er - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Mimetic (sound of hesitation)
er
- Said when hesitating in speech.
2012, Linda Miller, Desire and Destiny:
If he—er—disappears—well, it seems to me that we'd both benefit.
- 2019 December 10, Yacht Club Games, "Story" (Mona), in Shovel Knight Showdown (version 4.1), Nintendo Switch:
Liquid Samurai: 'FORMLESS AND INFINITE ARE WE, THE LIQUID SAMURAI. I SERVE MY QUEEN, AS WE HAVE FOR COUNTLESS--' / Mona: 'HEY, I DON'T MEAN TO INTERRUPT, BUT YOU SEEM LIKE YOU'RE MADE OF POWERFUL STUFF. CAN I, ER, STUDY YOU?'
er (third-person singular simple present ers, present participle erring, simple past and past participle erred)
- (informal) To utter the word "er" when hesitating in speech, found in the phrase um and er.
He ummed and erred his way through the presentation.
er (plural ers)
- The name of the Cyrillic script letter Р / р.
er (plural erre or ers, diminutive erretjie)
- The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.
From Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz. Cognate with German er.
er m
Alemannic German personal pronouns
nominative | accusative | dative | possessive m | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | ich, i | mich, mi | mir, mier, mer | min, miin | |
2nd person singular | familiar | du | dich, di | dir, dier, der | din, diin |
polite | Si | Ine, Ene, -ne | Ire | ||
3rd person singular | m | er | in, en | im | sin, siin |
f | si | ire | |||
n | es, 's, -s | im | sin, siin | ||
1st person plural | mir, mer | üs, öis, ois, eus | üse, öise, oise, euse | ||
2nd person plural | ir, ier | öi, eu | öie, eure | ||
3rd person plural | si | ine, ene, -ne | ire |
From Middle High German er, from Old High German er (“he”). Cognate with German er.
er
er
From Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ (“he, it”), from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he, she, it, they”). Cognate with German er.
er
Personal pronouns | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
1st person | i | biar |
2nd person | du | iar |
3rd person | er, si, 'z | se |
- “er” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“in front”). See Welsh er.
er
- er kov (“in memory of”)
- erbynn (“by, against”)
- mos er y bynn (“address”)
From Old Cornish er, from Proto-Celtic *eriros (“eagle”) (compare Breton erer, Welsh eryr, Old Irish *irar), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃érō (“large bird”).
- (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA(key): [ɛːr]
- (Revived Late Cornish) IPA(key): [eːr]
From Middle Cornish er, borrowed from Middle English eir, from Anglo-Norman heir, from Latin hērēs.
er m (plural erys)
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “related to arlais? not in GM”)
er m (dual dewer, plural eryow)
From Proto-Celtic *sagro-. Cognate with Welsh haer.
er m
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
er
- Soft mutation of ger.
er
er n (indeclinable)
- The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.
From Old Danish ær, Proto-Germanic *izum, *izud, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”). The infinitive of the verb (være) is from a different PIE root; the present tense is suppletive.
er
Weak form of der, the unstressed form of daar ("there")
er
- there (unspecific to distance)
- (with a preposition) it; him, her, them
Ik heb ermee gewerkt.
- I have worked with it/them.
Je kunt er de bergen boven zien.
- You can see the mountains above it/them.
- Er is an unstressed variety of hier and daar, used when it is not needed to emphasize the specific location relative to the speaker.
- With a preposition, er is used instead of hem, haar, het, ze to create a pronominal adverb. See also Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs.
- Petjo: d'r
From Old Dutch iro, genitive of the personal pronoun (3rd person plural).
er
er
- third-person singular indicative present of vera
Hann er skipari.
- He is a captain/skipper.
Hon er úr Føroyum.
- She is from the Faroe Islands.
Tað er í ordan.
- It's all right.
From Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ, from Proto-Germanic *iz. In northern Middle High German and Old High German there also existed forms with initial h-, namely Middle High German her, Old High German her, from Proto-Germanic *hiz, whence Central Franconian hä and (from the accusative) Luxembourgish hien. Compare English he. The unusual spelling ih- in the forms ihm, ihn is not related to this. It was introduced in early modern German to distinguish these forms from im, in (when *iem, *ien could have been read as *jem, *jen).
er
- (personal) he.
- Wo ist Klaus? Wo ist er? ― Where is Klaus? Where is he?
- Dies ist mein Hund. Er heißt Waldi. ― This is my dog. His name is Waldi.
- (personal) it (when the grammatical gender of the object/article/thing/animal etc., being referred to, is masculine (der)).
- Dort steht ein Baum. Er ist über hundert Jahre alt. ― There stands a tree. It is more than 100 years old.
- (personal) she (when the grammatical gender of the noun being referred to and designating a female person, is masculine (der)).
- Im Frauengefängnis versuchte ein Häftling zu flüchten, aber er kam nicht weit. ― In the women’s prison, an inmate tried to escape, but she didn’t get very far.
- (personal, archaic) Alternative spelling of Er (you (polite))
- (Can we date this quote?), Clemens Brentano, Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schönen Annerl (edited). In: 1835, F. W. Gubitz (editor), Jahrbuch des Nützlichen und Unterhaltenden für 1835, p. 171:
Da fuhr die Alte überraſcht auf und ſprach: Lieber Herr, gehe er doch nach Haus und bete er fein und lege er ſich ſchlafen.
- Then the old woman sprang up, surprised, and said: Dear gentleman, do go home and say your prayers and go to bed.
1837, Brothers Grimm, “Der junge Riese”, in Kinder- und Haus-Märchen, Band 2[1], page 27:
Da sprach er „Vater, ich sehe wohl, bei ihm werd ich nicht satt, will er mir einen Stab von Eisen verschaffen, der stark ist, und den ich vor meinen Knien nicht zerbrechen kann, so will ich wieder fort gehen.“ Da war der Bauer froh, und spannte seine zwei Pferde vor den Wagen, fuhr zum Schmied, und holte einen Stab so groß und dick, als ihn die zwei Pferde nur fahren konnten.
- Then he said: "Father, I can see that I shall not be able to eat my fill here. If you bring me a strong rod of iron that I cannot break, I shall go away again." Then the farmer was glad, and he harnessed his horses to the wagon, drove to the smithy, and fetched a rod so long and thick that his two horses could barely pull it.
- (Can we date this quote?), Clemens Brentano, Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schönen Annerl (edited). In: 1835, F. W. Gubitz (editor), Jahrbuch des Nützlichen und Unterhaltenden für 1835, p. 171:
- In contemporary German, the genitive forms of personal pronouns are restricted to formal style and are infrequent even then. They may be used:
- for the genitive object still found in a handful of verbs: Ich erbarmte mich seiner. – "I had mercy on him". (Colloquially one would either use the dative case, or a prepositional object, or replace the verb with another.)
- with certain adjectives or prepositions that govern the genitive, such as statt ("instead of, in place of"): Ich kam statt seiner in die Mannschaft. – I joined the team in his place. (This sounds antiquated, for which reason an seiner Statt or an seiner Stelle is preferable.)
- Older forms/spellings include:
- hatter (hat er; colloquial)
- “er” in Duden online
- “er” in Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm, 16 vols., Leipzig 1854–1961.
- “er” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
- ëyer (Wiesemann spelling system)
From Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz. Displaced the northern Old High German forms with h-, e.g. hē, her (see he).
er
Old Norse er (“is”, 3rd person singular), analogical leveling of earlier es, from Proto-Germanic *isti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.
Use with the 1st person singular is also by analogy with other forms in er-; the Old Norse 1st person singular form was em.
er
Old Norse er, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”), from Proto-Indo-European *ís (“he, that”).
er
- (relative) which
- (archaic) in relations with a demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these) or personal pronoun (I, we, they), which represents the genitive of a relative pronoun.
er
- (with an "indexical"; ábendingarorð) of a place, of a time
- Judges 2:19
En er dómarinn andaðist, breyttu þeir að nýju verr en feður þeirra, með því að elta aðra guði til þess að þjóna þeim og falla fram fyrir þeim. Þeir létu eigi af gjörðum sínum né þrjóskubreytni sinni.
- But when the judge died, the people returned to ways even more corrupt than those of their ancestors, following other gods and serving and worshiping them. They refused to give up their evil practices and stubborn ways.
Þar er ég kom.
- There whence I came.
Þá er myndin var búin.
- When the movie was finished.
- Judges 2:19
- "er", in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
èr
- The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.
- ar (Standard Malay)
- (Latin-script letter names) huruf; a, be, ce, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, je, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, ki, er, es, te, u, ve, we, eks, ye, zet
- “er” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
- 'r (after vowels)
er m sg
er
- ler (-rā)
From English -er, forming novel pseudo-Anglicisms.
- (slang) Suffix used for people, especially fans.
- ist (-isuto)
er
From Proto-Italic *hēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰḗr (“hedgehog”) (whence also Ancient Greek χήρ (khḗr, “hedgehog”)), a root noun from *ǵʰer- (“to be excited, be bristly”), whence also Ancient Greek χοῖρος (khoîros, “young pig”) and Albanian derr (“pig”) from *ǵʰór-yos.[1]
- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /eːr/, [eːr]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /er/, [ɛr]
ēr m (genitive ēris); third declension
There is some uncertainty as to the exact forms of this word, especially regarding whether the lemma form of this was ēr or ēris, as the forms attested in literature could point to either option. Another form, irim (acc. sing.; found in Plautus, Capt. 184), seems to be a spelling variant.
Third-declension noun.
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | ēr | ērēs |
Genitive | ēris | ērum |
Dative | ērī | ēribus |
Accusative | ērem | ērēs |
Ablative | ēre | ēribus |
Vocative | ēr | ērēs |
- ēricius (“hedgehog; picket”)
- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /er/, [ɛr]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /er/, [ɛr]
er f (indeclinable)
- The name of the letter R.
- Multiple Latin names for the letter R, r have been suggested. The most common is er or a syllabic r, although there is some evidence which also supports, as names for the letter, rē, rrr, ər, rə, and even (in the fourth- or fifth-century first Antinoë papyrus, which gives Greek transliterations of the Latin names of the Roman alphabet’s letters) ιρρε (irrhe).
- (Latin-script letter names) littera; ā, bē, cē, dē, ē, ef, gē, hā / *acca, ī, kā, el, em, en, ō, pē, kū, er, es, tē, ū, ix / īx / ex, ȳ / ī graeca / ȳpsīlon, zēta
- "ēr", in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- ēr in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- Arthur E. Gordon, The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 of University of California Publications: Classical Studies), especially pages 30–31, 42–44, and 63
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ēr”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 193
er m (invariable)
- The Latvian name of the Latin script letter R/r.
- Latvian letter names:
er
- Alternative spelling of ehr
er m inan
- The name of the Latin-script letter r/R.
Possibly borrowed from English er or is a pronunciation spelling of a in non-rhotic Malay accents.
er
- Used to express hesitation; er, uh.
- Synonym: a
Er, kita tengah ke mana ni?
- Er, where are we going?
er
- Mambai Language Manual: Ainaro Dialect (2001)
er
- Nonstandard spelling of ēr.
- Nonstandard spelling of ér.
- Nonstandard spelling of ěr.
- Nonstandard spelling of èr.
- Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
From a conflation of three Old Irish prepositions:
- ar, air (“for”) (triggering lenition), from Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂i. Cognates include Ancient Greek παρά (pará, “beside”) and English fore.
- for (“on”) (triggering no mutation), from Proto-Celtic *uɸor (“over, on”) (compare Welsh ar, Breton war), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (compare Latin super, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Old English ofer).
- íar (“after”) (triggering eclipsis), from Proto-Celtic *eɸirom (“after, behind”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.
Cognates include Irish ar and Scottish Gaelic air.
er
Singular | Plural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd m. | 3rd f. | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
Normal | orrym | ort | er | urree | orrin | erriu | orroo |
Emphatic | orryms | orts | ersyn | urreeish | orrinyn | erriuish | orroosyn |
er
- third-person singular of er
- ersyn (emphatic)
er
- unstressed form of dāer
From Old English ǣr, from Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airi.
er
- “ēr, adv.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2020-05-25.
er
- Alternative form of hire (“her”, genitive)
er
- Alternative form of hire (“hers”)
er
- Alternative form of hire (“her”, object)
er
- Alternative form of eere (“ear of grain”)
er
- Alternative form of here (“their”)
Inherited from Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”).
ër
- (personal) he
Number | Person | Gender | Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | ich | mîn | mir | mich | |
Second | du, dû | dîn | dir | dich | ||
Third | Masculine | ër | sîn | im(e) | in | |
Feminine | siu (sî, si) | ir(e) | ir(e) | sie (sî, si) | ||
Neuter | ëȥ | es | im(e) | ëȥ | ||
Plural | First | wir | unser | uns | unsich, uns | |
Second | ir | iuwer | iu | iuch | ||
Third | Masculine | sie (sî, si) | ir(e) | in | sie (sî, si) | |
Feminine | ||||||
Neuter | siu, (sî, si) | siu (sî, si) |
- Alemannic German:
- Swabian: er, ear
- Swabian Jura: ear
- Bavarian: er
- Central Franconian:
- Moselle Franconian: er
- East Central German:
- German: er
- East Franconian: er, ea
- Rhine Franconian:
- Pennsylvania German: er
- Yiddish: ער (er)
- Benecke, Georg Friedrich, Müller, Wilhelm, Zarncke, Friedrich (1863) “ër”, in Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch: mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Benecke[3], Stuttgart: S. Hirzel
From Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ (“he, it”), from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he, she, it, they”). Cognate with German er.
er
Personal pronouns | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
1st person | i | biar |
2nd person | du | ir |
3rd person | er, si, s | sei |
- “er” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.
er
er
- is, are, am (present of to be) present of vera
- Eg er framand. ― I am a stranger.
- (auxiliary) be
- Boka er skriven. ― The book is written
- Bøkene er skrivne. ― The books are written.
- “vera” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
- “er på engelsk”, in DinOrdbok, Nynorsk-engelsk oversettelse, 2018 October 15 (last accessed)
From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz.
ēr
- before, earlier than
- “ēr (II)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012
ēr
- “ēr (III)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012
ēr
- previously, in an earlier period, in a bygone time
- earlier, before a certain time or period
- Middle Dutch: êer
- “ēr (I)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012
From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz. Cognates include Old English ǣr, Old Saxon ēr and Old Dutch ēr.
ēr
ēr (+ dative)
- before (of time)
ēr f
- Alternative form of ēre
- Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009) An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN
From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz, whence also Old English ær.
ēr
ēr
ēr
ēr (+ dative)
From Proto-Germanic *aiz, akin to Old English ār, Old Norse eir.
ēr n
From Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”), akin to Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is, “he”), Latin is (“he”).
- her (northern)
er
- he
- c. 825, Tatian, Diatessaron, translation, Chapter 13, verse 20.
[…] Bist thu wīzago? inti her antlingota nein […]
- […] Are you prophet? and he responded no […]
- c. 825, Tatian, Diatessaron, translation, Chapter 13, verse 20.
Number | Person | Gender | Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | ih (ihha, ihcha) |
mīn | mir | mih | |
Second | dū | dīn | dir | dih | ||
Third | Masculine | er (her) | (sīn) | imu, imo | inan, in | |
Feminine | siu; sī, si | ira (iru, iro) | iru, iro | sia | ||
Neuter | iz | es, is | imu, imo | iz | ||
Plural | First | wir | unsēr | uns | unsih | |
Second | ir | iuwēr | iu | iuwih | ||
Third | Masculine | sie | iro | im, in | sie | |
Feminine | sio | iro | im, in | sio | ||
Neuter | siu | iro | im, in | siu | ||
Polite form | Second | ir | iuwēr | iu | iuwih |
- Middle High German: ër (see there for further descendants)
- Joseph Wright, An Old High German Primer
From earlier es, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he; 3rd person personal pronoun”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is), Old High German ēr (German er).
er
- who, which, that
- verse 76 of the Hávamál (1996 translation by Carolyne Larrington)
en orðstírr / deyr aldregi / hveim er sér góðan getr
- but the glory of reputation never dies, / for the man who can get himself a good one
- verse 76 of the Hávamál (1996 translation by Carolyne Larrington)
er
- The oldest Icelandic manuscripts from the 12th century still have the older form es, and many poems metrically require the contracted form -s (which is also sporadically present in later manuscripts like the late 13th century Codex Regius). In spite of this, most editors chose never to restore er to es, Finnur Jónsson and the editors of the Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages series being important exceptions.
From earlier es, from Proto-Norse ᛁᛊᛏ (ist), from Proto-Germanic *isti, first/third-person singular indicative present of *wesaną. The final -s was replaced by -r due to analogy to the plural forms of the verb.
er
- See above; the same rules apply.
- Icelandic: er
- Faroese: er
- Norwegian:
- Jamtish: er
- Elfdalian: ir
- Old Swedish: ær
- Swedish: är
- Danish: er
- Old Gutnish: ier
- "er", in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-/*h₂r̥-. Cognate with Lithuanian ar̃ (“also, if”), Latvian ar (“also”), Ancient Greek ἄρ (ár, “hence, as well as”).
er + (optionally another preposition)
er
- Mažiulis, Vytautas (1988) “er”, in Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological dictionary of Old Prussian][4] (in Lithuanian), volume 1, Vilnius: Mokslas, pages 282-283
From Proto-West Germanic *airi, whence also Old English ær.
ēr
Positive forms of ēr
Strong declension | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gender | masculine | feminine | neuter | |||
case | singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural |
nominative | ēr | ēre, ēra | ēr | ēra | ēr | ēr, ēra |
accusative | ēran, ēren | ēra, ēre | ēra | ēra | ēr | ēr, ēra |
genitive | ēres, ēras | ēraro, ēroro, ērero | ērara, ēraro | ēraro, ēroro, ērero | ēres, ēras | ēraro, ēroro, ērero |
dative | ērumu, ērum, ērun, ērun, ēron, ēren, ēran | ērun, ēron, ērum | ēraro, ēraru, ērara | ērun, ēron | ērumu, ērum, ērun, ērun, ēron, ēren, ēran | ērun, ēron, ērum |
Weak declension | ||||||
gender | masculine | feminine | neuter | |||
case | singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural |
nominative | ēro, ēra | ēron, ērun | ēra, ēre | ēron, ērun, ēran | ēra, ēre | ēron, ērun |
accusative | ēron, ēran | ēron, ērun | ērun, ēron, ēran | ēron, ērun, ēran | ēra, ēre | ēron, ērun |
genitive | ēren, ēran | ērono, ēreno | ērun, ēran, ēren | ērono | ēren, ēran | ērono, ēreno |
dative | ēron, ēren, ēran | ēron, ērun | ērun, ēran | ēron, ērun | ēron, ēren, ēran | ēron, ērun |
ēr
ēr
ēr (+ dative)
From Proto-Germanic *aiz, whence also Old English ār.
ēr ?
- Middle Low German: ēr
From Proto-Germanic *airuz. Cognate with Old English ār, Old Norse árr, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (airus).
ēr m
Back-formation from era (“name”).[1]
er (IIa class pluriform, R1 rer, R2 ser, noun form era)
- ^ Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) “era”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 109, column 1
er
- Used to indicate a specific object noun phrase.
- el mo er a medad ― in the future.
- er a elecha el tutau ― this morning.
- rakket er a tenis ― tennis racket.
- er in Palauan Language Online: Palauan-English Dictionary, at tekinged.com.
- er in Palauan-English Dictionary, at trussel2.com.
- er in Lewis S. Josephs, Edwin G. McManus, Masa-aki Emesiochel (1977) Palauan-English Dictionary, University Press of Hawaii, →ISBN, page 88.
er
Pennsylvania German personal pronouns
Borrowed from Middle Low German ere/eren/here.
er m ?
er
- Alternative form of ar
- The template Template:R:pox:SejDp does not use the parameter(s):
3=2
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.Polański, Kazimierz (1971) “er”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka Drzewian połabskich [Etymological Dictionary of the Polabian Drevani Language] (in Polish), number 2 (ďüzd – ľotü), Wrocław, Warszawa etc.: Ossolineum, page 145 - Polański, Kazimierz, James Allen Sehnert (1967) “er”, in Polabian-English Dictionary, The Hague, Paris: Mouton & Co, page 60
- Olesch, Reinhold (1962) “Herr”, in Thesaurus Linguae Dravaenopolabicae [Thesaurus of the Drevani language] (in German), volumes 1: A – O, Cologne, Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, →ISBN, page 237
er f
From Old Turkic erür.
er
From Proto-Turkic *ēr. Cognate to Azerbaijani ər, Turkish er, Turkmen är.
er
From Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄r. Cognate to Turkish er, Turkmen īr.
er
- (Dialectal, Mengda, Ejia) early
er
- Tenishev, Edhem (1976) “eř, er”, in Stroj salárskovo jazyká [Grammar of Salar], Moscow, page 326
- 马伟 [Ma Wei], 朝克 [Chao Ke] (2014) “er”, in 撒拉语366条会话读本 [Salar 366 Conversation Reader][5], 1st edition, 社会科学文献出版社 [Social Science Literature Press], →ISBN, page 105
- 马伟 (Ma Wei), 朝克 (Chao Ke) (2016) “er, erğine”, in 濒危语言——撒拉语研究 [Endangered Languages - Salar Language Studies], 青海 (Qinghai): 国家社会科学基金项目 (National Social Science Foundation Project), pages 108, 262
- 林莲云 [Lin Lianyun] (1985) “er”, in 撒拉语简志 [A Brief History of Salar][6], Beijing: 民族出版社: 琴書店, →OCLC, pages 33, 134
- Ma, Chengjun, Han, Lianye, Ma, Weisheng (December 2010) “er”, in 米娜瓦尔 艾比布拉 (Minavar Abibra), editor, 撒维汉词典 (Sāwéihàncídiǎn) [Salar-Uyghur-Chinese dictionary] (in Chinese), 1st edition, Beijing, →ISBN, page 103
From Old Frisian -er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ. Cognates include West Frisian er and German er.
er
- unstressed form of hie (“he”)
er
- (Southern Scots) Second-person simple present form of ti be
- (Southern Scots) Plural simple present form of ti be
- (Southern Scots) First-person singular simple present form of an obscure form of ti be
A'm er so!
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
Used emphatically. See ir.
er (plural ers)
- “er, n.4” in the Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries.
Contraction of earlier eder, from Old Swedish iþer, idher, from Old Norse iðʀ, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.
er c (neuter possessive only ert, plural era)
- you (plural, object)
- Synonym: (formal, archaic) eder
- (possessive) your, yours; (speaking to more than one person, about one object)
- (reflexive) reflexive of ni; compare yourselves
Skulle ni vilja lära er jonglera?
- Would you guys like to learn how to juggle?
- See ni for a note on its use as a courteous 2nd person singular.
- Even though er (2) and its archaic form eder is the possessive pronoun, it does have a genitive form ers and eders, which is only used in expressions like Ers Majestät (“Your Majesty”) and Ers Höghet (“Your Highness”).
Swedish personal pronouns
Number | Person | Type | Nominative | Oblique | Possessive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
common | neuter | plural | |||||
singular | first | — | jag | mig, mej3 | min | mitt | mina |
second | — | du | dig, dej3 | din | ditt | dina | |
third | masculine (person) | han | honom, han2, en5 | hans | |||
feminine (person) | hon | henne, na5 | hennes | ||||
gender-neutral (person)1 | hen | hen, henom7 | hens | ||||
common (noun) | den | den | dess | ||||
neuter (noun) | det | det | dess | ||||
indefinite | man or en4 | en | ens | ||||
reflexive | — | sig, sej3 | sin | sitt | sina | ||
plural | first | — | vi | oss | vår, våran2 | vårt, vårat2 | våra |
second | — | ni | er | er, eran2, ers6 | ert, erat2 | era | |
archaic | I | eder | eder, eders6 | edert | edra | ||
third | — | de, dom3 | dem, dom3 | deras | |||
reflexive | — | sig, sej3 | sin | sitt | sina |
1Neologism. Usage has increased since 2010, and has gained widespread acceptance today.
2Informal
4Dialectal, also used lately as an alternative to man, to avoid association to the male gender.
5Informal, somewhat dialectal
6Formal address
Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ایر, ار, from Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄r (“early”). Related to Old Turkic 𐰼 (er).
er
- Also found in widespread non-dialectal use in phrases such as er ya da geç ("sooner or later")
Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ار, from Proto-Turkic *ēr (“man”). Related to noun-forming suffix -er and Old Turkic 𐰼 (er).
er (definite accusative eri, plural erler)
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Nominative | er | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Definite accusative | eri | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nominative | er | erler | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Definite accusative | eri | erleri | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dative | ere | erlere | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Locative | erde | erlerde | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ablative | erden | erlerden | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | erin | erlerin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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er
Other scripts | |
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Cyrillic | эр |
Latin | |
Perso-Arabic |
Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ēr.
er (plural erlar)
From Middle Welsh yr, from Proto-Brythonic *er, from Proto-Celtic *ɸeri, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“in front”). Compare Cornish er (“for, by”), Ancient Greek περί (perí, “about, peri-”), Latin per (“through”).[1]
er
- although
2019 June 13, Llinos Lee, “Y Barri: Mwy na dim ond 'Gavin & Stacey'”, in BBC Cymru Fyw:
Ges i fy magu yn Y Barri, ac er mod i wedi symud i ffwrdd i'r brifysgol, …
- I was brought up in Barry, and although I moved away for university, …
er (triggers soft mutation)
- (literary) since
- Synonym: ers
- (archaic) in spite of, despite
- Synonym: er gwaethaf
- (archaic) in order to
- (archaic) for the sake of
- Synonym: er mwyn
- (obsolete) because of
- (obsolete) for, in exchange for
- Synonym: am
- (obsolete) resulting in
- (obsolete) through
- In very formal or literary language, er is used when a specific start time is mentioned.
Saif y castell yma er 1284.
- The castle has stood here since 1284.
Y mae’r castell yn adfail er pan fu farw’r brenin olaf.
- The castle has been a ruin since the last king died.
- Ers is used when the beginning of the time period is not mentioned.
Mae’r castell yma ers canrifoedd.
- The castle has been here for centuries.
- In less formal registers, ers is used in all instances.
- er mwyn (“for the sake of; in order to”)
- er gwaethaf (“despite”)
- ers (“since”)
Personal forms (literary)
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
er f (plural eriau)
- The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.
er
- clitic form of hy used before the object or after the verb.