Traditions|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |url = http://www.gophersports.com/trads/championships.html |access-date = August 21, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141202033904/http://www.gophersports.com/trads/championships.html |archive-date = December 2, 2014 }}</ref> The [[Minnesota Golden Gophers women's ice hockey|Gophers women's ice hockey]] team is a six-time [[National Collegiate women's ice hockey championship|NCAA champion]].<ref>{{cite news |last = Graff |first = Chad |date = March 20, 2016 |title = Gophers women's hockey wins fourth NCAA championship in five years |work = [[St. Paul Pioneer Press]] |publisher = [[MediaNews Group]] |url = http://www.twincities.com/2016/03/20/gophers-womens-hockey-wins-a-fourth-ncaa-championship-in-five-years/ |access-date = September 2, 2016 |archive-date = April 20, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420092339/https://www.twincities.com/2016/03/20/gophers-womens-hockey-wins-a-fourth-ncaa-championship-in-five-years/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[Minnesota Golden Gophers men's ice hockey|Gophers men's ice hockey]] team plays at [[3M Arena at Mariucci]], and won five [[NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship|NCAA championships]].<ref>{{Cite web |title = NCAA Champions |url = https://gophersports.com/sports/2018/5/21/sports-m-hockey-spec-rel-m-hockey-ncaa-champs-html.aspx |access-date = August 21, 2021 |work = University of Minnesota Athletics|publisher=[[Learfield]] |language = en |archive-date = August 21, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210821203146/https://gophersports.com/sports/2018/5/21/sports-m-hockey-spec-rel-m-hockey-ncaa-champs-html.aspx |url-status = live }}</ref> Both the [[Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball|Golden Gophers men's basketball]] and [[Minnesota Golden Gophers women's basketball|women's basketball]] teams play at [[Williams Arena]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-sports/few-or-no-fans-to-be-allowed-at-gopher-basketball-home-games|title=Few or no fans to be allowed at Gopher basketball home games|last=Nelson|first=Joe|date=November 13, 2020|access-date=April 17, 2023|work=Bring Me The News|publisher=The Arena Group|archive-date=April 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417162255/https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-sports/few-or-no-fans-to-be-allowed-at-gopher-basketball-home-games|url-status=live}}</ref>
Six [[golf course]]s are located within the Minneapolis city limits.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.golflink.com/golf-courses/mn/minneapolis/ |title = Minneapolis, Minnesota Golf Courses |access-date = December 14, 2020 |work = GolfLink |publisher=LoveToKnow |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414123212/https://www.golflink.com/golf-courses/mn/minneapolis/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The {{convert|1,750700,000|sqft|sqm|adj=on}} [[U.S. Bank Stadium]]<!--please use their spelling with periods--> was built for the Vikings at a cost of $1.122 billion, $348{{nbspUSDCY|1122000000|2012}};{{Inflation/fn|US}}million of which was provided bythis, the state of Minnesota andprovided $150348{{nbsp}}million by{{USDCY|348000000|2012}},{{Inflation/fn|US}} and the city of Minneapolis spent $150{{nbsp}}million {{USDCY|150000000|2012}}.{{Inflation/fn|US}} The stadium, which was[[MPR News]] called "Minnesota's biggest-ever public works project", opened in 2016 with 66,000 seats, which was expanded to 70,000 for the [[2018 Super Bowl]].<ref name=Nelson>{{cite news |title = Colossus of 'whoas': Vikings open U.S. Bank Stadium |last = Nelson |first = Tim |date = July 22, 2016 |url = https://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/07/22/new-vikings-stadium-to-hold-open-house |work =[[MPR News]]|access-date = August 31, 2016 |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414150823/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/07/22/new-vikings-stadium-to-hold-open-house |url-status = live }}</ref> U.S. Bank Stadium<!--please use their spelling with periods--> also hosts indoor running and rollerblading nights.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Pheifer |first1 = Pat |title = Indoor skaters flock to U.S. Bank Stadium |url = https://www.startribune.com/indoor-skaters-flock-to-u-s-bank-stadium/408458245/ |access-date = November 13, 2020 |work =[[Star Tribune]]|date = December 27, 2016 |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414150903/https://www.startribune.com/indoor-skaters-flock-to-u-s-bank-stadium/408458245/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Minneapolis has two municipal [[golf course]]s<ref>Columbia and Hiawatha in {{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolisparks.org/golf/courses/|title=Courses|access-date=June 21, 2024|publisher=[[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]]|archive-date=June 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624202037/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/golf/courses/|url-status=live}}</ref> and one private course.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pga.com/play/mn/minneapolis/the-minikahda-club/0547650|title=The Minikahda Club|access-date=June 24, 2024|publisher=[[PGA of America]]|archive-date=June 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604210136/https://www.pga.com/play/mn/minneapolis/the-minikahda-club/0547650|url-status=live}}</ref> Each January, the [[U.S. Pond Hockey Championships]] are held on [[Lake Nokomis]].<ref>{{Cite web |title = U.S. Pond Hockey Championships |url = https://www.uspondhockey.com/ |access-date = March 3, 2021|publisher=[[SportsEngine]] |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414150506/https://www.uspondhockey.com/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[Twin Cities Marathon]] held in October is a [[Boston Marathon]] qualifier.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.baa.org/races/boston-marathon/enter/qualify/top-qualifying-races |publisher = [[Boston Athletic Association]] |title = Qualifying Races Around The World |access-date = January 3, 2021 |archive-date = August 16, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210816012209/https://www.baa.org/races/boston-marathon/enter/qualify/top-qualifying-races |url-status = live }}</ref> The final weekend of the 2024 pond hockey championships was canceled due to above average temperatures,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/us-pond-hockey-championships-lake-nokomis-minneapolis-canceled-warm-weather-poor-ice/600338659/|title=U.S. Pond Hockey Championships canceled because of poor ice on Lake Nokomis|date=January 5, 2024|access-date=July 18, 2024|work=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=July 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726184709/https://www.startribune.com/us-pond-hockey-championships-lake-nokomis-minneapolis-canceled-warm-weather-poor-ice/600338659/|url-status=live}}</ref> as was the 2023 marathon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://climate.umn.edu/events/winter-webinar-climate-threats-outdoor-recreation|title=Winter Webinar: Climate threats to outdoor recreation|access-date=July 18, 2024|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|archive-date=July 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707231053/https://climate.umn.edu/events/winter-webinar-climate-threats-outdoor-recreation|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Parks and recreation==
{{Main|Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board}}
[[File:Minnehaha Falls on June 22, 2013 - Video 1 of 4.webm|thumb|right|alt=Fifteen second video of a waterfall|[[Minnehaha Park (Minneapolis)|Minnehaha Falls]] in the summer]]
[[File:Canoeing by the Franklin Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis.tif|thumb|alt=Seven young people in canoe, shoreline is green, women paddling, all wearing life vests, bridge span and university visible behind them|Canoeing on the Mississippi]]
Landscape architect [[Horace Cleveland]]'s "crowning achievement"masterpiece is the Minneapolis park system.{{sfn|Nadenicek|Neckar|2002|p=[https://archive.org/details/landscapearchite00hwsc/page/n43/mode/2up?q=xxxix xxxix]|loc="With other societal superintendents influenced by the ideals of New England, Cleveland was later able to design and implement his crowning achievement, the Minneapolis Park System."}} In the 1880s, he preserved geographical landmarks and linked them with boulevards and parkways.{{sfn|Nadenicek|Neckar|2002|pp=[https://archive.org/details/landscapearchite00hwsc/page/n45/mode/2up?q=xli xli]|loc="Cleveland successfully linked boulevards, small neighborhood parks of Parisian derivation, prairie ponds with wild islands, and lake-edge parkways"}} In their introduction to a modern reprint of Cleveland's treatise on [[landscape architecture]], professors Daniel Nadenicek and Lance Neckar add that "Cleveland was successful in Minneapolis in great measure because he operated with kindred spirits" like [[William Watts Folwell]] and [[Charles M. Loring]].{{sfn|Nadenicek|Neckar|2002|p=[https://archive.org/details/landscapearchite00hwsc/page/n45/mode/2up?q=xli xli]}} In his book ''The American City: What Works, What Doesn't'', [[Alexander Garvin]] wrote Minneapolis built "the best-located, best-financed, best-designed, and best-maintained public open space in America".{{sfn|Garvin|2013|p=75}}
TheCleveland lobbied for a park on the riverfront to include the city's parksother arewaterfall.{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=44–46}} governedIn 1889, [[George A. Brackett]] arranged financing, and operatedhis byassociate Henry Brown paid the independentstate to cover the condemnation of surrounding land.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=46}} [[MinneapolisMinnehaha Park and(Minneapolis)|Minnehaha Recreation BoardPark]], containing the 53-foot (16 m) waterfall [[parkMinnehaha districtFalls]].<ref, name=ParkCharteris /> Beyond its networkone of 185Minnesota's first neighborhoodstate parks,.<ref name="MRP">{{cite web |title = Minnehaha Regional Park |url = https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinationsparks__destinations/parks-lakesparks__lakes/minnehaha_regional_park/|title=Parks & Lakes|publisher = [[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]] |access-date =July 22January 8, 20232021 |archive-date =July 22March 21, 20232016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/2023072213455720160321170202/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinationsparks__destinations/parks-lakesparks__lakes/minnehaha_regional_park/ |url-status = live }}</ref> theThe parkfalls boardbecame ownswhat thehistorian city'sMary canopyLethert ofWingerd trees,{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=39|loc=In 1887, the parkcalls boarda "wascivic given broad authority to plant and care for trees along all city streets, not just on park propertyemblem"}} and nearly all land that bordersappears the city's waterfronts.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=x}} The park board owns property outside the city limits including the Eloise Butler Wildfloweron Gardenproducts and Birdin Sanctuary which is part of its largest park, [[Theodore Wirth Park]], shared with [[Golden Valley, Minnesota]]placenames.{{sfn|SmithWingerd|20082010|ppp=47352–353}} <!--Wirth Park is {{convert|759|acre|km2}}, 90% of the size of [[New York City]]'s [[Central Park]] at {{convert|843|acre|km2}}. -->
The city's parks are governed and operated by the independent [[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]] [[park district]].<ref name=ParkCharter /> Beyond its network of 185 neighborhood parks,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/|title=Parks & Lakes|publisher=[[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]]|access-date=July 22, 2023|archive-date=July 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722134557/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/|url-status=live}}</ref> the park board owns the city's street trees.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=xi|loc="The public spirit of those who envisioned the future also made sure Minneapolis was a city of trees. Often lost in consideration of the city's parks is that, from the very early days of the Minneapolis park board, it has been responsible for planting and maintaining street trees"}}{{efn|Minneapolis had planted more than 200,000 [[American elm]]s on its streets and parks before [[Dutch elm disease]] was found in the city in 1963. By 1977, when the most were lost to the epidemic and the city began its control program, the Twin Cities had lost 192,000 elm trees to the disease, and more than 30,000 diseased trees were found in Minneapolis.<ref>{{cite journal|title=History of Dutch Elm Disease in Minnesota|last=French|first=David W.|access-date=August 23, 2024|date=1993|journal=University of Minnesota Extension Service|url=https://hdl.handle.net/11299/151957|publisher=University Digital Conservancy|hdl=11299/151957|archive-date=September 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909192900/https://conservancy.umn.edu/items/b61d5115-e99f-46f8-b801-a745affd0d2c|url-status=live}}</ref>}} The board owns nearly all land that borders the city's waterfronts—thus the public owns the city's lakeshore property.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=x|loc="The first thing that most visitors notice about Minneapolis parks is one of the unique features of the city: nearly every foot of land that borders water, other than stretches of the Mississippi River banks north of Broadway, is owned by the park board." and "This extraordinary fact of public life in Minneapolis, that the people own the waterways..."}} The park board owns land outside the city limits including its largest park, [[Theodore Wirth Park]]—sitting west of downtown Minneapolis and partly in Golden Valley—which incorporates the Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden and Bird Sanctuary.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/theodore_wirth_regional_park/|title=Theodore Wirth Regional Park: Park Details|access-date=July 18, 2024|publisher=[[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]]|archive-date=July 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726184710/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/theodore_wirth_regional_park/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Theodore Wirth]], park superintendent from 1906 to 1935, built parkways for the automobile, dredged lakes, sculpted land, and managed details of park expansion.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=73|loc="Today, many Minneapolitans think of Wirth as the man who created the Minneapolis park system. In fact, he did not—but he greatly improved it"}} Superintendent in the 1960s and 1970s, [[Robert W. Ruhe]] created neighborhood parks and recreation centers in hitherto underserved areas.{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=175, 184, 192–194|loc=Ruhe stopped the state from building a highway through [[Minnehaha Park]], a conflict that the park board appealed to and won in the [[US Supreme Court]]. During Ruhe's tenure, the board learned to accommodate growing public participation, and it became an environmental steward when faced with [[Dutch elm disease]] and improving [[water quality]].}} In 2022, 500 participants<ref>{{cite news|title=Have Teens Returned to the Workforce?|url=https://tcbmag.com/have-teens-returned-to-the-workforce/|last=Keefer|first=Winter|date=May 11, 2023|work=Twin Cities Business|publisher=MSP Communications|access-date=July 31, 2023|archive-date=July 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731152108/https://tcbmag.com/have-teens-returned-to-the-workforce/|url-status=live}}</ref> ages 14 to 24 served as [[Teen Teamworks]] recruits for on-the-job training in [[green job|green careers]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolisparks.org/activities-events/youth-programs/teen_programs/teen_teamworks/|title=Teen Teamworks|access-date=July 31, 2023|publisher=[[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]]|archive-date=July 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731152109/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/activities-events/youth-programs/teen_programs/teen_teamworks/|url-status=live}}</ref> or as future park employees.<ref>{{cite news|title=How Minneapolis Parks Hire Hundreds of Youth Workers Every Summer|last=Berg|first=Madison|date=March 24, 2023|url=https://tcbmag.com/how-minneapolis-parks-hire-hundreds-of-youth-workers-every-summer/|work=Twin Cities Business|publisher=MSP Communications|access-date=August 4, 2023|archive-date=August 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801193756/https://tcbmag.com/how-minneapolis-parks-hire-hundreds-of-youth-workers-every-summer/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Canoeing by the Franklin Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis.tif|thumb|alt=Group paddling a canoe|Canoeing on the Mississippi]]
[[File:Minnehaha Falls on June 22, 2013 - Video 1 of 4.webm|thumb|right|alt=Fifteen second video of waterfall falling into a gorge, surrounded by green trees|[[Minnehaha Park (Minneapolis)|Minnehaha Falls]] in the summer]]
As of 2020, approximately 15 percent of land in Minneapolis is parks, in accordance with the national median, and 98 percent of residents live within {{Convert|1/2|mile|km|spell=in|abbr=out|1}} of a park.<ref name=TPL>{{Cite web |url = https://www.tpl.org/city/minneapolis-minnesota |title = ParkScore |publisher=[[Trust for Public Land]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210511012742/https://www.tpl.org/city/minneapolis-minnesota |language = en-US |access-date = May 5, 2023 |archive-date = May 11, 2021|via=Internet Archive }}</ref> The city's [[Chain of Lakes (Minneapolis)|Chain of Lakes]], consistingextends ofthrough sevenfive lakes in southwest Minneapolis.<ref name=chain>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/minneapolis_chain_of_lakes_regional_park/|title=Minneapolis Chain of Lakes Regional Park|access-date=July 18, 2024|publisher=[[Minneapolis Park and MinnehahaRecreation CreekBoard]]|archive-date=July 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726184712/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/minneapolis_chain_of_lakes_regional_park/|url-status=live}}</ref> The chain is connected by bicycle paths, and running, and walking paths, and is used for swimming, fishing, picnics, boating, and ice skating, and other activities. A parkway for cars, a [[segregated cycle facilities|bikeway]] for riders, and a walkway for pedestrians<ref>{{cite web|title=Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway|url=https://www.alltrails.com/trail/us/minnesota/grand-rounds-national-scenic-byway|publisher=[[AllTrails]]|access-date=April 17, 2023|archive-date=April 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417180806/https://www.alltrails.com/trail/us/minnesota/grand-rounds-national-scenic-byway|url-status=live}}</ref> run parallel along the {{convert|51|mi|km|adj=on}} route of the [[Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.exploreminnesota.com/article/bike-51-mile-grand-rounds-scenic-byway-minneapolis |title = Bike the 51-Mile Grand Rounds Scenic Byway in Minneapolis |access-date = January 22, 2023 |publisher = Explore Minnesota Tourism |archive-date = January 22, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230122145728/https://www.exploreminnesota.com/article/bike-51-mile-grand-rounds-scenic-byway-minneapolis |url-status = live }}</ref> Parks are interlinked in many places, and the [[Mississippi National River and Recreation Area]] connects regional parks and visitor centers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://npshistory.com/publications/miss/index.htm|title=Mississippi National River and Recreation Area|access-date=April 17, 2023|publisher=[[US National Park Service]]|archive-date=April 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417205715/http://npshistory.com/publications/miss/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Among walks and hikes running along the Mississippi River, the {{Convert|5|mile|adj=on|abbr=out|spell=in|0}}, hiking-only [[Winchell Trail]] offers views of and access to the [[Mississippi Gorge Regional Park|Mississippi Gorge]] and a rustic hiking experience.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/ptgkeyhikingwalk.htm |title = Walks and Hikes |publisher = [[US National Park Service]] |access-date = January 3, 2021 |archive-date = August 16, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210816233115/https://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/ptgkeyhikingwalk.htm |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[Minneapolis Aquatennial]], a civic celebration of the "City of Lakes", is held each July.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/aquatennial-minneapolis/|title=Aquatennial: The Ultimate Summer Block Party|access-date=May 13, 2023|publisher=Key Enterprises|work=Mpls. St. Paul|date=July 22, 2019|last=Marsh|first=Steve|archive-date=March 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319052255/https://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/aquatennial-minneapolis/|url-status=live}}</ref>
ClevelandMinneapolis's lobbiedclimate forprovides aopportunities parkfor onwinter theactivities riverfrontsuch toas include[[ice thefishing]], city's other waterfall.{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=44–46}} In 1889[[snowshoeing]], [[Georgeice A. Brackettskating]], arranged[[cross-country financingskiing]], and his associate Henry Brown paid the state to cover the condemnation of surrounding land.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=46}} The 53-foot (16 m) waterfall [[Minnehaha Fallssledding]] isat onemany ofparks Minnesota'sand first state parkslakes.<ref name="MRPPark Board 2021">{{citeCite web |title = MinnehahaWinter Regional ParkActivities |url = https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks__destinationsactivities__events/parks__lakes/minnehaha_regional_parkwinter_activities/ |access-date = March 4, 2021 |publisher = [[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]] |accessarchive-date = JanuaryAugust 812, 2021 |archive-date = March 21, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/2016032117020220210812035052/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks__destinationsactivities__events/parks__lakes/minnehaha_regional_parkwinter_activities/ |url-status = live }}</ref> TheAs fallsof became2023–2024, whatthe historianpark Maryboard Lethertmaintained Wingerd22 callsoutdoor a[[ice "civicrink]]s emblem",in appearingwinter.<ref>{{cite onweb|url=https://www.minneapolisparks.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Outdoor-Ice-Rinks-2023-2024-updated-draft.pdf|title=2023–2024 productsMinneapolis Parks Outdoor Ice Rinks|date=2023|access-date=July 18, 2024|publisher=[[Minneapolis Park and inRecreation placenames.{{sfnBoard]]|Wingerdarchive-date=July 26, 2024|2010archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726184708/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Outdoor-Ice-Rinks-2023-2024-updated-draft.pdf|ppurl-status=352–353live}}</ref>
Minneapolis's climate provides opportunities for winter activities such as [[ice fishing]], [[snowshoeing]], [[ice skating]], [[cross-country skiing]], and [[sledding]] at many parks and lakes between December and March.<ref name="Park Board 2021">{{Cite web |title = Winter Activities |url = https://www.minneapolisparks.org/activities__events/winter_activities/ |access-date = March 4, 2021 |publisher = [[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]] |archive-date = August 12, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210812035052/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/activities__events/winter_activities/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Scaling back on skate rental and warming houses since the COVID-19 pandemic, as of 2021, the park board maintained 20 outdoor [[ice rink]]s in winter.<ref>{{Cite news |last = Hutton |first = Rachel |date = January 6, 2021 |title = The art (and science) of making outdoor ice rinks in Minnesota |work =[[Star Tribune]]|url = https://www.startribune.com/the-art-and-science-of-making-outdoor-ice-rinks-in-minnesota/600006949/ |access-date = January 6, 2021 |archive-date = August 18, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210818230459/https://www.startribune.com/the-art-and-science-of-making-outdoor-ice-rinks-in-minnesota/600006949/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
== Government ==
{{Main|Minneapolis City Council|Government of Minneapolis|Minneapolis Police Department}}
{{further|List of mayors of Minneapolis|Timeline of race relations and policing in Minneapolis–Saint Paul|2021 Minneapolis Question 2}}
[[File:Minneapolis_City_Hall_(42498885215).jpg|thumb|right|Built between 1889 and 1906, [[Minneapolis City Hall]] (seen from [[Occupy Minneapolis#The People's Plaza|The People's Plaza]]) is on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].{{sfn|Millett|2007|p=41}}|alt=Facade of Minneapolis City Hall]]
The [[Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-LaborDemocratic–Farmer–Labor Party]] (DFL), which is affiliated with the national [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], holdsis the majoritydominant political force in Minneapolis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Orrick |first=Dave |date=2024-01-13 |title=FBI investigates Minneapolis DFL endorsement process |url=https://www.startribune.com/fbi-looking-into-minneapolis-dfl-endorsement-process-city-council-races/600334597 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.startribune.com |language=en |archive-date=August 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804154033/https://www.startribune.com/fbi-looking-into-minneapolis-dfl-endorsement-process-city-council-races/600334597 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city has not elected a [[Minnesota Republican Party|Republican]] mayor since 1975.<ref>{{Cite news |title = The man who was mayor of Minneapolis for just one day |url = https://www.mprnews.org/story/2017/11/07/mayor-for-a-day-in-minneapolis |access-date = April 25, 2022 |work =[[MPR News]]|language = en |archive-date = April 25, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032745/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2017/11/07/mayor-for-a-day-in-minneapolis |url-status = live }}</ref> At the federal level, Minneapolis is situated in [[Minnesota's 5th congressional district]], which has been represented by Democrat [[Ilhan Omar]] since 2018. Both of Minnesota's US Senatorssenators, [[Amy Klobuchar]] and [[Tina Smith]], are Democrats who were elected or appointed while residing in Minneapolis and are Democrats as well.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://media.cq.com/members/25668 |title = Sen. Amy Klobuchar, D-Minn. |publisher = [[Roll Call]] |access-date = January 19, 2018 |archive-date = August 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817041436/http://media.cq.com/members/25668 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://media.cq.com/members/115718 |title = Sen. Tina Smith, D-Minn. |publisher = [[Roll Call]] |access-date = January 19, 2018 |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414122617/http://media.cq.com/members/115718 |url-status = live}}</ref> [[Jacob Frey]], a former DFL city council member, was elected as the [[mayor of Minneapolis]] in [[2017 Minneapolis mayoral election|2017]] and re-elected in [[2021 Minneapolis mayoral election|2021]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.mprnews.org/story/2021/11/04/how-jacob-frey-won-reelection |title = How Jacob Frey won reelection |date = November 4, 2021 |last = Montgomery|first=David H. |access-date = January 8, 2022 |work =[[MPR News]]|archive-date = January 8, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220108203449/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2021/11/04/how-jacob-frey-won-reelection |url-status = live }}</ref> InThe 2006,city theconducts cityits adoptedmunicipal elections using [[instant-runoff voting]], andwhich was first usedimplemented itahead duringof the [[2009 Minneapolis municipal election|2009 elections]].<ref name="Regan">{{cite news |last1 = Regan |first1 = Sheila |last2 = Coleman |first2 = Nick |last3 = Nelson |first3 = Kathryn G. |title = Minneapolis Mayoral Election: Betsy Hodges Almost Claims Her Almost Victory; RCV Count Goes Slow |url = http://theuptake.org/2013/11/06/minneapolis-election-leaders-ranked-choice-voting-new-voters-betsy-hodges/ |date = November 6, 2013 |work = [[The UpTake]] |access-date = January 2, 2014 |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414151325/http://theuptake.org/2013/11/06/minneapolis-election-leaders-ranked-choice-voting-new-voters-betsy-hodges/ }}</ref>
The [[Minneapolis City Council]] has 13 members who represent the city's 13 wards.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sahanjournal.com/democracy-politics/minneapolis-city-council-candidates-race-election-guide-2023/|title=2023 Minneapolis City Council race: Who's running, where candidates stand on key issues|last1=Tu|first1=Cynthia|last2=Hazzard|first2=Andrew|date=October 26, 2023|access-date=November 2, 2023|newspaper=[[Sahan Journal]]|archive-date=November 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102173754/https://sahanjournal.com/democracy-politics/minneapolis-city-council-candidates-race-election-guide-2023/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, a [[2021 Minneapolis municipal election#Question 1|ballot question]] shifted more weight from the city council to the mayor, a change that; proponents had tried to achieve this change since the early 20th century.<ref name=nathanson>{{cite news |url = https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2021/11/why-it-only-took-120-years-for-minneapolis-to-adopt-a-strong-mayor-system/ |title = Why it only took 120 years for Minneapolis to adopt a 'strong mayor' system |author = Nathanson, Iric |date = November 5, 2021 |access-date = January 8, 2021 |work = [[MinnPost]] |archive-date = November 5, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211105143744/https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2021/11/why-it-only-took-120-years-for-minneapolis-to-adopt-a-strong-mayor-system/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The mayor and city council now share responsibility for the city's finances.<ref name=McLaughlin>{{cite news |title = Minneapolis' Ballot Question 1 passes, shifting more power from city council to mayor |url = https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-news/minneapolis-ballot-question-1-passes-shifting-more-power-from-city-council-to-mayor |last1 = McLaughlin |first1 = Shaymus |date = November 2, 2021 |access-date = November 29, 2021 |work = Bring Me the News|publisher=The Arena Group |archive-date = November 28, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211128011433/https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-news/minneapolis-ballot-question-1-passes-shifting-more-power-from-city-council-to-mayor |url-status = live }}</ref> The city's primary source of funding is property tax,.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stories.opengov.com/minneapolismn/published/Xb08AJg-qR5|title=Budget-in-Brief|access-date=April 20, 2023|publisher=City of Minneapolis|via=[[OpenGov]]|archive-date=April 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420211728/https://stories.opengov.com/minneapolismn/published/Xb08AJg-qR5|url-status=live}}</ref> and there is aA sales tax of 9.03 percent<ref>{{cite news|title=Metro sales taxes jumped Oct. 1. Here's where the money will go.|url=https://www.startribune.com/metro-sales-taxes-jumped-oct-1-heres-where-the-money-will-go-housing-and-transit/600309427/|last=Magan|first=Christopher|date=October 3, 2023|access-date=October 4, 2023|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=October 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003201354/https://www.startribune.com/metro-sales-taxes-jumped-oct-1-heres-where-the-money-will-go-housing-and-transit/600309427/|url-status=live}}</ref> on purchases made within the city, which is a combination of state, county, special district taxes, athe city sales tax of 0.50 percent, andalong awith localcounty, usestate, taxand forspecial out-of-statedistrict purchasestaxes.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/government/departments/finance/local-use-tax/ |title = Local use tax |access-date = February 11, 2023 |publisher = City of Minneapolis |archive-date = February 11, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230211234013/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/government/departments/finance/local-use-tax/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tax-rates.org/minnesota/minneapolis_sales_tax |title = 2023 Minneapolis, Minnesota Sales Tax |access-date = February 11, 2023 |publisher = Tax-Rates.org – The Federal & State Tax Information Portal |archive-date = February 12, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230212064129/http://www.tax-rates.org/minnesota/minneapolis_sales_tax |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board|Park and Recreation Board]] is an independent city department with nine elected commissioners who levy their own taxes, subject to city charter limits.<ref name=ParkCharter>{{cite web |url = https://library.municode.com/mn/minneapolis/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=CH_ARTVIPAREBO |date = December 14, 2022 |title = Code of Ordinances: Charter Article VI |work = [[Municode]] |publisher=[[CivicPlus]]|access-date = February 1, 2023 |archive-date = February 1, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230201212451/https://library.municode.com/mn/minneapolis/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=CH_ARTVIPAREBO |url-status = live }}</ref> The Board of Estimation and Taxation, which oversees city levies, is also an independent department.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://library.municode.com/mn/minneapolis/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=CH_ARTVBOESTA |date = December 14, 2022 |title = Code of Ordinances: Charter Article V |publisher = [[CivicPlus]]|work=[[Municode]]|access-date = February 1, 2023 |archive-date = February 1, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230201232610/https://library.municode.com/mn/minneapolis/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=CH_ARTVBOESTA |url-status = live }}</ref>
The restructuredmayoral mayor'sreform roleballot createdmeasure aled to four direct reports to the mayor—two officers, the city attorney, and the chief of staff—and the creation of two new offices.<ref name=structure>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolismn.gov/government/charter-and-code-of-ordinances/government-structure/|title=Government structure|access-date=August 31, 2024|publisher=City of Minneapolis|archive-date=July 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718124404/https://www.minneapolismn.gov/government/charter-and-code-of-ordinances/government-structure/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Office of Public Service is led by the city operations officer. The Minneapolis departments of civil rights and public works report to the office which oversees communications and engagement; development, health, and livability; and internal operations. The Office of Community Safety, withhas itsa single commissioner responsible for overseeing the police and fire departments, 911 dispatch, emergency management, and violence prevention.;<ref name=Ibrahim>{{cite news |author = Ibrahim, Mohamed |date = August 23, 2022 |access-date = September 17, 2022 |title = How Cedric Alexander aims to tackle Minneapolis' policing woes |url = https://www.minnpost.com/metro/2022/08/how-cedric-alexander-aims-to-tackle-minneapolis-policing-woes/ |work = [[MinnPost]] |archive-date = September 20, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170631/https://www.minnpost.com/metro/2022/08/how-cedric-alexander-aims-to-tackle-minneapolis-policing-woes/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Inwithin 2023this office, four emergency response units serve the city: renewed[[Behavioral Crisis Response]] (BCR), fire, emergency medical services, and police.<ref>{{cite news|titlename=Afterbcr two/> yearsCanopy Mental Health & Consulting, thealso known as Canopy Roots, operates BCR futurefree of Minneapolis'charge<ref mentalname=bcr>{{cite healthweb response|title=Behavioral programCrisis isResponse Team quick guide uncertain|url=https://www.startribuneminneapolismn.comgov/media/after-twowww-yearscontent-theassets/documents/BCR-futureInfographic-of-minneapolis-mental-health-response-program-is-uncertain/600290592/2.2.22.pdf |lastpublisher=Du|first=Susan|date=JulyCity 18,of Minneapolis 2023|access-date=NovemberApril 225, 2023|newspaper=[[Star2024 Tribune]]|archive-date=NovemberAugust 212, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2023110217573820230812104008/https://www.startribuneminneapolismn.comgov/media/after-twowww-years-the-future-of-minneapolis-mental-health-responsecontent-programassets/documents/BCR-isInfographic-uncertain/600290592/2.2.22.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ato pilotrespond cooperationto with the police departmentcrises and a mental health services company, [[Canopy Mental Health & Consulting]], to respond to some 911 calls that do not require police.<ref>{{Cite web |title = 2021-00736 – Behavioral Crisis Response pilot |url = https://lims.minneapolismn.gov/File/2021-00736 |access-date = September 17, 2022 |publisher = City of Minneapolis|work=Legislative Information Management System |archive-date = September 20, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170615/https://lims.minneapolismn.gov/File/2021-00736 |url-status = live }}</ref>
[[File:Minneapolis Police guarding 3rd Precinct May 2020.jpg|thumb|alt=A half-dozen officers wearingguarding lightpolice blue shirts, black gas masks and black bullet-proof vests, carrying long tear gas launchers, standing in front of a corner brick and glass building with boarded up windows, identified with the seal of Minneapolis and "Minneapolis Police" in large white lettersstation|Police guard the third precinct the day before it was burned down during the [[George Floyd protests]].]]
After the [[murder of George Floyd]] in May 2020, about 166 police officers left of their own accord either to retirement or to temporary leave—many with [[Post-traumatic stress disorder|PTSD]]<ref>{{cite news |title = As police claims of PTSD soar in Minneapolis, public officials scramble to find solutions |url = https://www.startribune.com/as-police-claims-of-ptsd-soar-in-minneapolis-public-officials-scramble-to-find-solutions/600161709/ |author = Furst, Randy |date = April 2, 2022 |access-date = November 13, 2022 |work =[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date = November 13, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221113170007/https://www.startribune.com/as-police-claims-of-ptsd-soar-in-minneapolis-public-officials-scramble-to-find-solutions/600161709/ |url-status = live }}</ref>—and a crime wave resulted in more than 500 shootings.<ref>{{cite news |title = Divided Minneapolis City Council votes to cut $8 million from police budget |url = https://www.startribune.com/divided-minneapolis-council-keeps-mayor-jacob-freys-target-for-a-larger-police-force/573343121/ |last1 = Navratil |first1 = Liz |date = December 10, 2020 |access-date = December 10, 2020 |work =[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date = July 29, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210729225452/https://www.startribune.com/divided-minneapolis-council-keeps-mayor-jacob-freys-target-for-a-larger-police-force/573343121/ |url-status = live }}</ref> A [[Reuters]] investigation found that killings surged when a "hands-off" attitude resulted in fewer officer-initiated encounters.<ref>{{cite news |author = Heath, Brad |title = Special Report: After Floyd's killing, Minneapolis police retreated, data shows |url = https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/after-floyds-killing-minneapolis-police-retreated-data-shows-2021-09-13/ |date = September 13, 2021 |access-date = November 10, 2022 |work = [[Reuters]] |archive-date = November 10, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221110201149/https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/after-floyds-killing-minneapolis-police-retreated-data-shows-2021-09-13/ |url-status = live }}</ref> ViolentAfter crimeFloyd's rosemurder, threechiefs percentreprimanded acrossa Minneapolisdozen inofficers Julyfor 2022 compared with 2021misconduct,<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.startribune.com/callsminneapolis-forpolice-accountabilityofficers-forgivenessreprimanded-mountmisconduct-afteraftermath-minneapolisgeorge-council-member-rainvillesfloyd-remarksmurder/600189674600356692/ |title last= Pressure mounts against Minneapolis City Council's Rainville Sawyer|last1 first= Navratil |first1 = Liz |first2 = Faiza |last2 = Mahamud |date =April July 125, 2022 2024|access-date =May July 1928, 2022 2024|work = [[Star Tribune]]|title=Minneapolis police officers reprimanded for misconduct in aftermath of George Floyd's murder|archive-date =May July 1928, 2022 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/2022071921061620240528135911/https://www.startribune.com/callsminneapolis-forpolice-accountabilityofficers-forgivenessreprimanded-mountmisconduct-after-minneapolis-councilaftermath-membergeorge-rainvillesfloyd-remarksmurder/600189674600356692/ |url-status = live }}</ref> and inas 2020,of itearly rose2024, 21the percentcity comparedhad topaid theout average$50{{nbsp}}million offor thepolice previousconduct five yearsclaims.<ref name=JanyFeb2021>{{cite news web|url=https://tableau.minneapolismn.gov/views/OfficerConductPayouts/PayoutAmountsbyYear|title =Officer MinneapolisConduct violentPayout crimesAmounts soared in 2020 amid pandemic, protestsby Year|author access-date=May Jany28, Libor 2024|date = February 612, 2021 2024|access-date author=City July 19, 2022of Minneapolis|work publisher=[[StarCity Tribune]]|url = https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-violent-crimes-soared-in-2020-amid-pandemic-protests/600019989/of Minneapolis|archive-date =June July 1924, 2022 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/2022071921054120240624202058/https://wwwtableau.startribuneminneapolismn.comgov/minneapolis-violent-crimes-soared-in-2020-amid-pandemic-protestsviews/600019989OfficerConductPayouts/ PayoutAmountsbyYear?%3Aembed=y&%3AisGuestRedirectFromVizportal=y|url-status = live }}</ref> ViolentIn crime2024 wascame downapproval forof 2022an inindependent everymonitor categoryof excepta assaults.court-enforceable Carjackings[[consent decree]], gunshotsan fired,agreement gunshotnegotiated wounds,with andthe robberies[[Minnesota decreased,Department of Human Rights]] and homicidesthe were[[United downStates 20Department percentof comparedJustice]] to thecompel reformed previouspolicing yearpractices.<ref>{{cite news |title =Independent Minneapolismonitor violentchosen crimeto numbersoversee dropMinneapolis significantly in 2022police reforms|author last= Kolls, Jay Pross|first=Katrina|date =February January 32, 2023 2024|access-date =May January 319, 2023 2024|url = https://kstpsahanjournal.com/kstppolicing-news/top-newsjustice/minneapolis-violentpolice-crimereform-numbersmonitor-dropchosen-significantlyconsent-in-2022decree/ |work = [[KSTP-TV]]|publisher=[[HubbardSahan BroadcastingJournal]]|archive-date =May January 318, 2023 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/2023010303320920240518181044/https://kstpsahanjournal.com/kstppolicing-news/top-newsjustice/minneapolis-violentpolice-crimereform-numbersmonitor-dropchosen-significantlyconsent-in-2022decree/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
InViolent 2023,crime therose [[Unitedthree Statespercent Departmentacross ofMinneapolis Justice|USin JusticeJuly Department]]2022 (DOJ)compared proposedwith 28 immediate "remedial" steps as it completed its investigation of the city's policing practices.2021,<ref name=APDOJ>{{cite news |url = https://apnewswww.startribune.com/article/georgecalls-floydfor-minneapolisaccountability-policeforgiveness-investigationmount-19d384c2d90b186b627f9d8cf1d5be2e|title=George Floyd's killing capped years of violence, discrimination by Minneapolis police, DOJ says|first1=Jim|last1=Salter|first2=Mark|last2=Vancleave|date=June 16, 2023|access-date=June 16, 2023|work=[[AP News]]|archive-date=June 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616104248/https://apnews.com/article/george-floydafter-minneapolis-policecouncil-investigationmember-19d384c2d90b186b627f9d8cf1d5be2e|urlrainvilles-status=live}}<remarks/600189674/ref> Among|title DOJ= findings,Pressure Minneapolis police officers routinely used excessive force, discriminatedmounts against people,Minneapolis and,City with the city, violated peopleCouncil's rights.<ref>{{citeRainville news|titlelast1 =Here areNavratil the|first1 4= keyLiz findings|first2 in= theFaiza federal|last2 probe= ofMahamud the Minneapolis Police Department|url=https://www.startribune.com/the-federal-probe-of-the-minneapolis-police-department-had-4-key-findings-heres-what-they-were/600283229/|last=Navratil|first=Liz|date =June 16July 12, 20232022 |access-date =June 16July 19, 20232022 |work = [[Star Tribune]] |archive-date =June 21July 19, 20232022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/2023062107214020220719210616/https://www.startribune.com/thecalls-federalfor-probeaccountability-offorgiveness-themount-after-minneapolis-policecouncil-departmentmember-hadrainvilles-4-key-findings-heres-what-they-wereremarks/600283229600189674/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Inand in 20222020, theit [[Minnesotarose Department21 ofpercent Humancompared Rights]]to completed its two-yearthe investigationaverage of the policeprevious departmentfive years.<ref name=JanyFeb2021>{{cite webnews |urltitle = https://mn.gov/mdhr/mpd/findings/Minneapolis |titleviolent =crimes Investigationsoared Findingsin |access-date2020 =amid May 25pandemic, 2022protests |publisherauthor = [[MinnesotaJany, Department of Human Rights]]Libor |archive-date = MayFebruary 246, 20222021 |archiveaccess-urldate = https://web.archive.org/web/20220524093618/https://mn.gov/mdhr/mpd/findings/July 19, 2022 |url-statuswork =[[Star live }}</ref> that found a "pattern or practice of race discrimination in violation of the Minnesota Human Rights Act".<ref>{{cite news Tribune]]|url = https://www.mprnewsstartribune.orgcom/story/2022/04/26/georgeminneapolis-floydviolent-killingcrimes-minnesotasoared-humanin-rights2020-investigation |title = MN Human Rights probe finds pattern of racism in Minneapolis Police Department |date = April 27, 2022 |accessamid-date = May 25, 2022pandemic-protests/600019989/ |work =[[MPR News]]|archive-date = MayJuly 2419, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/2022052411052920220719210541/https://www.mprnewsstartribune.orgcom/story/2022/04/26/georgeminneapolis-floydviolent-killingcrimes-minnesotasoared-humanin-rights2020-investigationamid-pandemic-protests/600019989/ |url-status = live }}</ref> TheViolent statecrime stipulatedwas thatdown thefor federal2022 decreein wouldevery takecategory precedenceexcept inassaults. theCarjackings, case ofgunshots conflictsfired, andgunshot city leaders sought one monitor to oversee bothwounds, toand assurerobberies a single measure of compliance.<ref name=APDOJ /> The 2023 city budget planned for one negotiated [[consent decree]]decreased, and thehomicides statutorywere minimumdown of20 731percent officerscompared into the policeprevious department, which had been short of that minimumyear.<ref>{{cite news |title = New Minneapolis policeviolent chiefcrime raisesnumbers concernsdrop aftersignificantly councilin cuts2022 $1|author million= fromKolls, 2023 budgetJay |authordate = McKinneyJanuary 3, Matt2023 |access-date = DecemberJanuary 13, 20222023 |url = https://www.startribunekstp.com/newkstp-news/top-news/minneapolis-policeviolent-chiefcrime-raisesnumbers-concernsdrop-aftersignificantly-councilin-cuts-1-million-from-2023-budget/6002320262022/ |work = [[Star TribuneKSTP-TV]]|access-date publisher=[[Hubbard December 7, 2022 Broadcasting]]|archive-date = DecemberJanuary 73, 20222023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/2022120719032320230103033209/https://www.startribunekstp.com/newkstp-news/top-news/minneapolis-policeviolent-chiefcrime-raisesnumbers-concernsdrop-aftersignificantly-councilin-cuts-1-million-from-2023-budget/6002320262022/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
In 2015, the city council passed a resolution making [[fossil fuel divestment]] city policy,<ref>{{cite web |url = https://lims.minneapolismn.gov/RCA/6553 |title = Fossil Fuel Divestment Resolution (RCA-2020-00783) |access-date = February 2, 2023 |publisher = City of Minneapolis |archive-date = February 2, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230202235459/https://lims.minneapolismn.gov/RCA/6553 |url-status = live }}</ref> joining 17 cities worldwide in the [[Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance]]. Minneapolis's [[climate change|climate plan]] calls for an 80 -percent reduction in [[greenhouse gas emissions]] by 2050.<ref>{{cite press release |title = The District Among 17 Leading International Cities to Launch Global Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance |work = Department of Energy & Environment|publisher=[[Dc.gov]] |url = https://doee.dc.gov/release/district-among-17-leading-international-cities-launch-global-carbon-neutral-cities-alliance |access-date = February 2, 2023 |date = March 30, 2015 |archive-date = February 2, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230202235505/https://doee.dc.gov/release/district-among-17-leading-international-cities-launch-global-carbon-neutral-cities-alliance |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2021, the city council voted unanimously to abolish its required minimum number of parking spaces for new construction.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ending minimum parking requirements was a policy win for the Twin Cities|url=https://minnesotareformer.com/2023/08/31/ending-minimum-parking-requirements-was-a-policy-win-for-the-twin-cities/|last=Yudhishthu|first=Zak|date=August 31, 2023|access-date=November 8, 2023|newspaper=[[Minnesota Reformer]]|archive-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108185856/https://minnesotareformer.com/2023/08/31/ending-minimum-parking-requirements-was-a-policy-win-for-the-twin-cities/|url-status=live}}</ref> Minneapolis has a separation ordinance that directs local law-enforcement officers not to "take any law enforcement action" for the sole purpose of finding [[undocumented immigrant]]s, nor to ask an individual about his or her immigration status.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.twincities.com/2017/01/25/are-st-paul-minneapolis-sanctuary-cities-trumps-federal-cuts-raise-questions/ |title = Are St. Paul and Minneapolis 'sanctuary cities'? Trump's federal cuts raise questions |last1 = Melo |first1 = Frederick |date = January 27, 2017 |access-date = December 22, 2020 |work = [[St. Paul Pioneer Press]]|publisher=[[MediaNews Group]] |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414150809/https://www.twincities.com/2017/01/25/are-st-paul-minneapolis-sanctuary-cities-trumps-federal-cuts-raise-questions/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
==Education==
===Primary and secondary===
VolunteerIn missionaries1834, volunteer missionaries [[Gideon Hollister Pond|Gideon and Samuel Pond]]<ref>The brothers titled their book ''Two Volunteer Missionaries Among the Dakotas''. {{cite web|title=Pond Family Papers|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|url=http://www2.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00717.xml|access-date=June 3, 2023|last=Virtue|first=Ethel B.|archive-date=June 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603210832/http://www2.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00717.xml|url-status=live}}</ref> thesought [[Gideonpermission Hollisterfor Pond|Pondtheir brothers]] received permissionwork from the US Indian agency at Fort Snelling.<ref>{{cite web|title=The US Indian Agency (1820–1853)|url=https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/native-americans/us-indian-agency|access-date=October 7, 2023|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|archive-date=August 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814051357/https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/native-americans/us-indian-agency|url-status=live}}</ref> atThey Fort Snelling in 1834 to teachtaught new farming techniques and atheir newChristian religion to Chief [[Cloud Man]] and his community on the east shore of Bde Maka Ska.<ref name=religion /> That year, J. D. Stevens and the Ponds built an Indian mission near [[Lake Harriet (Minnesota)|Lake Harriet]], which was the first educational institution in the Minneapolis area.<ref name=religion /> In the treaty of 1837, the US promised payment to the Dakota, but instead gave the monies to the missionaries earmarked for education, and in protest, fewer than ten Dakota students attended.{{sfn|Clemmons|2005|p=181}} WhenAfter more settlers moved to the area, by 1874, ten school buildings served nearly 4,000 students by 1874. The citydistrict ofhad Minneapolismore joinedthan withone St.hundred Anthonyschools andwhen byenrollment 1922,peaked togetherat they enrolled 7090,000 students in 1933.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mpshistoryarchives.mplshclib.k12.mn.usorg/a_brief_history_2.htmlresources/collection_on_the_minneapolis_public_schools|title=ACollection Briefon Historythe Minneapolis Public Schools|publisher=[[MinneapolisHennepin PublicCounty SchoolsLibrary]]|access-date=JuneJuly 314, 2023|archive-date=June 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603210053/https://mpshistory.mpls.k12.mn.us/a_brief_history_2.html|url-status=live2024}}</ref>
[[File:Bakken outreach at Emerson-2007.jpg|thumb|right|alt=TeacherMan facesteaching a full classroom, children raising arms to speak, teacher is holding a sign that says "Aislador" (insulator)|Dual language science outreach at [[Minneapolis Public Schools#Elementary schools (K–5)|Emerson]], one of nine<ref>{{cite web|url=https://exploremps.org/Schools/Magnet|title=Magnet Schools with innovative programs|access-date=August 18, 2023|publisher=[[Minneapolis Public Schools]]|archive-date=August 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819155518/https://exploremps.org/Schools/Magnet|url-status=live}}</ref> magnet elementary schools]]
[[Minneapolis Public Schools]] servedhas room for 45,000 students and enrolled about 28,689500 [[K–12]] students as of October 20222024,<ref name=Klecker>{{cite news |url = https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-public-schools-predictsannounces-enrollmentsome-declinecuts-budgetcoming-shortfall/600149534to-schools-next-year/600348839|last=Klecker|first=Mara|date=March 6, 2024|title = Minneapolis Public Schools predictsannounces enrollmentsome decline,cuts budgetcoming shortfallto |lastschools = Kleckernext year|first work=[[Star Mara Tribune]]|access-date =August February 2226, 2023 2024|accessarchive-date =September February 259, 2023 2024|work archive-url=[[Star Tribune]]https://web.archive.org/web/20240909192847/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-public-schools-announces-some-cuts-coming-to-schools-next-year/600348839|url-status=live}}</ref> in more than fifty schools, divided between community and [[magnet school|magnet]].<ref name=Whitler>{{cite news |title = What is the Comprehensive District Design? |url = https://www.southwestvoices.news/posts/what-is-the-cdd-and-how-has-it-impacted-mps-families |author = Whitler, Melissa |date = April 11, 2022 |access-date = February 20, 2023 |work = Southwest Voices |archive-date = February 20, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230220202035/https://www.southwestvoices.news/posts/what-is-the-cdd-and-how-has-it-impacted-mps-families |url-status = live }}</ref> As of 2023, enrollment was declining about 1.5 percent per year, and approximately 60 percent of school age children attended district schools.<ref>{{cite news |url name= https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-public-schools-predicts-enrollment-decline-budget-shortfall/600149534/ |title = Minneapolis Public Schools predicts enrollment decline, budget shortfall |last = Klecker |first = Mara |date = February 22, 2023 |access-date = February 25, 2023 |work = [[Star Tribune]] |archive-date = June 24, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240624202039/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-public-schools-predicts-enrollment-decline-budget-shortfall/600149534/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Enrollment was declining because charter schools and open enrollment, the reasons for one-fifth of the decline, became more popular, and the number of children living in the city fell since 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/departments/PAR-POLICY-BRIEFING---Public-School-Enrollment-Incentives.pdf|title=Policy Briefing: Declining MPLS Public School (MPS) Enrollment|access-date=September 8, 2024|date=January 1, 2024|publisher=City of Minneapolis|archive-date=August 19, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819214735/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/departments/PAR-POLICY-BRIEFING---Public-School-Enrollment-Incentives.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Many students enrolled in alternatives such as charter schools, of which the city hashad thirty28 as of 20232024.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://mncharterschools.org/directory/index.php?strSearchText=minneapolis&intAuthorizerID=0&intEnrollmentRange=0&intAttribute2059=true&submit=Search&strSearchView=table#results |access-date = FebruaryAugust 2526, 20232024 |publisher = MN Association of Charter Schools |title = Directory: Schools |archive-date = FebruarySeptember 259, 20232024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/2023022523551120240909192848/https://mncharterschools.org/directory/index.php?strSearchText=minneapolis&intAuthorizerID=0&intEnrollmentRange=0&intAttribute2059=true&submit=Search&strSearchView=table#results |url-status = live }}</ref> By state law, charter schools are open to all students and are tuition -free.<ref>{{cite web |title = Charter Schools |url = https://education.mn.gov/mde/fam/cs/ |publisher = [[Minnesota Department of Education]] |access-date = February 25, 2023 |archive-date = February 24, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230224150531/https://education.mn.gov/MDE/fam/cs/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2022, about 1200 at-risk students attended district Contractalternative Alternativeschools Schoolsthat offered them better outcomes than traditional schools.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://alternative.mpls.k12.mn.us/ |title = MPS Alternative and Extended Learning Programs...Where Students Have a Choice with Learner Options |access-date = March 2, 2023 |publisher = [[Minneapolis Public Schools]] |archive-date = March 2, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230302164825/https://alternative.mpls.k12.mn.us/ |url-status = live }}</ref> For the 2022–2023 school year, 368 students were [[homeschooling|homeschooled]] in Minneapolis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://education.mn.gov/mdeprod/groups/educ/documents/basic/cm9k/mdcw/~edisp/prod070859.xlsx|title=Enrollment Information|access-date=September 8, 2024|date=2024|publisher=[[Minnesota Department of Education]]|archive-date=September 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909192845/https://education.mn.gov/mdeprod/groups/educ/documents/basic/cm9k/mdcw/~edisp/prod070859.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref>
The public school district adopted a comprehensive district design beginning with the 2020–2021 school year to address academics, equity, financial sustainability, and to end disadvantages for students of color and students from low-income neighborhoods. The design changed student placement, changed the boundaries for almost all schools, moved magnet schools to central locations and narrowed the magnet types, standardized many start times to improve bus service, and gave every student a community elementary and middle school in their neighborhood. Students may attend a community school by request and be accepted to the school in their neighborhood. Students entered a lottery to be enrolled in a magnet school.<ref name=Whitler /> Eight high schools had school-based clinics with a doctor, nurses, a mental health counselor, and a registered dietitian.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/government/programs-initiatives/school-based-clinics/clinic-locations/|title=Clinic locations|publisher=City of Minneapolis|access-date=April 8, 2023|archive-date=April 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408214514/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/government/programs-initiatives/school-based-clinics/clinic-locations/|url-status=dead}}</ref> School district demographics differedwere from41 the city's.percent White students, made up 4135 percent, Black, students 3514 percent, Hispanic 14 percent, and 5 percent each were Asian and Native American.<ref name=MPS>{{cite web |url = https://exploremps.org/School/edison_high_school |title = Edison High School |access-date = February 21, 2023 |publisher = [[Minneapolis Public Schools]] |archive-date = February 21, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230221182320/https://exploremps.org/School/edison_high_school |url-status = live }}</ref> [[English-language learner]]s were about 17 percent,<ref name=MPS /> in a district that spoke 100 languages at home.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://multilingual.mpls.k12.mn.us/ |title = Welcome to the Multilingual Department |access-date = February 21, 2023 |publisher = [[Minneapolis Public Schools]] |archive-date = February 21, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230221182856/https://multilingual.mpls.k12.mn.us/ |url-status = live }}</ref> About 15 percent were [[special education]] students.<ref name=MPS /> As of fall 2023, every public school student in the state receives one free breakfast and one free lunch each school day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://education.mn.gov/mdeprod/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&dDocName=PROD081923&RevisionSelectionMethod=latestReleased&Rendition=primary|title=MN Free School Meals Program|access-date=March 20, 2024|publisher=[[Minnesota Department of Education]]|archive-date=February 4, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204152424/https://education.mn.gov/mdeprod/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&dDocName=PROD081923&RevisionSelectionMethod=latestReleased&Rendition=primary|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, the district's graduation rate was 77 percent, an improvement of three3 percent over the previous year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minneapolis Public Schools sees graduation rates increase|url=https://mpls.k12.mn.us/minneapolis_public_schools_sees_graduation_rates_increase.html|date=April 25, 2023|access-date=April 28, 2023|publisher=[[Minneapolis Public Schools]]|archive-date=April 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425225600/https://mpls.k12.mn.us/minneapolis_public_schools_sees_graduation_rates_increase.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Colleges and universities ===
{{seeSee also|Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system}}
[[Image:Weisman-University of Minnesota-2006-09-04.jpg|thumb|alt=striking geometric metallic building in front of more traditional ones|[[University of Minnesota]] teaching [[Weisman Art Museum|art museum]], teaching [[University of Minnesota Medical Center|hospital]], and [[Coffman Memorial Union|student union]] (left to right)]]
TheHeadquartered in Minneapolis, the [[University of Minnesota]] Twin Cities campus is headquartered in Minneapolis.<ref name=QS /> Withenrolled more than 5054,000 students in 2023,2023–2024.<ref>{{cite itweb|title=Institutional isData theand sixthResearch largest(IDR): campusEnrollments|url=https://idr.umn.edu/reports-by-topic-enrollment/enrollments|access-date=July in12, the2024|publisher=[[University USof byMinnesota]]|archive-date=May enrollment.<ref30, name2024|archive-url=THE https://web.archive.org/web/20240530055916/https://idr.umn.edu/reports-by-topic-enrollment/enrollments|url-status=live}}</ref> College rankings forin 20232024 place the school in the range of 44th<ref name=Shanghai>{{cite web |title = University of Minnesota, Twin Cities |url = https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/university-of-minnesota-twin-cities |date = 20222024 |publisher = [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] |access-date = FebruaryJuly 1912, 20232024 |archive-date = September 30, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210930202405/https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/university-of-minnesota-twin-cities |url-status = live }}</ref> (2022) to 185th203rd for academics worldwide.<ref name=THE>{{cite web |publisher = [[Times Higher Education]] |url = https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-minnesota |title = University of Minnesota |access-date = FebruaryJuly 1912, 20232024 |date = 20232024 |archive-date = February 19, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230219185750/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-minnesota |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=QS>{{cite web |title = University of Minnesota Twin Cities |url = https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-minnesota-twin-cities#p2-programs |access-date = FebruaryJuly 1912, 20232024 |date = 20222024 |publisher = QS [[Quacquarelli Symonds]] |archive-date = FebruaryApril 1912, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/2023021918580020230412161155/https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-minnesota-twin-cities#p2-programs |url-status = live }}</ref> [[QS World University Rankings|QS]] found a decline in rank over a decade.<ref name=QS /> [[Academic Ranking of World Universities|Shanghai]] found excellence in ecology, business management,and library &and information science, and biotechnology.<ref name=Shanghai /> Among the 2,000250 schools ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' compared in its 2022–20232024–2025 best global universities rankings, the University of Minnesota wastied with [[Emory University]] at 57th63rd.<ref name=USNews>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-minnesota-twin-cities-174066|title=University of Minnesota Twin Cities|access-date=AprilJuly 12, 20232024|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|archive-date=April 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423065149/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-minnesota-twin-cities-174066|url-status=live}}</ref> The state's [[land-grant university]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-minnesota-twin-cities#p2-overview|title=About University of Minnesota Twin Cities|access-date=April 12, 2023|publisher=QS [[Quacquarelli Symonds]]|archive-date=April 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412161155/https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-minnesota-twin-cities#p2-overview|url-status=live}}</ref> the school has unusual autonomy that has existed in Minnesota since 1858, when the state constitution included the provision: that [[regent]]s are in control, independent of city government.<ref>{{cite news |title = From academics to COVID mandates, why the University of Minnesota gets to do pretty much whatever it wants |url = https://www.minnpost.com/state-government/2022/01/from-academics-to-covid-mandates-why-the-university-of-minnesota-gets-to-pretty-much-do-whatever-it-wants/ |last = Callaghan |first = Peter |date = January 25, 2022 |access-date = February 3, 2022 |work = [[MinnPost]] |archive-date = February 3, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220203164921/https://www.minnpost.com/state-government/2022/01/from-academics-to-covid-mandates-why-the-university-of-minnesota-gets-to-pretty-much-do-whatever-it-wants/ |url-status = live}}</ref> Founded in 1851<ref name=QS /> and closed in its first decade for lack of funding, the University of Minnesota was revived under the [[Morrill Land-Grant Acts|Morrill Act of 1862]] using land taken from the Dakota people.<ref name="morillgrant">{{cite news | last=Vue | first=Katelyn | title=Over 150 years ago, tribal land revived the University. Now, American Indian leaders, students and faculty want this history addressed | newspaper=[[Minnesota Daily]] | date=July 7, 2020 | url=https://mndaily.com/255055/news/acmorrillact/ | access-date=November 25, 2023 | archive-date=November 25, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125170957/https://mndaily.com/255055/news/acmorrillact/ | url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|The Treaty of 1837 forced Dakota to make the largest land cession—all of their land east of the Mississippi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/great-university-land-grab|title=The great university land-grab|last=Almeroth-Williams|first=Tom|date=April 6, 2020 |quote=The Treaty of 1837 gave 1,062,334 acres, more than any other land cession, to 33 LGUs|access-date=April 11, 2024|publisher=[[University of Cambridge]]|archive-date=February 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214085809/https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/great-university-land-grab|url-status=live}}</ref> Then the Dakota ceded more of their land in the Treaty of 1851.<ref name="Bhattacharya 2023 l546">{{cite news | last=Bhattacharya | first=Ananya | title=Native Americans are struggling to put a dollar value on how much "land-grab" universities owe them | newspaper=Quartz | date=July 10, 2023 | url=https://qz.com/native-americans-are-struggling-to-put-a-dollar-value-o-1850620896 | access-date=November 25, 2023 | archive-date=November 25, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125171143/https://qz.com/native-americans-are-struggling-to-put-a-dollar-value-o-1850620896 | url-status=live }}</ref>}}
[[Augsburg University]], [[Minneapolis College of Art and Design]], and [[North Central University]] are private four-year colleges; the first two offer master's programs.{{sfn|The Princeton Review|2014|pp=49, 490, 538}} The public two-year [[Minneapolis Community and Technical College]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://minneapolis.edu/about-minneapolis-college |title = About Minneapolis College |date = November 9, 2021 |access-date = March 2, 2023 |publisher = [[Minneapolis Community and Technical College]] |archive-date = March 3, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230303003000/https://minneapolis.edu/about-minneapolis-college |url-status = live }}</ref> and the private [[Dunwoody College of Technology]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://dunwoody.edu/about/about-us/ |title = About Us |access-date = March 2, 2023 |publisher = [[Dunwoody College of Technology]] |archive-date = March 3, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230303004503/https://dunwoody.edu/about/about-us/ |url-status = live }}</ref> provide career training and associate degrees, and the latter offers a bachelor's program. [[Saint Mary's University of Minnesota]] has a Twin Cities campus for its graduate and professional programs.{{sfn|The Princeton Review|2014|p=655}} Opening a new Minneapolis site in 20232024, [[Red Lake Nation College]] is aan accredited federally recognized [[Tribal colleges and universities|tribal college]] site that teaches [[Ojibwe]] culture and awards associate degrees.<ref>{{cite news |title = Open House at RLNC's New Minneapolis Site on June 2 |url = https://www.redlakenationnewsstartribune.com/story/2022/06/01/news/openred-houselake-atnation-rlncscollege-newopens-in-minneapolis-siteoffering-onhigher-juneeducation-2and-cultural-connection/106410.html600371661/|last=Navratil|first=Liz|date=June 6, 2024|workaccess-date=June 7, 2024|title= Red Lake Nation NewsCollege |dateopens =in June 1Minneapolis, 2022offering |access-datehigher =education Januaryand 7,cultural 2023connection|work=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date =June January 76, 2023 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/2023010722224020240606231811/https://www.redlakenationnewsstartribune.com/story/2022/06/01/news/openred-houselake-atnation-rlncscollege-newopens-in-minneapolis-siteoffering-onhigher-juneeducation-2and-cultural-connection/600371661/106410.html |url-status = live }}</ref> The large, principally [[distance education|online universities]] [[Capella University]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.capella.edu/contact-us/ |title = We're here to help you |access-date = March 2, 2023 |publisher = [[Capella University]] |archive-date = March 2, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230302232512/https://www.capella.edu/contact-us/ |url-status = live }}</ref> and [[Walden University (Minnesota)|Walden University]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.waldenu.edu/contact-us |title = Contact Us |access-date = March 2, 2023 |publisher = [[Walden University]] |archive-date = March 2, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230302232513/https://www.waldenu.edu/contact-us |url-status = live }}</ref> are both headquartered in the city. The public four-year [[Metropolitan State University]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.metrostate.edu/about/locations/minneapolis |title = Minneapolis |access-date = March 2, 2023 |publisher = [[Metropolitan State University]] |archive-date = March 2, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230302231920/https://www.metrostate.edu/about/locations/minneapolis |url-status = live }}</ref> and the private four-year [[University of St. Thomas (Minnesota)|University of St. Thomas]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.stthomas.edu/about/our-campuses/ |title = Our Campuses |access-date = March 2, 2023 |publisher = [[University of St. Thomas (Minnesota)|University of St. Thomas]] |archive-date = March 2, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230302231915/https://www.stthomas.edu/about/our-campuses/ |url-status = live }}</ref> are post-secondary institutions based elsewhere that have campuses in Minneapolis. The city has more than twenty-five licensed career schools.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.ohe.state.mn.us/sPages/141All.cfm?sort=city |title = Licensed Career Schools |access-date = March 2, 2023 |publisher = [[Minnesota Office of Higher Education]] |archive-date = March 3, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230303000132/https://www.ohe.state.mn.us/sPages/141All.cfm?sort=city |url-status = live }}</ref>
The city has more than twenty-five licensed career schools. These institutions offer short term training, some diplomas, and certificates in a wide variety of fields including business, yoga, Pilates, portfolio development, CompTIA certification, floral design, cosmetology, construction, healthcare, information technology, and for those who wish to become a personal trainer, ophthalmic technician, or phlebotomy technician.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.ohe.state.mn.us/sPages/141All.cfm?sort=city |title = Licensed Career Schools |access-date = March 2, 2023 |publisher = [[Minnesota Office of Higher Education]] |archive-date = March 3, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230303000132/https://www.ohe.state.mn.us/sPages/141All.cfm?sort=city |url-status = live }}</ref>
== Media ==
Line 751 ⟶ 758:
''Media Tales'' called Minnesota a "plentiful" source of national [[trade magazine]]s; companies in Minneapolis publish ''Foodservice News'' and ''[[Franchise Times]]''.{{sfn|Keller|O'Meara|2007|p=86}} Some other magazines published in the city are ''American Craft'';<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[American Craft Council]]|title=Magazine|url=https://www.craftcouncil.org/membership/magazine|access-date=April 29, 2023|archive-date=April 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429184027/https://www.craftcouncil.org/membership/magazine|url-status=live}}</ref> business publications ''Enterprise Minnesota''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.brainerddispatch.com/news/minnesota-manufacturing-growth-year-projected|date=June 19, 2017|title=Minnesota manufacturing: Growth year projected|work=[[Brainerd Dispatch]]|access-date=March 20, 2024|archive-date=March 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331103916/https://www.brainerddispatch.com/news/minnesota-manufacturing-growth-year-projected|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''Twin Cities Business'';<ref>{{cite web|url=https://citymag.org/biz_mags/twin-cities-business/|title=Twin Cities Business|publisher=[[City and Regional Magazine Association]]|access-date=March 20, 2024|archive-date=March 20, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320154141/https://citymag.org/biz_mags/twin-cities-business/|url-status=live}}</ref> the literary journal ''[[Rain Taxi]]'';<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Community of Literary Magazines and Presses]]|title=Rain Taxi|url=https://www.clmp.org/readers/publisher/rain-taxi/|access-date=March 21, 2024|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207074212/https://www.clmp.org/readers/publisher/rain-taxi/|url-status=live}}</ref> university student publications ''Great River Review'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Great River Review|url=https://poets.org/listing/great-river-review|access-date=March 20, 2024|publisher=[[Academy of American Poets]]|archive-date=March 20, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320155346/https://poets.org/listing/great-river-review|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Minnesota Journal of International Law]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/university-of-minnesota-twin-cities-03085|title=University of Minnesota Law School Overview|access-date=March 22, 2024|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|archive-date=December 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215121401/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/university-of-minnesota-twin-cities-03085|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Minnesota Law Review]]'';<ref>{{cite web|url=https://libcat.colorado.edu/Record/lb689094|title=Minnesota law review [electronic resource]|publisher=[[University of Colorado]]|access-date=March 22, 2024|archive-date=March 22, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322152528/https://libcat.colorado.edu/Record/lb689094|url-status=live}}</ref> and professional magazines ''Architecture Minnesota'',<ref>{{cite news|title=Archictecture Minnesota: Weisman Art Museum by Frank Gehry|url=https://www.minnpost.com/minnclips/2012/01/archictecture-minnesota-weisman-art-museum-frank-gehry/|access-date=March 20, 2024|work=[[MinnPost]]|archive-date=December 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205015951/https://www.minnpost.com/minnclips/2012/01/archictecture-minnesota-weisman-art-museum-frank-gehry/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Minnesota State Bar Association#Projects and publications|Bench & Bar]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://primo.lib.umn.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=01UMN_INST:TWINCITIES&docid=alma9930685810001701&context=L|title=Bench & bar of Minnesota|access-date=March 22, 2024|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|archive-date=March 22, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322152546/https://primo.lib.umn.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=01UMN_INST:TWINCITIES&docid=alma9930685810001701&context=L|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Minnesota Medical Association#Publications|Minnesota Medicine]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Research shows raising the tobacco sale age would keep Minnesota kids from starting.|url=https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/tobacco/21/index.html|access-date=March 20, 2024|publisher=[[Minnesota Department of Health]]|archive-date=October 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002075347/https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/tobacco/21/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2023, [[Nielsen Holdings|Nielsen]] found the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area to be the 15th -largest [[Media market|designated market area]], which is down from 14th in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.nab.org/documents/resources/2022-2023DMARANKS.xlsx |format = Excel |title = Comparisons of 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 Market Ranks |access-date = February 21, 2023 |publisher = [[National Association of Broadcasters]] |archive-date = February 24, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230224114653/https://www.nab.org/documents/resources/2022-2023DMARANKS.xlsx |url-status = live }}</ref> About 75 radio stations may be heard in the Minneapolis market, somebut of themthese, some may be heard only distantly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://radio-locator.com/cgi-bin/locate?select=city&city=minneapolis&x=10&y=5|title=Minneapolis MN|work=Radio Locator|publisher=Theodric Technologies|access-date=April 21, 2023|archive-date=March 20, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320203053/https://radio-locator.com/cgi-bin/locate?select=city&city=minneapolis&x=10&y=5|url-status=live}}</ref> The Twin Cities have 1,742,530 TV homes.<ref>{{cite web |publisher = Media Market Map |url = https://www.mediamarketmap.com/minneapolis-st-paul-designated-market-media-map/ |title = Minneapolis-St. Paul DMA Map In 2023 |date = May 25, 2021 |access-date = February 21, 2023 |archive-date = February 21, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230221235600/https://www.mediamarketmap.com/minneapolis-st-paul-designated-market-media-map/ |url-status = live }}</ref> ''[[TV Guide]]'' lists 151 TV channels for Minneapolis.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.tvguide.com/listings/zip/55401-minneapolis-mn/ |title = Minneapolis, MN – TV Schedule |access-date = February 21, 2023 |work = [[TV Guide]] |publisher = [[Fandom]] |archive-date = February 22, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230222000110/https://www.tvguide.com/listings/zip/55401-minneapolis-mn/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
[[Krista Tippett]], awarded a [[List of Peabody Award winners (2000–2009)#2008|Peabody]] and the [[National Humanities Medal]], produced the ''[[On Being]]'' project from her Minneapolis studio.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[American University School of Communication]]|work=Current|url=https://current.org/2014/09/naysayers-be-damned-public-radios-on-being-thrives-as-social-enterprise/|title=Naysayers be damned, public radio's ''On Being'' thrives as 'social enterprise'|access-date=April 17, 2023|date=September 8, 2014|archive-date=April 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417230417/https://current.org/2014/09/naysayers-be-damned-public-radios-on-being-thrives-as-social-enterprise/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Infrastructure==
Line 760 ⟶ 765:
{{Main|Transportation in Minnesota|Metro (Minnesota)|Trails in Minneapolis}}
[[File:Hiawatha Line and Sabo Bridge (27810931609)Stadium_Village_station.jpg|thumb|alt=Yellow and blue light rail train travels downhill acrossat a grade crossing; a pedestrian bridge is behindstop|A Metro BlueGreen Line train traveling from the [[LakeStadium Street/MidtownVillage station]] ]]
[[File:Trip Agents-Metro Transit-Minneapolis.jpeg|thumb|alt=Three agents converse on light rail|[[Metro Transit (Minnesota)|Metro Transit]] trip agents on the Blue Line in 2024]]
For all trips by all members of a household in 2019, [[Metropolitan Council (Minnesota)|Metropolitan Council]] data showed that the most common means of transportation was driving alone (40 percent), the least common was bicycling (3 percent), and others were carpooling (28 percent), walking (16 percent), and public transit (13 percent). The city's goal is that by 2030, 60 percent of trips are taken without a car, or 35 percent by walking and biking and 25 percent by transit. The city aims to reduce vehicle miles traveled by 1.8 percent per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://go.minneapolismn.gov/download_file/view/721/360|title=City of Minneapolis Transportation Action Plan|access-date=August 27, 2024|date=December 4, 2020|pages=37–38|publisher=City of Minneapolis}}</ref>
A division of the Metropolitan Council, [[Metro Transit (Minnesota)|Metro Transit]] operates public transportation in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metrotransit.org/about-Metro-transit|title=About Metro Transit|access-date=April 18, 2023|publisher=[[Metro Transit (Minnesota)|Metro Transit]]|archive-date=April 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418170436/https://www.metrotransit.org/about-Metro-transit|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2023, the system has two [[light rail]] lines, five [[bus rapid transit]] (BRT) lines, and one [[commuter rail]] line.<ref name=transitfacts /> A fleet of 736 buses serves 10,745 bus stops.<ref name=transitfacts>{{cite web|url=https://www.metrotransit.org/Data/Sites/1/media/blog/2023_factbook_letter_new_final_final.pdf|title=Metro Transit Facts|date=2023|access-date=July 8, 2024|publisher=[[Metropolitan Council (Minnesota)|Metropolitan Council]]}}</ref> As of 2021, riders of Metro Transit system-wide were 55 percent persons of color.<ref name=transitfacts /> The system provided nearly 45 million rides in 2023, a sixteen-percent increase over the previous year.<ref name=Rantala>{{cite news|title=Metro Transit ridership grows in 2023, but officials say they need help to continue the trend|first=Jason|last=Rantala|date=March 3, 2024|access-date=July 10, 2024|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/metro-transit-ridership-grows-in-2023-but-officials-say-they-need-help-to-continue-the-trend/|work=[[CBS News]]|publisher=[[CBS Broadcasting]]}}</ref> In 2023, bus service had returned to 90 percent of its ridership before the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name=Rantala />
The 2020 census found that the average commute to work for the Minneapolis population was 22 minutes.<ref name="2021-S0801">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |title = Commuting characteristics by sex |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S0801 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216182841/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S0801 |url-status = live }}</ref> The most common means of transportation to work was driving alone (45 percent), the least common was bicycling (1.7 percent), and others were carpooling (6.5 percent), taking public transit (5.6 percent), and walking (4.8 percent).<ref name="2021-S0801" />
A division of the [[Metropolitan Council (Minnesota)|Metropolitan Council]], [[Metro Transit (Minnesota)|Metro Transit]] operates public transportation in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metrotransit.org/about-Metro-transit|title=About Metro Transit|access-date=April 18, 2023|publisher=[[Metro Transit (Minnesota)|Metro Transit]]|archive-date=April 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418170436/https://www.metrotransit.org/about-Metro-transit|url-status=live}}</ref> The system has two [[light rail]] lines, one [[commuter rail]] line, about six [[bus rapid transit]] (BRT) lines,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metrotransit.org/schedules-maps|title=Schedules & Maps|access-date=April 18, 2023|publisher=[[Metro Transit (Minnesota)|Metro Transit]]|archive-date=March 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317193726/https://www.metrotransit.org/schedules-maps|url-status=live}}</ref> and about 90 [[transit bus|bus]] lines with over 8,000 stops.<ref>{{cite web |work = [[Moovit]] |publisher=[[Intel]] |date = December 3, 2022 |access-date = December 10, 2022 |title = Metro Transit |url = https://moovitapp.com/index/en/public_transit-lines-MinneapolisSt_Paul_MN-1143-10734 |archive-date = December 10, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221210164117/https://moovitapp.com/index/en/public_transit-lines-MinneapolisSt_Paul_MN-1143-10734 |url-status = live }}</ref> As of 2021, riders of Metro Transit system-wide were 44 percent persons of color.<ref>{{cite news |author = Hazzard, Andrew |date = November 15, 2021 |access-date = December 10, 2022 |url = https://sahanjournal.com/climate-environment/blue-line-extension-north-minneapolis-gentrification/ |title = The Metro Blue Line Extension is finally moving forward. But some fear it will drive up rents and force them to leave. |work = [[Sahan Journal]] |archive-date = December 10, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221210164115/https://sahanjournal.com/climate-environment/blue-line-extension-north-minneapolis-gentrification/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Bus ridership in the Twin Cities was 91.6 million in 2019, a three-percent decline over the previous year and part of a national trend in falling local bus ridership, while commuter rides were down, and ridership on light rail and BRTs remained steady or grew slightly.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Moore |first1 = Janet |title = Transit ridership in Twin Cities metro area declined slightly last year |url = https://www.startribune.com/transit-ridership-in-the-metro-declined-slightly-last-year/568563242/ |access-date = November 14, 2020 |work =[[Star Tribune]]|date = March 7, 2020 |archive-date = August 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817041436/https://www.startribune.com/transit-ridership-in-the-metro-declined-slightly-last-year/568563242/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
The [[Metro Blue Line (Minnesota)|Metro Blue Line]] light rail line connects the [[Mall of America]] and [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota|Bloomington]] to downtown,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mspairport.com/directions/ground-transportation/light-rail-transit|title=Light Rail Transit|access-date=July 10, 2024|publisher=[[Metropolitan Airports Commission]]}}</ref> and the [[Green Line (Minnesota)|Green Line]] travels from downtown through the University of Minnesota campus to downtown [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://metrocouncil.org/Transportation/Projects/Light-Rail-Projects/Central-Corridor.aspx|title=The METRO Green Line|access-date=July 10, 2024|publisher=[[Metropolitan Council (Minnesota)|Metropolitan Council]]}}</ref> A [[Bottineau LRT|Blue Line extension]] to the northwest suburbs re-enteredis thescheduled planningto stagesbe forbuilt aand newcompleted route alignment inby 20202030.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Moore |first1 = Janet web|title =About Bottineauthe Blue Line light-rail reboot takes shape Extension|url = https://wwwmetrocouncil.startribune.comorg/bottineauTransportation/Projects/Light-blueRail-lineProjects/METRO-lightBlue-railLine-reboot-takes-shapeExtension/573433081/ About.aspx|access-date =July January 1410, 2021 2024|work publisher= [[StarMetropolitan Tribune]]Council (Minnesota)|date = December 19, 2020 |archive-date = August 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817121039/https://www.startribune.com/bottineau-blue-line-light-rail-reboot-takes-shape/573433081/ |url-status = liveMetropolitan Council]]}}</ref> A [[Southwest LRT|Green Line extension]] is planned to connect downtown with the southwestern suburbs.{{efn|AboutAs aof decadeearly late2024, the Southwestextension linewas isnine expectedyears tobehind open in 2027,schedule and has cost US$1.8{{nbsp}}5 billion as ofover 2022budget.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.startribunemprnews.comorg/metstory/2024/04/06/as-councilgreen-approvesline-111mproject-inlanguishes-additionalsome-fundinglawmakers-forwant-southwestfuture-linelight-butrail-morein-isstate-needed/600237878/ hands|title =As MetGreen CouncilLine approvesextension additionallanguishes, $111some millionlawmakers forwant Southwestfuture light- rail line,in but more is neededstate hands|author first1= Moore, Janet Cathy|date last1= December 21, 2022 Wurzer|first2=Gracie|last2=Stockton|access-date =April December 226, 2022 2024|work =[[StarMPR TribuneNews]]|archive-date = December 22, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221222001553/https://www.startribune.com/met-council-approves-111m-in-additional-funding-for-southwest-line-but-more-is-needed/600237878/ |url-status = live }}</ref>}} BRT lines are 25 percent faster than regular bus lines because riders pay before boarding, stops are limited, and sometimes they employ signal prioritization.<ref name=Brey>{{cite news |title = Minneapolis Wants to Be the 'Bus Rapid Transit Capital of North America' |url = https://www.governing.com/community/minneapolis-wants-to-be-the-bus-rapid-transit-capital-of-north-america |author = Brey, Jared |date = December 9, 2022 |access-date = December 10, 2022 |work = [[Governing (magazine)|Governing]] |publisher = [[e.Republic]] |archive-date = December 9, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221209194733/https://www.governing.com/community/minneapolis-wants-to-be-the-bus-rapid-transit-capital-of-north-america |url-status = live }}</ref> The newest BRT line, the D Line, runs along one of Minnesota's most used bus lines, the {{convert|18|mi|km||adj=on}} route{{nbsp}}5, where a quarter of households do not have access to a car.<ref name="Brey" /> The {{Convert|40|mile|abbr=out|adj=on}} [[Northstar Line|Northstar Commuter rail]] runs from [[Big Lake, Minnesota]], to downtown Minneapolis. Commuter rides decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic, and as of 2023, service cut back to four from twelve daily trips.<ref>{{cite news|title=Met Council study finds no easy answers to ridership woes on Northstar commuter rail|last=Moore|first=Janet|date=March 14, 2023|access-date=April 18, 2023|work=[[Star Tribune]]|url=https://www.startribune.com/met-council-study-finds-no-easy-answers-to-ridership-woes-on-northstar-commuter-rail/600258844/|archive-date=April 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418180046/https://www.startribune.com/met-council-study-finds-no-easy-answers-to-ridership-woes-on-northstar-commuter-rail/600258844/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Bicycling-Minneapolis-2007-03-02.jpg|thumb|alt=Cyclist waiting at a stoplight in the snow.|A cyclist in winter]]
Hundreds of homeless people nightly sought shelter on Green Line trains until overnight service was cut back in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Moore |first1 = Janet |title = 'Transit is not a shelter': Green Line curtails all-night service |url = https://www.startribune.com/green-line-service-cutback-may-displace-homeless-riders/552734412/ |access-date = January 16, 2021 |work =[[Star Tribune]]|date = August 19, 2019 |archive-date = August 15, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210815184833/https://www.startribune.com/green-line-service-cutback-may-displace-homeless-riders/552734412/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Short more than a hundred police officers, in 2022, the Metro Council hired community groups to help police light rail stations; these non-profits can guide passengers to mental health services and shelters.<ref name=MooreLRT /> In 2023, crime in the Metro Transit system spiked 32% over the previous January, but for the year, ridership was up 15% to about 60% of the pre-pandemic level.<ref name=MooreLRT>{{cite news|title=Crime jumped 32% on Metro Transit trains, buses in 2023|last=Moore|first=Janet|date=February 5, 2024|access-date=February 7, 2024|url=https://www.startribune.com/crime-jumped-25-on-metro-transit-trains-buses-in-2023/600341173/|work=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=February 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206183740/https://www.startribune.com/crime-jumped-25-on-metro-transit-trains-buses-in-2023/600341173/|url-status=live}}</ref> In partnership with a private security company in 2024, Metro Transit improved security and safety with 24 trip agents who ride the light rail lines each day and work with transit police and community officers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/metro-transit-light-rail-train-trip-agents/|title=Metro Transit "TRIP Agents" to start riding light rail trains in bid to boost safety|last1=Swanson|first1=Stephen|last2=Mitchell|first2=Kirsten|date=February 22, 2024|access-date=August 12, 2024|work=[[CBS News]]|publisher=[[CBS Broadcasting]]}}</ref>
Evie Carshare, owned by Minneapolis and Saint Paul since 2022, is a fleet of 145 electric cars available for one-way trips in a {{convert|35|sqmi|sqkm|adj=on}} area of the Twin Cities.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://hourcar.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2022-HOURCAR-Evie-Impact-Report-Online-FINAL.pdf|title=Impact Report|date=2022|access-date=November 18, 2023|publisher=HOURCAR|archive-date=December 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202140712/http://hourcar.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2022-HOURCAR-Evie-Impact-Report-Online-FINAL.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Bicycling-Minneapolis-2007-03-02.jpg|thumb|alt=Person on a bike waiting at a stoplight in the snow.|A cyclist in winter]]
Minneapolis has {{convert|16|mi|km}} of on-street protected bikeways, {{convert|98|mi|km}} of bike lanes and {{convert|101|mi|km}} of off-street bikeways and trails.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.minneapolismn.gov/getting-around/bicycling/ |title = Minneapolis bicycling facts |access-date = December 12, 2022 |publisher = City of Minneapolis |archive-date = December 12, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221212220742/https://www.minneapolismn.gov/getting-around/bicycling/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Off-street facilities include the [[Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway]], [[Midtown Greenway]], [[Little Earth Trail]], [[Hiawatha LRT Trail]], [[Kenilworth Trail]], and [[Cedar Lake Trail]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Trails & Parkways |url = https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks__destinations/trails__parkways/ |access-date = December 14, 2020 |publisher = [[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]] |archive-date = August 16, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210816132636/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks__destinations/trails__parkways/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Replacing [[Nice Ride Minnesota|Nice Ride]] in 2023, for part of the year [[Lime (transportation company)|Lime]], [[Spin (company)|Spin]] and Veo had bicycles and scooters for rent with an app.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-bikes-scooters-for-rent-again-starting-this-week/600266284/|title=Minneapolis bikes, scooters for rent again starting this week|author=''Star Tribune'' staff|date=April 11, 2023|access-date=April 12, 2023|work=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=April 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412003111/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-bikes-scooters-for-rent-again-starting-this-week/600266284/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2007, the [[I-35W Mississippi River bridge|Interstate 35W bridge]] over the Mississippi, which was overloaded with {{Convert|300|ST|kg}} of repair materials, collapsed, killing 13 people and injuring 145. The [[I-35W Saint Anthony Falls Bridge|bridge was rebuilt]] in 14 months.<ref>{{cite news |title = 10 Years After Bridge Collapse, America Is Still Crumbling |url = https://www.npr.org/2017/08/01/540669701/10-years-after-bridge-collapse-america-is-still-crumbling |date = August 1, 2017 |author = Schaper, David |access-date = January 18, 2021 |work = [[NPR]] |archive-date = August 23, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210823233552/https://www.npr.org/2017/08/01/540669701/10-years-after-bridge-collapse-america-is-still-crumbling |url-status = live }}</ref>
Evie Carshare, owned by Minneapolis and Saint Paul since 2022, is a fleet of 145 electric cars available for one-way trips in a {{convert|35|sqmi|sqkm|adj=on}} area of the Twin Cities.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://hourcar.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2022-HOURCAR-Evie-Impact-Report-Online-FINAL.pdf|title=Impact Report|date=2022|access-date=November 18, 2023|publisher=HOURCAR|archive-date=December 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202140712/http://hourcar.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2022-HOURCAR-Evie-Impact-Report-Online-FINAL.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In warm weather, [[Lime (transportation company)|Lime]] and Veo have shared electric bikes and scooters for rent at sixty mobility hubs located on transit lines; riders may end their trip anywhere in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolismn.gov/news/2024/may/bikes-scooters/|title=Shared bike and scooter season returns to Minneapolis|access-date=July 26, 2024|date=May 16, 2024|publisher=City of Minneapolis|archive-date=May 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524082843/https://www.minneapolismn.gov/news/2024/may/bikes-scooters/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[Minneapolis Skyway System]], {{convert|9.5|mi|km}} of enclosed pedestrian bridges called [[skyway]]s, links 80 city blocks downtown with access to second-floor restaurants, retailers, government, sports facilities, doctor's offices and other businesses that are open on weekdays.<ref>{{cite web |publisher = Meet Minneapolis |title = Your Guide to the Minneapolis Skyway System |url = https://www.minneapolis.org/map-transportation/minneapolis-skyway-guide/ |access-date = February 3, 2023 |archive-date = August 1, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210801114806/https://www.minneapolis.org/map-transportation/minneapolis-skyway-guide/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
Minneapolis has {{convert|16|mi|km}} of on-street protected bikeways, {{convert|98|mi|km}} of bike lanes, and {{convert|101|mi|km}} of off-street bikeways and trails.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.minneapolismn.gov/getting-around/bicycling/ |title = Minneapolis bicycling facts |access-date = December 12, 2022 |publisher = City of Minneapolis |archive-date = December 12, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221212220742/https://www.minneapolismn.gov/getting-around/bicycling/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Off-street facilities include the [[Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway]], [[Midtown Greenway]], [[Little Earth Trail]], [[Hiawatha LRT Trail]], [[Kenilworth Trail]], and [[Cedar Lake Trail]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Trails & Parkways |url = https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks__destinations/trails__parkways/ |access-date = December 14, 2020 |publisher = [[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]] |archive-date = August 16, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210816132636/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks__destinations/trails__parkways/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[Minneapolis Skyway System]], {{convert|9.5|mi|km}} of enclosed pedestrian bridges called [[skyway]]s, links 80 city blocks downtown with access to second-floor restaurants, retailers, government, sports facilities, doctor's offices, and other businesses that are open on weekdays.<ref>{{cite web |publisher = Meet Minneapolis |title = Your Guide to the Minneapolis Skyway System |url = https://www.minneapolis.org/map-transportation/minneapolis-skyway-guide/ |access-date = February 3, 2023 |archive-date = August 1, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210801114806/https://www.minneapolis.org/map-transportation/minneapolis-skyway-guide/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Fifteen commercial passenger airlines serve [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport]] (MSP).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mspairport.com/flights-and-airlines|access-date=April 22, 2023|title=Flights & Airlines|publisher=[[Metropolitan Airports Commission]]|archive-date=April 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422150550/https://www.mspairport.com/flights-and-airlines|url-status=live}}</ref> MSP is the headquarters of [[Sun Country Airlines]].<ref name=MSP>{{cite news |title = Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport on track for third annual passenger record in a row |url = https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2019/12/12/minneapolis-st-paul-international-airport-on-track.html |work = [[Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal]]|publisher=[[American City Business Journals]] |author = Thomas, Dylan |date = December 12, 2019 |access-date = January 18, 2021 |archive-date = June 4, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210604210509/https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2019/12/12/minneapolis-st-paul-international-airport-on-track.html |url-status = live }}</ref> After it merged with [[Northwest Airlines]] in 2009, [[Delta Air Lines]] flew 80% percent of the airport's traffic,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolis.org/map-transportation/delta-airlines/|title=Delta Air Lines|access-date=April 22, 2023|publisher=Meet Minneapolis|archive-date=April 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422145648/https://www.minneapolis.org/map-transportation/delta-airlines/|url-status=live}}</ref> and MSP was Delta's second-largest US hub.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delta's new station chief works to build back MSP hub after pandemic|url=https://www.startribune.com/deltas-new-station-chief-works-to-build-back-msp-hub-after-pandemic/600069969/|last=Painter|first=Kristen Leigh|date=June 19, 2021|access-date=April 22, 2023|work=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=April 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422150523/https://www.startribune.com/deltas-new-station-chief-works-to-build-back-msp-hub-after-pandemic/600069969/|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Services and utilities ===
[[File:Minneapolis DID Ambassador.JPG|thumb|upright=.7|alt=WaistWoman highin portrait of young woman wearing electric green shirt and navy blue baseball cap standinguniform on Marquette Av downtown|Downtown Improvement District ambassador]]
[[Xcel Energy]] supplies electricity,<ref name=CEP>{{cite web|title=About the Partnership|url=https://mplscleanenergypartnership.org/about/|access-date=April 19, 2023|publisher=Minneapolis Clean Energy Partnership|archive-date=April 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419195348/https://mplscleanenergypartnership.org/about/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[CenterPoint Energy]] provides gas.<ref name=CEP /> The water supply is managed by four [[drainage basin|watershed]] districts that correspond with the Mississippi and three streams that are river tributaries.<ref>{{cite report|date=December 14, 2021|pages=3-11, 3-25|title=Water Resources Management Plan|url=https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/departments/Water-Resources-Management-Plan-Report.pdf|publisher=City of Minneapolis|access-date=April 6, 2023|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406224257/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/departments/Water-Resources-Management-Plan-Report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
Line 788:
The city has nineteen [[fire station]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolismn.gov/government/departments/fire/fire-station-locations/|title=Fire station locations|access-date=July 20, 2023|publisher=City of Minneapolis|archive-date=July 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720152748/https://www.minneapolismn.gov/government/departments/fire/fire-station-locations/|url-status=live}}</ref> Requests for non-emergency information or service requests can be made through Minneapolis [[3-1-1|311]]. The call center operates in English, Spanish, Hmong, and Somali, and offers 220 language options.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stories.opengov.com/y0fJMflmU/published/undefined|title=311|publisher=City of Minneapolis|via=OpenGov|access-date=September 6, 2023|archive-date=September 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906180902/https://stories.opengov.com/y0fJMflmU/published/undefined|url-status=live}}</ref> Email, TTY, text, voice, and a mobile app can access the center.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolismn.gov/contact-us/|title=Contact 311|access-date=September 6, 2023|publisher=City of Minneapolis|archive-date=September 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906181135/https://www.minneapolismn.gov/contact-us/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Minneapolis Departmentdepartment of Publicpublic Worksworks is responsible for services including snow plowing, solid waste removal, traffic and parking, water treatment, transportation planning and maintenance, and fleet services for the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/government/departments/public-works/info/|title=What we do|access-date=August 20, 2023|publisher=City of Minneapolis|archive-date=August 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820143820/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/government/departments/public-works/info/|url-status=live}}</ref> Among its engineering functions, the department was increasing the capacity of a {{convert|4200|ft|m|adj=on}} [[storm drain|storm water tunnel]] system {{convert|80|ft|m|adj=off}} under Washington to Chicago Avenues,avenues and had completed 97 percent of the excavation phase and 41 percent of the lining phase as of August 2023.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MPLS/bulletins/3698229|publisher=City of Minneapolis|via=Granicus|access-date=August 20, 2023|title=Minneapolis Central City Tunnel: Project overview|date=August 7, 2023|archive-date=August 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820143820/https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MPLS/bulletins/3698229|url-status=live}}</ref> Designed for downtown's concrete landscape, the system will drain runoff into the Mississippi in case of a [[100-year flood|100-year storm]].<ref name=Vue>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/a-peek-down-into-the-new-tunnels-below-minneapolis/600196305/|last=Vue|first=Katelyn|date=August 6, 2022|access-date=August 20, 2023|title=Underground army tunnels under downtown to expand Minneapolis stormwater system|work=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=August 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820151954/https://www.startribune.com/a-peek-down-into-the-new-tunnels-below-minneapolis/600196305/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Downtown Improvement District ambassadors, who are identified by their blue-and-green-yellow fluorescent jackets, daily patrol a 120-block area of downtown to greet and assist visitors, remove trash, monitor property, and call police when they are needed. The ambassador program is a [[public-private partnership]] that is paid for by a special downtown tax district.<ref>{{Cite news |last = St. Anthony |first = Neal |date = May 2, 2020 |title = 'Ambassadors' ready downtown for gradual return of workers with long list of projects |work = [[Star Tribune]] |url = https://www.startribune.com/mpls-downtown-ambassadors-prepare-for-gradual-return-of-workers-visitors/570101112/ |access-date = February 22, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201129011120/https://www.startribune.com/mpls-downtown-ambassadors-prepare-for-gradual-return-of-workers-visitors/570101112/ |archive-date = November 29, 2020 |url-status = live }}</ref>
=== Health care ===
{{seeSee also|COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota|COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota#Economy}}
[[File:051907-003-HCMC.jpg|thumb|alt=Four -story cement colored pillars frame building with black windows, seen from across the street, three cars in front|[[Hennepin County Medical Center]] has the state's busiest emergency room.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/inside-hcmc-minnesotas-busiest-er-the-trauma-of-dealing-with-trauma-never-stops/600304582/|title=Inside Minnesota's busiest ER, the trauma of dealing with trauma never stops|last=Forgrave|first=Reid|date=September 15, 2023|access-date=September 15, 2023|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=September 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917222235/https://www.startribune.com/inside-hcmc-minnesotas-busiest-er-the-trauma-of-dealing-with-trauma-never-stops/600304582/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[Abbott Northwestern Hospital]], [[Children's Minnesota]], [[Hennepin County Medical Center|Hennepin Healthcare]], [[M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital]], [[M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Medical Center]], [[M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Medical Center]], [[Minneapolis VA Medical Center]], and [[Phillips Eye Institute]] serve the city.<ref>{{cite web |title = Individual Hospital Statistics for Minnesota |url = https://www.ahd.com/states/hospital_MN.html |publisher =American Hospital Directory, Inc.|date = September 26, 2022 |access-date = February 3, 2023 |archive-date = February 3, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230203203527/https://www.ahd.com/states/hospital_MN.html |url-status = live }}</ref>
Hennepin County Medical Center, a public [[teaching hospital]] and [[Level I trauma center]],<ref name=HH>{{cite web|title=Hennepin Healthcare|url=https://mn.gov/projsrch/hennepin-healthcare.html|publisher=State of Minnesota|work=Minnesota Project Search|access-date=April 19, 2023|archive-date=April 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419181104/https://mn.gov/projsrch/hennepin-healthcare.html|url-status=live}}</ref> opened in 1887 as City Hospital.<ref>{{cite web |title = The History of Emergency Medicine at Hennepin |url = https://hennepinem.com/emergency-department/history/ |publisher = [[Hennepin County Medical Center]] |access-date = February 3, 2023 |archive-date = February 3, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230203223034/https://hennepinem.com/emergency-department/history/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The city is also served by [[Abbott Northwestern Hospital]], [[Children's Minnesota]], and University of Minnesota and veterans medical centers.<ref>{{cite web |title = Individual Hospital Statistics for Minnesota |url = https://www.ahd.com/states/hospital_MN.html |publisher =American Hospital Directory, Inc.|date = September 26, 2022 |access-date = February 3, 2023 |archive-date = February 3, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230203203527/https://www.ahd.com/states/hospital_MN.html |url-status = live }}</ref>
[[Cardiac surgery]] was developed at the university's Variety Club Heart Hospital,{{sfn|Jeffrey|2001|loc=p. 59}} where by 1957, more than 200 patients—most of whom were children—had survived open-heart operations.{{sfn|Jeffrey|2001|loc=p. 61}} Working with surgeon [[C. Walton Lillehei]], [[Medtronic]] began to build portable and implantable [[cardiac pacemaker]]s about this time.{{sfn|Jeffrey|2001|loc=p. 65}}
[[Cardiac surgery]] was developed at the University of Minnesota's [[M_Health_Fairview_University_of_Minnesota_Masonic_Children's_Hospital#History|Variety Club Heart Hospital]].{{sfn|Jeffrey|2001|loc=p. 59}} Surgeon [[F. John Lewis]] repaired a child's [[congenital heart defect]] successfully in 1952.{{sfn|Goss|2005|p=S2210}} By 1957, more than 200 patients—most of whom were children—had survived open-heart surgery.{{sfn|Jeffrey|2001|loc=p. 61}} Working with surgeon [[C. Walton Lillehei]], [[Medtronic]] began to build portable and implantable [[cardiac pacemaker]]s about this time.{{sfn|Jeffrey|2001|loc=p. 65}}
Hennepin Healthcare, a public [[teaching hospital]] and [[Level I trauma center]],<ref name=HH>{{cite web|title=Hennepin Healthcare|url=https://mn.gov/projsrch/hennepin-healthcare.html|publisher=State of Minnesota|work=Minnesota Project Search|access-date=April 19, 2023|archive-date=April 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419181104/https://mn.gov/projsrch/hennepin-healthcare.html|url-status=live}}</ref> opened in 1887 as City Hospital, and has been known as Minneapolis General Hospital, Hennepin County General Hospital, and Hennepin County Medical Center or HCMC.<ref>{{cite web |title = The History of Emergency Medicine at Hennepin |url = https://hennepinem.com/emergency-department/history/ |publisher = [[Hennepin County Medical Center]] |access-date = February 3, 2023 |archive-date = February 3, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230203223034/https://hennepinem.com/emergency-department/history/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
In 20212022, opioid overdoses killed 197231 peoplepersons in Minneapolis.<ref name=cityopioids>{{cite web|url=https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/government/departments/health/current-concerns/opioids/|title=Opioids|access-date=OctoberJuly 510, 20232024|publisher=City of Minneapolis: Minneapolis Health Department|archive-date=October 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006211557/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/government/departments/health/current-concerns/opioids/|url-status=live}}</ref> For the state in 2021, Black persons were three times and Native American persons were ten times more likely to die from an opioid overdose than White persons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/opioids/opioid-dashboard|title=Drug Overdose Dashboard|access-date=October 6, 2023|publisher=[[Minnesota Department of Health]]|archive-date=October 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001161615/https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/opioids/opioid-dashboard|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|A The''[[Sahan mayorJournal]]''s proposedinvestigation 2024covering budgetthe addedstate fundsfrom for2019 theto Turning2023 Pointfound treatmentthat "Native centerAmericans were at least 15 times", thatSomali providesMinnesotans carewere specificallytwice foras Africanlikely, Americansand "Latino Minnesotans were 1.<ref>{{cite5 news|title=Minneapolistimes" as likely to investdie infrom culturallyopioid specificoverdoses recoverythan programmingWhite persons.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kare11sahanjournal.com/article/news/health/minneapolisminnesota-recoveryopioid-programming/89fentanyl-342968b1overdose-1deddeaths-4705-bf94-b51d441b81fbrace/|lastwork=Edwards[[Sahan Journal]]|firstfirst2=KiyaCynthia|datelast2=OctoberTu|first1=Sheila|last1=Mulrooney 5, 2023Eldred|access-datetitle=OctoberOverlooked: 5,Who 2023suffers the most from the opioid epidemic in Minnesota?|workdate=[[KARE-TV]]July 2024|archiveaccess-date=MarchJuly 2010, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320202936/https://www.kare11.com/article/news/health/minneapolis-recovery-programming/89-342968b1-1ded-4705-bf94-b51d441b81fb|url-status=live}}</ref>}} The 2024 city budget added funds for the Turning Point treatment center, which provides care specifically for African Americans.<ref name=budget2004 /> The [[Red Lake Band of Chippewa]] is building a culturally sensitive treatment center for opioid and fentanyl addiction. Minneapolis transferred two city-owned properties to the Red Lake Nation for the facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=Minneapolis announces plans to transfer land to Red Lake Nation|url=https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-announces-plans-to-transfer-land-to-red-lake-nation/600306579/|last=Jackson|first=Zoë|date=September 21, 2023|access-date=October 5, 2023|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=October 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006211553/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-announces-plans-to-transfer-land-to-red-lake-nation/600306579/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lims.minneapolismn.gov/MarkedAgenda/Council/4164|title=Marked Agenda: Minneapolis City Council Agenda, Regular Meeting|date=October 5, 2023|access-date=October 5, 2023|publisher=City of Minneapolis|archive-date=October 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006211554/https://lims.minneapolismn.gov/MarkedAgenda/Council/4164|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Mashkiki Waakaa'igan Pharmacy—funded by the [[Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa]]—dispenses free prescription drugs and culturally sensitive care to members of any federally recognized tribes living in Hennepin and Ramsey counties, regardless of insurance status.<ref name=KFF>{{cite news|title=Tribal Pharmacy Dispenses Free Meds and Fills Gaps for Native Americans in the City|url=https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/tribal-pharmacy-native-americans-minneapolis/|last1=Huggins|first1=Katherine|last2=Mueller|first2=Julia|date=May 24, 2022|access-date=May 13, 2023|work=[[KFF Health News]]|publisher=[[Kaiser Family Foundation|KFF]]|archive-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513135728/https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/tribal-pharmacy-native-americans-minneapolis/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Line 831 ⟶ 829:
* [[List of tallest buildings in Minneapolis]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Hennepin County, Minnesota]]
* [[USS Minneapolis (disambiguation)|USS ''Minneapolis'']], 4 ships (including 2 as ''Minneapolis-SaintMinneapolis–Saint Paul'')
{{clear}}
Line 844 ⟶ 842:
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last = Anderson |first = Gary Clayton |title = Massacre in Minnesota: The Dakota War of 1862, the Most Violent Ethnic Conflict in American History |publisher = [[University of Oklahoma Press]] |date = 2019 |isbn = 978-0-8061-6434-2 }}
* {{cite book|first1=John O.|last1=Anfinson|first2=Thomas|last2=Madigan|first3=Drew M.|last3=Forsberg|first4=Patrick|last4=Nunnally|title=River of history: a historic resources study|url = https://www.nps.gov/miss/learn/historyculture/river-of-hisory-chapter-6.htm |chapter=St. Anthony Falls: Timber, Flour and Electricity |publisher = St. Paul District, [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|U.S. Corps of Engineers]]|via=US National Park Service|date=2003|access-date=April 21, 2023 }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last = Atwater |editor1-first = Isaac |editor-link=Isaac Atwater|title = History of the City of Minneapolis, Minnesota |publisher = Munsell & Company |date = 1893 |oclc = 22047580 |volume = 1 |url = https://archive.org/details/historycityminn00atwagoog |via = Internet Archive |ref = none }}
:* {{cite book|last1=Baldwin|first1=Rufus J.|chapter=Early Settlement|title=History of the City of Minneapolis, Minnesota|pages=29–48|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/historycityminn00atwagoog/page/29/mode/2up|date=1893|ref={{harvid|Baldwin|1893a}}}}
* {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eTpnyr2Z0moC&pg=PA139 |last1 = Barlow |first1 = Philip |last2 = Silk |first2 = Mark |title = Religion and Public Life in the Midwest: America's Common Denominator? |publisher = [[Rowman Altamira]] |date = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-7591-0631-4 }}
* {{cite book |first = Theodore Christian |last = Blegen |author-link=Theodore C. Blegen|title = Minnesota: A History of the State |date = 1975|orig-date=1963 |publisher = [[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn = 978-0-8166-0754-9}}
* {{cite book|title=[[The_Years_of_Lyndon_Johnson#Book_Three:_Master_of_the_Senate_(2002)|Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson]]|volume=3|last=Caro|first=Robert A.|author-link=Robert Caro|date=2002|publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-394-52836-6}}
* {{cite book|author-link=David Mark Chalmers |page = [https://archive.org/details/hoodedamericanis00chal/page/149 149] |title = Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan |publisher = [[Duke University Press]] |last = Chalmers |first = David Mark |date = 1987 |isbn = 978-0-8223-0772-3 |url = https://archive.org/details/hoodedamericanis00chal |url-access = registration |access-date = March 5, 2023 }}
* {{cite book|title=Heyday: 35 Years of Music in Minneapolis|first2=Danny (text)|last2=Sigelman|last1=Corrigan|first1=Daniel (photos)|year=2018|isbn=978-1-68134-123-1|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society Press]]}}
* {{cite book|title=Moon. Minneapolis & St. Paul|last=Cornell|first=Tricia|date=2016|publisher=[[Avalon Travel]]|isbn=978-1-63121-272-7|edition=3rd}}
* {{cite book |last1 = Davis |first1 = Julie L. |title = Survival Schools: The American Indian Movement and Community Education in the Twin Cities |date = 2013 |publisher = [[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn = 978-0-8166-7429-9 }}
*{{cite book|last=DeCarlo|first=Peter|title=Fort Snelling at Bdote: A Brief History, Newly Annotated|date=2020|isbn=978-1-68134-171-2|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society Press]]}}
* {{cite book|title=A History of Minnesota|last=Folwell|first=William Watts|author-link=William Watts Folwell|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|volume=2|date=1921|url=https://archive.org/embeddetails/historyofminneso02folw|via=[[Internet Archive]]|oclc=12778263}}
* {{cite book |last1 = Fremling |first1 = Calvin R. |title = Immortal River: The Upper Mississippi in Ancient and Modern Times |date = 2005 |publisher = [[University of Wisconsin Press]] |isbn = 978-0-299-20294-1}}
* {{cite book |title =Hubert The AmericanH. CityHumphrey: What Works,The WhatPolitics Doesn't |edition = 3rd |page = 75of Joy|last = GarvinGarrettson|first=AlexanderCharles Lloyd|author-link date= Alexander Garvin 1993|date isbn= 2013 978-1-4128-2559-7|publisher = [[McGraw-HillTransaction EducationPublishers]] |isbn = 978-0-07-180162-1 }}
* {{cite book |title = The American City: What Works, What Doesn't |edition = 3rd |last = Garvin|first=Alexander |author-link = Alexander Garvin |date = 2013 |publisher = [[McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn = 978-0-07-180162-1 }}
* {{cite book |title = An Introduction to Economic History |last = Gras |first = Norman Scott Brien |date = 1922 |publisher = [[Harper & Brothers]] |isbn = 978-0-598-78089-8 }}
* {{cite book |last = Gray |first = James |publisher = [[University of Minnesota Press]] |date = 1954 |lccn = 54-10286 |title = Business without Boundary: The Story of General Mills }}
* {{cite book|chapter=Fifty-five Theaters in the Twin Cities Metro|pages=455–484|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society Press]]|date=September 15, 2015|title=Offstage Voices: Life in Twin Cities Theater|last=Guilfoyle|first=Peg|isbn=978-0-87351-971-7}}
* {{cite book|title=Their splendid legacy: the first 100 years of the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts|last=Hess|first=Jeffrey A.|date=1985|publisher=Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts|url=https://archive.org/details/theirsplendidleg0000hess|url-access=registration|isbn=978-0-912964-17-1 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last = Holmquist |editor-first = June D. |title = They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups |publisher = [[Minnesota Historical Society Press]] |date = 1981 |isbn = 0-87351-231-6 |ref= none}}
:* {{cite book |last = Taylor |first = David Vassar |chapter = The Blacks|pages = 73–91|date=1981|title = They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups}}
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* {{cite book|title=The Falls of St. Anthony: The Waterfall That Built Minneapolis|last=Kane|first=Lucile M.|date=1987|orig-date=1966|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society Press]]|isbn=978-0-87351-205-3}}
* {{cite book |last = Jeffrey |first = Kirk |title = Machines in Our Hearts: The Cardiac Pacemaker, the Implantable Defibrillator, and American Health Care |publisher = [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |date = 2001 |isbn = 978-0-8018-6579-4 }}
* {{cite book|title=Minnesota Logging Railroads|last=King|first=Frank Alexander|date=2003|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|isbn=978-0-8166-4084-3|url=https://archive.org/details/minnesotalogging0000king}}
* {{cite book |title = Braiding Sweetgrass for Young Adults: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge, and the Teachings of Plants |last1=Kimmerer|first1= Robin Wall |last2=Smith|first2=Monique Gray |author1-link=Robin Wall Kimmerer|publisher = [[Zest Books]] |date = 2022 |isbn = 978-1-7284-5899-1}}
* {{cite book|title=Media Tales: Stories of Minnesota TV, Radio, Publications, and Personalities|last2=O'Meara|first2=Sheri|last1=Keller|first1=Martin|isbn = 978-0-9787956-2-7|publisher=D Media|date=2007}}
Line 877 ⟶ 878:
* {{cite book |title = Minnesota: A History |last = Lass |first = William E. |date = 2000 |edition = 2nd |isbn = 978-0-393-31971-2 |publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Company]] }}
* {{cite book|author=League of Women Voters|author-link=League of Women Voters|date=December 2002|title=Immigration in Minnesota: Challenges and Opportunities|publisher=The League of Women Voters Education Fund|isbn=978-1-877889-33-2}}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/earlydaysinminne00leonrich/earlydaysinminne00leonrich_djvu.txt|title=Full text of "Early days in Minneapolis"|last=Leonard|first=William E.|date=1915|oclc=1043031567|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite book|first1=Jerome|last1=Liebling|author1-link=Jerome Liebling|first2=Donal MacLachlan|last2=Morrison|title=The Face of Minneapolis|publisher=[[Dillon Press]]|date=1966|oclc=904082681}}
*{{cite book|title=The Language of Hunter-Gatherers|isbn=978-1-107-00368-2|date=2020|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|editor1-first=Patrick|editor1-last=McConvell|editor2-first=Richard A.|editor2-last=Rhodes|editor3-first=Tom|editor3-last=Güldemann}}
* {{cite book|author=The Minneapolis '76 Bicentennial Commission|date=1976|title=Minneapolis Frontiers, Firsts & Futures: A Bicentennial Commemorative Guide to the History of the City of Minneapolis|publisher=The Minneapolis '76 Bicentennial Commission|oclc=3804178}}
*{{cite book|title=Selling the Mill City: A Postcard Book|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society Press]]|year=2003|last=Minnesota Historical Society|author-link=Minnesota Historical Society|isbn=978-0-87351-460-6}}
* {{cite book |last = Millett |first = Larry |author-link = Larry Millett |title = AIA Guide to the Twin Cities: The Essential Source on the Architecture of Minneapolis and St. Paul |date = 2007 |publisher = [[Minnesota Historical Society Press]] |isbn = 978-0-87351-540-5 }}
* {{cite book |title = Digital State: The Story of Minnesota's Computing Industry |last = Misa |first = Thomas J. |date = 2013 |publisher = [[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn = 978-0-8166-8836-4 |doi = 10.5749/minnesota/9780816683314.001.0001 }}
* {{cite book|last=Murray |first=Charles J.|title=The Supermen: The Story of Seymour Cray and the Technical Wizards behind the Supercomputer|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year=1997|isbn=0-471-04885-2}}
* {{cite book |last = Cleveland |first = H. W. S.|author-link=Horace Cleveland |contributor1-last=Nadenicek|contributor2-last=Neckar|contributor1-first=Daniel J.|contributor2-first=Lance M.|contribution=Introduction|title = Landscape Architecture, as Applied to the Wants of the West; with an Essay on Forest Planting on the Great Plains |date = April 2002|orig-date=1873 |publisher = [[University of Massachusetts Press]] in association with Library of American Landscape History |isbn = 978-1-55849-330-8 }}
* {{cite book |last = Nathanson |first = Iric |title = Minneapolis in the Twentieth Century: The Growth of an American City |publisher = [[Minnesota Historical Society Press]] |isbn = 978-0-87351-725-6 |date = 2010 |url = https://archive.org/details/minneapolisintwe0000nath/ |url-access = registration}}
* {{cite book|title=The Eye for Innovation: Recognizing Possibilities and Managing the Creative Enterprise|last=Price|first=Robert M.|author-link=Robert M. Price (business executive)|date=November 11, 2005|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-10877-4}}
* {{cite book |title = The Complete Book of Colleges |year = 2014 |author = The Princeton Review|author-link=The Princeton Review |publisher = [[Random House]] |isbn = 978-0-8041-2520-8 }}
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* {{cite book | last=Risjord | first=Norman K. | author-link=Norman K. Risjord|title=A Popular History of Minnesota | publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society Press]] | date=2005 | isbn=978-0-87351-532-0 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/popularhistoryof0000risj }}
* {{cite book|title=City of Parks: The Story of Minneapolis Parks|last=Smith|first=David C.|date=2008|publisher=Foundation for Minneapolis Parks|isbn=978-0-615-19535-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Spangler|first=Earl|title=The Negro In Minnesota|publisher=T. S. Denison|date=1961|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b538878&seq=7|via=[[HathiTrust]]|oclc=644156212}}
* {{cite book|title=City of Lakes: An illustrated history of Minneapolis|last=Stipanovich|first=Joseph|publisher=Windsor Publications|isbn=978-0-89781-048-7|date=1982}}
* {{cite book|title=African Americans in Minnesota|last=Taylor|first=David Vassar|date=2002|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society Press]]|isbn=978-0-87351-653-2}}
Line 897:
* {{cite book|title=American City: A Rank-and-file History|first=Charles Rumford|last=Walker|author-link=Charles Rumford Walker|publisher= [[Farrar & Rinehart]]|date=1937|oclc=480952}}
* {{Cite book |title = Minneapolis: An Urban Biography |last = Weber |first = Tom |publisher = [[Minnesota Historical Society Press]] |date = 2022 |isbn = 978-1-68134-260-3 |edition = Updated }}
*{{cite book|title=[[Mni Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota]]|last1=Westerman|first1=Gwen|author1-link=Gwen Westerman|last2=White|first2=Bruce|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society Press]]|date=2012|isbn=978-0-87351-869-7}}
* {{cite book |title = An English-Dakota Dictionary. |publisher = [[Borealis Books]] |orig-date =1st pub. [[American Tract Society]] 1902 |last = Williamson|first=John P. (compiler)|author-link= John Poage Williamson|isbn=978-0-87351-283-1|date=1992}}
* {{cite book |title = North Country: The Making of Minnesota |last = Wingerd |first = Mary Lethert |publisher = [[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn = 978-0-8166-4868-9 |date = 2010 }}
Line 905:
=== Journal articles ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last = Anfinson |first = Scott F. |title = Archaeology of the Central Minneapolis Riverfront Part 2: Archaeological Explorations and Interpretive Potentials |url = http://www.fromsitetostory.org/sources/papers/mnarch49/49a-concl.asp |date = 1990 |journal = The Minnesota Archaeologist |volume = 49 |issue = 1–2 |access-date = January 7, 2021 |archive-date = August 23, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090823013027/http://www.fromsitetostory.org/sources/papers/mnarch49/49a-concl.asp |url-status = live |pages = i–143 }}
* {{cite journal|first1=Mark|last1=Bly|first2=Joel|last2=Schechter|title=The Guthrie: An Interview with Alvin Epstein and Michael Feingold|journal=Theater|date=November 1, 1979|volume=10|issue=3|pages=33–39|doi=10.1215/00440167-10-3-33|issn=1527-196X|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]}}
* {{cite journal|last=Clemmons|first=L.M.|date=2005|title="We Will Talk of Nothing Else": Dakota Interpretations of the Treaty of 1837|journal=Great Plains Quarterly|volume=25|issue=3|pages=173–185|jstor=23533608}}
* {{cite journal |title = Flour power: the significance of flour milling at the falls |url = http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/58/v58i05-06p270-285.pdf |last1 = Danbom |first1 = David B. |author-link = David B. Danbom |journal = [[Minnesota History (journal)|Minnesota History]] |pages = 270–285 |volume = 58 |issue = 5–6 |date = 2003 |jstor = 20188363 |archive-date = November 1, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131101194025/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/58/v58i05-06p270-285.pdf |url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal |title = 'Playground of the People'? Mapping Racial Covenants in Twentieth-Century Minneapolis |last1 = Delegard |first1 = Kirsten |last2 = Ehrman-Solberg |first2 = Kevin |date =Spring 2017 |issue = 6 |journal = Open Rivers: Rethinking the Mississippi |publisher = [[University of Minnesota]] |pages = 72–79 |doi = 10.24926/2471190X.2820 |doi-access = free | issn = 2471-190X }}
* {{cite journal|title=Lillehei, Lewis, and Wangensteen: the right mix for giant achievements in cardiac surgery|last=Goss|first=Vincent L.|date=June 2005|volume=79|issue=6|doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.02.078|pmid=15919253|pages=S2210-3|journal=[[The Annals of Thoracic Surgery]]}}
* {{cite journal |title = One Flag, One School, One Language: Minnesota's Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s |last1 = Hatle |first1 = Elizabeth Dorsey |first2 = Nancy M. |last2 = Vaillancourt |date = Winter 2009–2010 |url = http://collections.mnhs.org/mnhistorymagazine/articles/61/v61i08p360-371.pdf |journal = [[Minnesota History (journal)|Minnesota History]] |jstor = 40543955 |volume = 61 |issue = 8 |pages = 360–371 |access-date = July 5, 2018 |archive-date = June 24, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210624004230/http://collections.mnhs.org/mnhistorymagazine/articles/61/v61i08p360-371.pdf |url-status = live }}
* {{cite web|author=Hispanic Advocacy and Community Empowerment through Research (HACER)|date=June 1998|title=Realidades Latinas: Una Comunidad Vibrante Emerge en el Sur de Minneapolis|publisher=HACER|hdl=11299/3628|via=[[University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy]]|url=https://hdl.handle.net/11299/3628|access-date=March 27, 2023|ref={{harvid|HACER|1998}}}}
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* {{cite journal|last=Vollmar|first=Alice M.|title=Medical Mechanic|journal=[[World & I]]|date=2003|volume=18|issue=12|page=146|issn=0887-9346}}
* {{cite journal |doi = 10.1080/24694452.2022.2155606 |title = Making the City of Lakes: Whiteness, Nature, and Urban Development in Minneapolis |last1 = Walker |first1 = Rebecca H. |last2 = Ramer |first2 = Hannah |last3 = Derickson |first3 = Kate D. |last4 = Keeler |first4 = Bonnie L. |date = 2023 |journal = [[Annals of the American Association of Geographers]] |volume = 113 |issue = 7 |pages = 1615–1629 |bibcode = 2023AAAG..113.1615W |s2cid = 256754104 }}
* {{cite journal |url = http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/57/v57i02p086-097.pdf |journal = [[Minnesota History (journal)|Minnesota History]] |date =Summer 2000 |last1 = Watts |first1 = Alison |title = The technology that launched a city: scientific and technological innovations in flour milling during the 1870s in Minneapolis |jstor = 20188202 |volume = 57 |issue = 2 |pages = 86–97 |access-date = January 12, 2021 |archive-date = November 1, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131101194100/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/57/v57i02p086-097.pdf |url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal |date =Spring 1991 |title = 'Gentiles Preferred': Minneapolis Jews and Employment 1920–1950 |url = http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/52/v52i05p166-182.pdf |journal = [[Minnesota History (journal)|Minnesota History]] |last1 = Weber |first1 = Laura E. |access-date = March 5, 2023 |jstor = 20179243 |volume = 52 |issue = 5 |pages = 166–182 |archive-date = October 19, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121019112330/http://collections.mnhs.org/mnhistorymagazine/articles/52/v52i05p166-182.pdf }}
* {{cite journal|journal=[[Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide]]|title=Presentation Strategies in the American Gilded Age: One Case Study|url=http://www.19thc-artworldwide.org/autumn04/67-autumn04/autumn04article/294-presentation-strategies-in-the-american-gilded-age-one-case-study|date=Autumn 2004|access-date=April 14, 2023|last=Whitmore|first=Janet|issn=1543-1002|volume=3|issue=2|pages=113–130}}
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==Further reading==
{{Library resources box|about=yes|onlinebooksabout=yes|viaf=141350341}}
* {{cite book|title=Settler Colonial City: Racism and Inequity In Postwar Minneapolis|last=Hugill|first=David|date=2021|isbn=978-1-5179-0479-1|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]}}
* {{cite book|last1=Waziyatawin|author-link1=Waziyatawin|title=What Does Justice Look Like?: The Struggle For Liberation in Dakota Homeland|publisher=Living Justice Press|date=2008|edition=1|isbn=978-0-9721886-5-4}}
* {{cite news |url = http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/news/2015/02/24/about-miracle |date = February 24, 2015 |last1 = Lindeke |first1 = Bill |title = About that 'Miracle' |work = [[Twin Cities Daily Planet]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150225074946/http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/news/2015/02/24/about-miracle |archive-date = February 25, 2015 }}
* {{cite magazine|title=Why Minneapolis Was the Breaking Point|last=Lowery|first=Wesley|author-link=Wesley Lowery|date=June 10, 2020|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|publisher = Atlantic Monthly Group|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/06/wesley-lowery-george-floyd-minneapolis-black-lives/612391/}}