Line 155:
Purchasing most of modern-day Minneapolis, [[Zebulon Pike]] made the [[Treaty of St. Peters#1805 Treaty of St. Peters|1805 Treaty of St. Peter]] with the Dakota.{{efn|Because President Thomas Jefferson had not authorized Pike's trip, which was made at the behest of [[James Wilkinson]], the new governor of the Louisiana territory, Pike did not have the authority to make a treaty.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=14}} Pike valued the land at $200,000 in his journal but omitted the value in Article 2 of the treaty. Pike gave the chiefs {{convert|60|gal|l}} of liquor and $200 in gifts at the signing.{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=141}} In 1808, the US Senate authorized one hundredth of Pike's estimate and added acreage,{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=141}} paying $2,000 for the land in 1819.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=13}}}} Pike bought a {{convert|9|sqmi|sqkm|adj=on}} strip of land—coinciding with the sacred place of Dakota origin{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=15}}—on the Mississippi south of Saint Anthony Falls,{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=4}} with the agreement the US would build a military fort and trading post there and the Dakota would retain their land use rights.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=77}} In 1819, the [[United States Army|US Army]] built [[Fort Snelling]]<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.latimes.com/travel/la-xpm-2012-sep-16-la-tr-ftsnellingminnesota-20120916-story.html |last1 = Watson |first1 = Catherine |date = September 16, 2012 |access-date = December 27, 2019 |work = [[Los Angeles Times]] |title = Ft. Snelling: Citadel on a Minnesota bluff |archive-date = May 7, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507133632/https://www.latimes.com/travel/la-xpm-2012-sep-16-la-tr-ftsnellingminnesota-20120916-story.html |url-status = live }}</ref> to direct Native American trade away from British-Canadian traders, and to deter warring between the Dakota and [[Ojibwe]] in northern Minnesota.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=82}} The fort attracted traders, settlers, and merchants, spurring growth in the surrounding region. Agents of the St. Peters Indian Agency at the fort enforced the US policy of [[Cultural assimilation of Native Americans|assimilating Native Americans into mainstream American society]], asking them to give up subsistence hunting and cultivate the land.<ref name="mnhsFort" /> Missionaries encouraged Native Americans to convert from [[Native American religion|their religion]] to Christianity.<ref name="mnhsFort">{{cite web |url = https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/native-americans/us-indian-agency |title = Historic Fort Snelling: The US Indian Agency (1820–1853) |publisher = [[Minnesota Historical Society]] |access-date = December 27, 2019 |archive-date = August 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210814051357/https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/native-americans/us-indian-agency |url-status = live }}</ref>
Under pressure from US officials{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=4|loc="government officials put great pressure on Dakota leaders to be quick about signing a treaty..."}} in a series of treaties, the Dakota ceded their land—whichland they consider to be living (a [[Land#Culture|relative]], and not property){{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=133}}—firstfirst to the east, and then to the west of the Mississippi, the river that runs through Minneapolis.<ref name=MNtreaties>{{cite web|url=https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties/minnesota-treaties|title=Minnesota Treaties|date=August 14, 2012|access-date=November 16, 2023|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|archive-date=August 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825023515/http://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties/minnesota-treaties|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|In the 1851 [[Treaty of Traverse des Sioux]] and [[Treaty of Mendota]], the US took all Dakota land west of the Mississippi,{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=108}} about {{convert|24|e6acre}},{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=182}} in exchange for a {{convert|10|mi|km|adj=on}} wide reservation on the Minnesota River{{sfn|Folwell|1921|p=216}} and about $3 million {{USDCY|3000000|1851}}. Ater expenses, the Dakota were promised fifty years of annuities in goods{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=171}} and interest on $1,360,000 and $1,410,000; the US kept the principal.{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=30}} The Dakota could not read English, and their interpreters worked for the US.<ref name=MNtreaties /> In Mendota, negotiator [[Wacouta I|Wakute]] said he feared signing a treaty because the prior treaty was changed from the one he had signed.{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|pp=5, 188}} Indeed, the US Congress ratified amendments after the fact, and refused to consider payment unless the Dakota agreed to their new terms—in 1852 Congress struck the reservation from the final treaty.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=197}} Negotiators [[Bureau of Indian Affairs#Commissioners and assistant secretaries|Luke Lea]] and [[Alexander Ramsey]] had promised the Dakota they would prosper, and rushed the transaction.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|pp=189–192}} The chiefs were asked to sign a third paper in 1851—onlookers assumed it was a third copy of the treaty{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=180–181}}—that Ramsey later declared was a "solemn acknowledgment" of the Dakota's debt to traders.{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=191}} Ramsey, as territorial governor, enforced the trader's paper, distributing the monies to himself, [[Henry Hastings Sibley|Henry Sibley]], and their friends.{{sfn|Anderson|2019|loc=pp. 32–33. Anderson examined the Dousman Papers to formulate estimates of the funds that were diverted to White officials}}}} Dakota leaders twice refused to sign the next treaty until they were paid for the previous one.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|pp=187, 193}}In the space of sixty years, the US had seized all of Dakota land. In the decades following these treaty signings, the [[Federal government of the United States|federal US government]] rarely honored their terms.<ref>{{Cite web |title = Treaties |url = https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties |access-date = June 1, 2021 |date = July 31, 2012 |publisher = [[Minnesota Historical Society]] |quote = These treaties, which were almost wholly dishonored by the U.S. government... |archive-date = August 15, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210815133626/https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties |url-status = live }}</ref> After closing in 1858, the [[University of Minnesota]] was revived using land taken from the Dakota people under the [[Morrill Land-Grant Acts]] in 1862.<ref name="morillgrant">{{cite news | last=Vue | first=Katelyn | title=Over 150 years ago, tribal land revived the University. Now, American Indian leaders, students and faculty want this history addressed | newspaper=[[Minnesota Daily]] | date=July 7, 2020 | url=https://mndaily.com/255055/news/acmorrillact/ | access-date=November 25, 2023 | archive-date=November 25, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125170957/https://mndaily.com/255055/news/acmorrillact/ | url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|The Treaty of 1837 forced Dakota to make the largest land cession—all of their land east of the Mississippi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/great-university-land-grab|title=The great university land-grab|last=Almeroth-Williams|first=Tom|quote=The Treaty of 1837 gave 1,062,334 acres, more than any other land cession, to 33 LGUs|access-date=April 11, 2024|publisher=[[University of Cambridge]]}}</ref> Then the Dakota ceded more of their land in the Treaty of 1851.<ref name="Bhattacharya 2023 l546">{{cite news | last=Bhattacharya | first=Ananya | title=Native Americans are struggling to put a dollar value on how much "land-grab" universities owe them | newspaper=Quartz | date=July 10, 2023 | url=https://qz.com/native-americans-are-struggling-to-put-a-dollar-value-o-1850620896 | access-date=November 25, 2023 | archive-date=November 25, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125171143/https://qz.com/native-americans-are-struggling-to-put-a-dollar-value-o-1850620896 | url-status=live }}</ref>}}
[[File:Dakota-Interment-Pike Island.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Black and white photo of one end of an island covered with hundreds of teepees inside a stockade|Dakota non-combatants living in a [[concentration camp]] at [[Fort Snelling]] during the winter of 1862<ref name="Minnesota Historical Society 2015 w866">{{cite web | title=The US-Dakota War of 1862 | website=Minnesota Historical Society | date=November 23, 2015 | url=https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/us-dakota-war | access-date=April 13, 2024}}</ref>]]
|
Article Images