The year 1965 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy and space exploration
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- February 20 – Ranger 8 crashes into the Moon after a successful mission of photographing possible landing sites for the Apollo program astronauts.
- March 23 – NASA launches Gemini 3, the United States' first two-person space flight (crew: Gus Grissom and John Young).
- August 21 – NASA launches Gemini 5 (Gordon Cooper, Pete Conrad) on the first 1-week space flight, as well as the first test of fuel cells for electrical power on such a mission.
- November 16 – Venera program: The Soviet Union launches the Venera 3 space probe from Baikonur, Kazakhstan toward Venus. (On March 1, 1966, it becomes the first spacecraft to reach the surface of another planet).
- November 26 – At the Hammaguira launch facility in the Sahara Desert, France launches a Diamant-A rocket with its first satellite, Astérix-1 on board, becoming the third country to enter space.
- Discovery of NML Cygni, a red hypergiant and the largest star known, at about 1,650 times the Sun's radius.
- November 5 – US president Lyndon Johnson’s science advisory committee sends him a report entitled Restoring the Quality of Our Environment, the introduction to which states: "Pollutants have altered on a global scale the carbon dioxide content of the air and the lead concentrations in ocean waters and human populations."[7]
History of science and technology
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Physiology and medicine
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- March 30 – Philip Showalter Hench (born 1896), American physician, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1950.
- July 9 – Louis Harold Gray (born 1905), English physicist, inventor of the field of radiobiology.
- August 28 – Giulio Racah (born 1909), Israeli physicist.
- September 4 – Albert Schweitzer (born 1875), Alsatian medical missionary.
- September 20 – Arthur Holmes (born 1890), English geologist.
- October 12 – Paul Hermann Müller (born 1899), Swiss chemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948.
- November 11 – Ronald Hatton (born 1886), English pomologist.
- December 11 – George Constantinescu (born 1881), Romanian-born engineer.
- ^ Cohen, Barry M. (1965). "The descent of Lysenko". The Journal of Heredity. 56 (5): 229–233. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107425.
- ^ Joravsky, David (1970). The Lysenko Affair. Russian Research Center studies, 61. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-53985-0.
- ^ Zuckerkandl, E.; Pauling, L. (1965). "Evolutionary Divergence and Convergence in Proteins". In Bryson, B.; Vogel, H. (eds.). Evolving Genes and Proteins. New York: Academic Press. pp. 97–166.
- ^ Morgan, Gregory J. (1998). "Emile Zuckerkandl, Linus Pauling, and the Molecular Evolutionary Clock, 1959-1965". Journal of the History of Biology. 31 (2): 155–178. doi:10.1023/A:1004394418084. PMID 11620303. S2CID 5660841.
- ^ Kwolek, Stephanie; Mera, Hiroshi; Takata, Tadahiko (2002). "High-Performance Fibers". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_001. ISBN 3527306730.
- ^ "Wholly Aromatic Carbocyclic Polycarbonamide Fiber". 1974-06-25. Archived from the original on 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2012-03-02. US patent #3819587.
- ^ "Scientists warned the US president about global warming 50 years ago today". The Guardian. 2015-11-05. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
- ^ "The CDC 6600 arrives at CERN". Timeline – Computing at CERN. Geneva: CERN. 1965-01-14. Retrieved 2019-10-20.
- ^ Jones, Douglas W. "The Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-8". Retrieved 2012-05-08.
- ^ Moore, Gordon E. (19 April 1965). "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits" (PDF). Electronics. 38 (8). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2008. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
- ^ "Excerpts from A Conversation with Gordon Moore: Moore's Law" (PDF). Intel. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
- ^ "1965 – "Moore's Law" Predicts the Future of Integrated Circuits". Computer History Museum. 2007. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
- ^ "Ever more from Moore". The Economist. 18 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
- ^ Ax, James; Kochen, Simon (1965). "Diophantine problems over local fields, I". American Journal of Mathematics. 87 (3): 605–630. doi:10.2307/2373065. JSTOR 2373065.
- ^ Cooley, James W.; Tukey, John W. (1965). "An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex Fourier series". Mathematics of Computation. 19 (90): 297–301. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1965-0178586-1. ISSN 0025-5718. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
- ^ Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas You Really Need to Know. London: Quercus. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
- ^ Penrose, Roger (January 1965). "Gravitational Collapse and Space-Time Singularities". Physical Review Letters. 14 (3): 57–59. Bibcode:1965PhRvL..14...57P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.57.
- ^ Angelman, Harvey (1965). "'Puppet' Children: A report of three cases". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 7 (6): 681–688. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1965.tb07844.x. S2CID 53730099.
- ^ "History". Crewe: Whitby Morrison. Retrieved 2012-07-12.
- ^ Whitby, Stuart; Earnshaw, Alan (1999). Fifty Years of Ice Cream Vehicles, 1949–99. Appleby: Trans-Pennine. ISBN 978-1-903016-08-4.
- ^ U.S. patent 3,387,396