-an - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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From Middle English -an, regularly -ain, -ein, -en, from Old French -ain, -ein, or before i, -en (modern French -ain, -en, feminine -aine, -enne), from Latin -ānus (feminine -āna), which forms adjectives of belonging or origin from a noun, being -nus [cognate with Ancient Greek -νος (-nos)] preceded by a vowel, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós. Cognate with English -en. Compare with -in, -ine.
-an
- Of or pertaining to; an adjectival suffix appended to various words, often nouns, to make an adjective form. (Often added to words of Latin origin, but also used with words of other origins. When a word ends in a, -n is used instead.)
- Appended to nouns to form an agent noun. (When males with a profession are distinguished from females, males are -an, females -(i)enne.)
of or pertaining to
- Arabic: ـِيّ (ar) (-iyy)
- Catalan: -à (ca)
- Czech: -ský (cs)
- Finnish: -lainen (fi), -läinen (fi)
- Galician: -an m, -á f
- German: -isch (de)
- Hungarian: -i (hu), -s (hu)
- Ido: -an-
- Interlingua: -an
- Italian: -ano (it)
- Latin: -ānus
- Portuguese: -ão (pt) m, -ano (pt) m, -ana f
- Spanish: -ano (es)
- Swedish: -sk, -isk (sv),
preceding vowel | ||
---|---|---|
A / I / O / U | E / Ə / İ / Ö / Ü | |
postconsonantal | -an | -ən |
postvocalic | -yan | -yən |
-an
- Postconsonantal form of -ən after the vowels A / I / O / U.
From Proto-Philippine *-an, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-an, from Proto-Austronesian *-an.
-an
From Proto-Philippine *-an, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-an, from Proto-Austronesian *-an.
-an (verb-forming suffix, inchoative gi- -an, contemplative -an, imperative -i, negative -i)
- locative trigger verb suffix; to do at, in, on a place
palitan nako ang tindahan og kendi
- I will buy candy at the store (store is focused.)
- benefactive trigger verb suffix; to do something for someone/something else
palitan nako ang bata og keyk
- I will buy cake for the child (child is focused.)
- causative verb affix; to do because of, due to
- unsay gihilakan nimo? ― What is it you are crying about?
- (with adjective bases) to consider something as
- lisoran siya mag-Tinagalog ― He finds speaking in Tagalog hard
- (with noun bases) to put something on someone; to give someone
- serohan ta ka ― I will give you a zero
- sapatosan nako ang bata ― I will put shoes on the child
-an (noun-forming suffix)
- (added to nouns and verbs) indicates a place where such objects are found, placed, or action done
- (uncommon) indicates an object used as an instrument
-an (adjective-forming suffix)
- (added to nouns) characterized by having something in abundance; -ful
- utok (“brain”) + -an → utokan (“brainy”)
- kuwarta (“money”) + -an → kuwartahan (“rich”)
- (uncommon, added to adjectives or verbs) characterized by being or doing such; -ly
- John U. Wolff (1972) A dictionary of Cebuano Visayan[1] (overall work in Cebuano and English), Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, page 41
-an
From Middle High German -en, a merger of various terminations in Old High German reflecting different conjugational patterns, namely -an, -ōn, -en (-ien), and -nen, from Proto-Germanic *-aną, *-ōną, *-janą, *-āną, and *-naną. Cognate with German -en.
-an
- A suffix of all verbs in their infinitive form.
Inherited from Old Czech -ěnín, from Proto-Slavic *-janinъ.
-an m anim (noun-forming suffix, female equivalent -anka)
- forms nouns, including inhabitant names
- -an in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017
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-an
From earlier -han, -hVn (now dialectal), from Proto-Finnic *-hën, *-sën (passive or reflexive suffix), the same as the third-person singular possessive suffix (see the possessive suffix entry on -Vn). Initial -ta- is from the passive marker *-tta-.
-an (front vowel harmony variant -än, linguistic notation -An)
- (personal) Forms the impersonal indicative present forms of verbs, appended to the first infinitive.
Attached to the passive verb stem.
See -Vn (illative suffix).
-an (front vowel harmony variant -än, linguistic notation -An)
See -Vn (possessive suffix).
-an (front vowel harmony variant -än, linguistic notation -An)
- (possessive) A variant for the third-person suffix -nsa.
-an
- (Pulaar) indicates that the subject is doing the verb for someone or something
- M. Niang, Pulaar-English English-Pulaar Standard Dictionary, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1997.
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
-an
- (deadjectival adverb-forming suffix) Added to an adjective to create an adverb.
- (denumeral and depronominal adverb-forming suffix) Added to a numeral or a pronoun with this sense to create an adverb, expressing the number of people.
- hat (“six”) + -an → hatan (“six people, six of us/you/them”)
- Hatan mentünk moziba. ― Six of us went to the cinema.
- nyolc (“eight”) + -an → nyolcan (“eight people, eight of us/you/them”)
- Nyolcan vannak a szobában. ― There are eight people in the room.
- hány (“how many”) + -an → hányan (“how many (of us/you/them)”)
- néhány (“some, a few”) + -an → néhányan (“some (of us/you/them)”)
- sok (“many”) + -an → sokan (“many (of us/you/them)”)
- Sokan vannak a meghívottak, de kevesen a választottak. ― For many are called, but few are chosen.
- millió (“million”) + -an → millióan (“a million (of us/you/them)”)
- (deadjectival adverb-forming suffix) Variants:
- -n is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
- -an is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -on is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -en is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant, as well as some front-vowel words ending in a vowel. Their original word-final vowel may be lost (e.g. könnyű) or supplemented with a consonant (e.g. bő, hű).
- (denumeral and depronominal adverb-forming suffix) Variants:
- -n is added to some (very few) words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
- -an is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -en is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant, as well as some front-vowel words ending in a vowel. Their original word-final vowel may be lost (e.g. kettő).
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
-an
- (verb-forming suffix) Added to a stem ― often an onomatopoeia ― to form a verb expressing an instantaneous action.
- (verb-forming suffix) Variants:
- (suffix of the adverb of number): Rounds, Carol. Hungarian: an Essential Grammar. London / New York: Routledge. 2001. →ISBN. Preview at Google Books, p. 189 (p. 204 in the PDF)
From Malay -an, from Classical Malay -ان (an), from Proto-Malayic *-an, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-an, from Proto-Austronesian *-an.
-an
- Added to a noun
- Suffix for collectivity
- Suffix for place
- Suffix for value
- Suffix for measurement result; -s
- (colloquial) -s; Suffix for quantity (about value)
- -ly, specifying time intervals, having the sense of "occurring at such intervals".
- Added to an verb to create an noun
- Suffix for object
- Suffix for place
- Suffix for result
- Suffix for tool
- Suffix for way or method
- Added to an adjective to create an noun
- Suffix for having property
- (colloquial) Suffix for intensity (quality or quantity)
- Suffix for similarity
Semantic loan from Javanese -ꦲꦤ꧀ (-an).
-an
- verb-forming
- (colloquial) to use of [base]
- (colloquial) to hold or to have [base]
- (colloquial) to do as indicated by the [base]
- noun-forming
- (colloquial) the location of [base]
- (colloquial) the cost of [base]
- (colloquial) [base]-usage
- (colloquial) event of [base]
Semantic loan from Javanese -ꦲꦼꦤ꧀ (-en).
-an
- (colloquial) suffering of [base]
- Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa (2017) Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia [Standard Grammar of Indonesian Language][2] (in Indonesian), 4 edition, Jakarta: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, →ISBN, archived from the original on 13 June 2022
- James N. Sneddon (2010) Indonesian : a comprehensive grammar, 2 edition, London: Roultedge, →ISBN, →OCLC
From Proto-Malayic *-an, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-an, from Proto-Austronesian *-an.
-an (Jawi spelling -ان)
From Old Irish -án, from Primitive Irish -ᚐᚌᚅᚔ (-agni).
-an m
- Alternative form of -ane
-an
- Used to form stative verbs from nouns
-an
- be in a state or condition
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/an-final
-an
- A suffix denoting the plural of an inanimate noun
- A suffix denoting the obviative form of an animate noun
- A suffix denoting the second-person singular imperative of a transitive inanimate verb (vti)
As the suffix denoting the second-person singular imperative form, -an also acts as the class marker for unmarked (-am theme) transitive inanimate verbs (vti).
From Proto-Germanic *-aną.
-an
- (verbal suffix) used to form the infinitive of most class I verbs (exceptions are verbs like flēon (“to flee”))
infinitive | -an | -enne |
---|---|---|
indicative mood | present tense | past tense |
first person singular | -e | -de |
second person singular | -est, -st | -dest |
third person singular | -eþ, -þ | -de |
plural | -aþ | -don |
subjunctive | present tense | past tense |
singular | -e | -de |
plural | -en | -den |
imperative | ||
singular | - | |
plural | -aþ | |
participle | present | past |
-ende | -ed |
From Proto-West Germanic *-anā, from Proto-Germanic *-anē.
-an
-an
- Forms the accusative, genitive, and dative singular and nominative and accusative plural of n-stem nouns
Old Galician-Portuguese
-an (1st conj.)
- a suffix indicating the third-person plural indicative present of a verb in -ar
Presumably from Proto-Germanic *-ōniz.
-an
- (deverbative suffix) Used to derive nouns from class 2 weak verbs.
Inherited from Proto-Norse -ᚨᚾᚨ (-ana), from Proto-Germanic *-anē.
-an
- Forms adverbs with ablative direction.
-an
- strong accusative singular ending of adjectives
From Proto-Germanic *-aną.
-an
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
-an
- Third person plural suffix
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
-an m
- (chemistry) -ate, used to form names of derivates of oxyacids whose name ends with -owy (-ic)
- forms people
Inanimate declension:
Animate declension:
- -an in Polish dictionaries at PWN
-an m or n (feminine singular -ană, masculine plural -ani, feminine and neuter plural -ane)
- Forms adjectives and nouns describing things and characteristics of a city, region, or country; -an
- Australia (“Australia”) + -an → australian (“Australian”)
- America (“America”) + -an → american (“American”)
For the countries that end in -ia, the plural form of the suffix is -ieni when masculine and -iene when feminine/neuter.
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
-an m or n (feminine singular -ană, masculine plural -ani, feminine and neuter plural -ane)
From Middle Irish [Term?], from Old Irish -án.
-an m
- A masculine suffix used to form nouns meaning a smaller form of something, often used for male given names.
Originally the Old Irish accusative and vocative plural ending of n-stem nouns. For example Old Irish imbliu, vocative/accusative plural imblenna. Cognate with Irish -anna, Manx -yn.
-an
- Used to form regular nominatives plural of nouns.
- Colin Mark (2003) The Gaelic-English dictionary, London: Routledge, →ISBN, page 641
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
-an (Cyrillic spelling -ан)
- Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a (often negative) feature or endearment.
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьnъ.
-an (Cyrillic spelling -ан)
From Latin -ant, the third-person plural present active indicative ending of first conjugation verbs.
-an
- Suffix indicating the third-person plural (also used with ustedes) present indicative of -ar verbs.
From Latin -eant, Latin -ant, and Latin -iant, the third-person plural present active subjunctive endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively.
-an
- Suffix indicating the third-person plural (also used with ustedes) present subjunctive of -er and -ir verbs.
- Suffix indicating the third-person plural imperative of -er and -ir verbs.
-an
-an
From Proto-Philippine *-an, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-an, from Proto-Austronesian *-an.
- (Standard Tagalog) IPA(key): /an/ [ɐn̪]
- Rhymes: -an
- Syllabification: -an
-an (verb-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ◌ᜈ᜔ or ᜀᜈ᜔)
- object trigger: to do something to a person or a thing
- Buksan mo ang pinto. ― (You) open the door (door is focused).)
- object trigger: to cause something to become; to make
- Binagalan ni Sue ang kotse. ― Sue slowed down the car. (The car is focused.)
- directional trigger: to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of
- Tinitingnan ko ang manwal. ― I'm looking at the manual. (The manual is focused).)
- benefactive trigger: to do something for
- Titirhan ko si Roy ng keyk. ― I'll leave some cake for Roy. (Roy is focused).)
- object trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there
- Winawalis-walisan; ko ang sahig. ― I'm sweeping the floor a bit. (The floor is focused).)
- directional trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of, occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there
- Tinutulung-tulungan ni Jessy si Patty. ― Jessy helped Patty a bit. (Patty is focused).)
- object trigger: to perform the action of the verb on something
- Huwag mong sulatan ang dokumento. ― Don't write anything on the document.
-an (noun-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ◌ᜈ᜔ or ᜀᜈ᜔)
- Forms locative nouns expressing where a large quantity of the thing meant by the root is put, planted, or can be found
- Forms locative nouns where the action expressed by the root is performed
- Forms nouns expressing period in which the action expressed by the root is collectively performed
- Forms nouns indicating a tool or an object that is used to perform what is meant by the root
- Forms nouns signifying reciprocal or joint performance of the action expressed by the root
- Used to create a diminutive, pretensive, or imitative form of something (used with reduplication of root word)
- bahay (“house”) + -an → bahay-bahayan (“toy house”)
- Diyos (“God”) + -an → diyos-diyosan (“false god”)
- baril (“gun”) + -an → baril-barilan (“toy gun”)
-an (adverb-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ◌ᜈ᜔ or ᜀᜈ᜔)
- (appended to numbers) Used to indicate groups.
- tatlo (“three”) + -an → tatluhan (“in threes, three at a time”)
- dalawampu (“twenty”) + -an → dalawampuan (“in groups of twenty, twenty at a time”)
- Normally, /h/ is inserted before -an when a root word ending with a vowel is not followed by a glottal stop. In some cases, phoneme change can occur and /h/ becomes /n/.
- Sometimes, the final vowel of the root word disappears when the suffix is added.
- Due to allophony, /d/ turns into /r/ when inserted before -an.
From Ottoman Turkish ـان (-an), from Old Anatolian Turkish [Term?], from Proto-Turkic *-gan.
-an
-an
- Used to indicate someone who is or does something
From Proto-Celtic *-agnos.
-an
- diminutive suffix, -let
- person or object with characteristics of the root word
- used to form pet names
-an
- verbnoun suffix
-an
- (colloquial) verb suffix for the third-person future plural
R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-an”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies